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| 'Pakistani nationalism''' refers to the political, cultural and religious expression of patriotism by peoples of Pakistan,of pride in the History,Culture and heritage of Pakistan and visions for its future. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious and ethnic influences that help mould the national consciousness. | |||
| {{Articleissues|article=1|OR=August 2007|disputed=August 2007|unreferenced=August 2006|unbalanced=August 2007}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Pakistani nationalism''' refers to the political, cultural and religious expression of patriotism by peoples of ''']''', of pride in the ] and ] of ], and visions for its future. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious and ethnic influences that help mould the national consciousness. | |||
| Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan movement and strongly continue to influence the politics of Pakistan. | |||
| From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the |
From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the Partition of India, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements. | ||
| ==National consciousness in Pakistan== | |||
| ''See Also: ]'' | |||
| The history of Pakistan and the region in which it now lies is a source of great pride to Pakistani nationalists. They take pride in its achievements and its leaders. | The history of Pakistan and the region in which it now lies is a source of great pride to Pakistani nationalists. They take pride in its achievements and its leaders. | ||
| Pakistani nationalists assert that Pakistan is the successor state of Islamic empires and kingdoms that ruled the region for almost a combined period of one millennium, the empires and kingdoms in order are Abbasid, Ghaznavid Empire, Muhammad of Ghor|Ghorid Kingdom, Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. | |||
| Pakistan today celebrates numerous ] kings and emperors for wars of "liberation" and "emancipation" such as Muhammad bin Qasim(not a king or emperor, but the commander of the first Muslim force sent to what was then known as Sindh),Muhammad of Ghaur,Mahmud of Ghazni(who defeated the ] king ]), Aurangzeb Alamgir and Tipu Sultan who fought the British. | |||
| However, few, if any, of the Kings mentioned above belonged to the region comprising modern day Pakistan. Pakistan as a region was lorded over by either Hindu/Sikh Kingdoms or Muslim invaders from Afghanistan, Persia before the British Empire. | |||
| ===Islamic invasions=== | |||
| {{POV-section}} | |||
| <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: ] Alamgir, One of the most revered figures of Pakistani nationalism, He expanded the ] to its Zenith.]] --> | |||
| Pakistani nationalists assert that ] is the successor state of ]ic empires and kingdoms that ruled the region for almost a combined period of one ], the empires and kingdoms in order are ], ], ], ] and ]. ] imperial past composes possibly the largest segment of Pakistani nationalism. | |||
| Pakistan today celebrates numerous ] kings and emperors for wars of "liberation" and "emancipation" such as ](not a king or emperor, but the commander of the first Muslim force sent to what was then known as Sindh), ], ] (who defeated the ] king ]), ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and ] who fought the British. However, few, if any, of the Kings mentioned above belonged to the region comprising modern day ]. Pakistan as a region was lorded over by either Hindu/Sikh Kingdoms or Muslim invaders from Afghanistan, Persia before the British Empire. | |||
| ] who reigned about 600 years later.<br>Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran]] | |||
| Pakistani nationalists hold the conservative Muslim kings such as ] and | |||
| ] in high esteem, ] for his unflinching use of vast military might in his goals, leaves him as one of the most admired and honored figures in Pakistani nationalism. He ruled for a period of 48 years; he also expanded the ] to its greatest zenith, leaving only the south and east of the Indian subcontinent free from Mughal rule, During his reign, many Non Muslim places of worship were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims converted to Islam, the ] was reinstated during his rule. | |||
| Pakistani nationalists conjure a revised version of Aurangzeb and take great pride in ] other actions<ref>, Ayesha Jalal International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Feb., 1995), pp. 73-89</ref> including the edicts he enacted which forbade Hindus to display illuminations at ] festivals. Hindu religious fairs were outlawed in 1668. The following year, he prohibited construction of new Hindu temples as well as the repair of existing ones. In 1671 ] issued an order that only Muslims could be landlords of crown lands. He ordered provincial Viceroys to dismiss all Hindu clerks. Of particular pride to Pakistani nationalists{{Fact|date=February 2007}} is the ] of ] who was the ninth of the ]. The event is very significant in ]. | |||
| From the start of his reign up until his death, Aurangzeb engaged in almost constant warfare, which bankrupted the Mughal coffers. He built up a massive army, and began a program of military expansion at all the boundaries of his empire.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ], and ] amongst numerous other Emperors and Kings are revered by Pakistani nationalists. | |||
| ] built by the Mughal emperor ] in ], ].]] | |||
| However liberal Muslim kings to an extent are also part of Pakistani pride. ] was a powerful Mughal emperor who admired ] and tried to repudiate fundamentalism through the Din-i-Ilahi (for which he was condemned by orthodox clerics as a "heretic"), forged familial and political bonds with Hindu ] kings, and developed for the first time in medieval Pakistan an environment of religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars in his court. In his reign, the Mughal Empire was politically powerful, prosperous and its common people secure. | |||
| The main Mughal contribution to South Asia was their unique architecture. Many monuments were built during the mughal era including the ]. The were known for their replacement of Hindu architecture, including the ],<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |url = http://www.kashivishwanath.org | |||
| |title = History! Kashi Vishwanath temple}}</ref> with their unique architecture which today is a key site of tourism around the subcontinent. | |||
| The first Mughal emperor ] wrote in the '']'': | |||
| {{cquote|Hindustan is a place of little charm. There is no beauty in its people, no graceful social intercourse, no poetic talent or understanding, no etiquette, nobility or manliness. The arts and crafts have no harmony or symmetry. There are no good horses, meat, grapes, melons or other fruit. There is no ice, cold water, good food or bread in the markets. There are no baths and no madrasas. There are no candles, torches or candlesticks".<ref>''The Baburnama'' Ed. & Trans. Wheeler M. Thackston (New York) 2002 p352 </ref>}} | |||
| The comments made by the Emperor ], echo in the slightest terms the disparaging and often hateful opinion that some Pakistani nationalists have towards ] and in particular to ]s. Pakistani nationalists believe they, as Muslims, are not referred to in this quote, as most Pakistanis believe themselves to be aligned to the Mughals as opposed to the Hindu or Sikh resistance (such as that of ] and the ]). | |||
| ==Renaissance vision== | |||
| {{POV-section}} | |||
| See Also: ''], ]'' | |||
| ] (1817 - 1898)]] | |||
| ] is considered a major influence on Pakistani pride for embracing ]'s concept of ], which is reflected in Iqbal's descriptions of ego, self and renewal for Muslim civilization.]] | |||
| ] promoted Western-style education in Muslim society, seeking to uplift Muslims in the economic and political life of British India. He founded the ], then called the ''Anglo-Oriental College''. | |||
| In 1835 ]'s minute recommending that Western rather than Oriental learning predominate in the East India Company's education policy had led to numerous changes. In place of Arabic and Persian Western languages, history and philosophy were taught at state-funded schools and universities whilst religious education was barred. ] became not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language. Traditional Islamic studies were no longer supported by the state, and some ''madrasahs'' lost their ''waqf'' or endowment. The ] is held by nationalists to have ended in disaster for the Muslims, as ], the last Mughal, was deposed. Power over the Indian subcontinent was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown. The removal of the last symbol of continuity with the Mughal period spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community. | |||
| Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one. | |||
| Sir Syed's first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology. | |||
| Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh Movement of which Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of their faith. | |||
| At the same time, Muslim nationalist leaders like ] emphasized the spiritual richness of ] and Islamic philosophy. Sir Muhammad Iqbal the | |||
| conceptual founder of Pakistan, Is venerated by Pakistani and ] nationalists for implicitly endorsing the incompatibility of Muslims with other religious communities. | |||
| Pakistani nationalists applaud Iqbal's vision for a Muslim state as specifically implying the denunciation of Hindus and Hinduism.<ref name="Naipaul">{{cite book | |||
| | last = Naipaul | |||
| | first = V. S. | |||
| | title = Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples | |||
| | pages = 250-52 | |||
| }}</ref><ref name="IPV">{{cite web | |||
| | last = | |||
| | first = South Asia Analysis Group | |||
| | date = ] | |||
| | url = http://www.saag.org/papers9/paper895.html | |||
| | title = Iqbal's political views | |||
| | format = PHP | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-05-26 | |||
| }}</ref> Iqbal is also strongly venerated for advocating on occasions, the division and fragmentation of India, which ultimately led to ]. | |||
| Iqbal is widely credited for his work in encouraging the political rejuvenation and empowerment of Muslims, and as a great poet not only in ] and ], but also in ] and Muslim nations in the ]. | |||
| <blockquote>"There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the ]. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence. ... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims."<ref name="igbalandpakmovement"></ref></blockquote> | |||
| ==Independence of India== | |||
| {{main|Indian independence movement|Indian rebellion of 1857}} | |||
| In the ], Muslim soldiers and regional kings fought the forces allied with the British Empire in different parts of ]. The war arose from a racialist viewpoint on the part of the British who attacked the "Beastly customs of Indians" by forcing the South Asian soldiers to handle Enfield P-53 gun ]s greased with ] taken from slaughtered pigs and ] taken from slaughtered cows. The cartridges had to bitten open to use the ], effectively meaning that sepoys would have to bite the lard and tallow. This was a manifestation of the disregard that the British exhibited to Muslim and Hindu religious traditions, such as the rejection of Pork in ], the rejection of Beef in ] and the mandate of ] in Hinduism. There were also some kingdoms and peoples who supported the British. This event laid the foundation not only for a nationwide expression, but also future nationalism and conflict on religious and ethnic terms. | |||
| The Muslim desire for complete freedom, or ''Azadi'', was born with Kernal Sher Khan, who looked to the glories of Muslim history and heritage, and condemned the fall of Muslims from the ruling elite to subservient citizens of the British Empire. The idea of complete independence did not catch on until after ], when the British attempted to exert totalitarian power with the Rowlatt Acts of 1919. When the ] in ], ] of hundreds of unarmed and innocent civilians by British forces took place in the same year, the Muslim public was outraged and most of the Muslim political leaders turned against the British. | |||
| ==The Pakistan Movement== | |||
| ''Main Articles: ], ], ], ], ], ], ]'' | |||
| ] with ] and other Muslim activists of the ].]] | |||
| ] issued a call for all Muslims to launch "]" on ], ] to "achieve Pakistan".<ref name="rgandhi372">Rajmohan Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life", pp. 372-73</ref>. Jinnah stated that: | |||
| {{cquote|Why do you expect me alone to sit with folded hands? I also am going to make trouble. We shall have India divided or we shall have India destroyed<ref></ref>}} | |||
| Strikes and protests were planned, but violence broke out all over India, especially in ] and the district of ] in ], and more than 7,000 people were killed in ]. Although viceroy Lord Wavell asserted that there was "no satisfactory evidence to that effect",<ref name="mansergh879">Mansergh, "Transfer of Power Papers Volume IX", pp 879</ref> Muslim League politicians were alleged to be behind the violence.<ref name="rgandhi376">R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 376-78</ref> The violence began as the Muslim League, who were controlling the state in that period, declared that they would have a public holiday and the police and military will not interfere in any events that day. The ] Chief Minister told Muslim protesters that the military and police had been 'restrained'. This was interpreted by the gathering as an open invitation to commit violence on the ]s. Subsequently, there were reports of lorries (trucks) that came thundering down Harrison Road in ], carrying ] men armed with brickbats and bottles as weapons and attacking ] shops.<ref name="White">{{cite book | |||
| | last = Bourke-White | |||
| | first = Margaret | |||
| | authorlink = Margaret Bourke-White | |||
| | title = Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India | |||
| | publisher = Simon and Schuster, New York | |||
| | date = 1949 | |||
| }}</ref> Most victims of the resulting murders were Hindus.<ref name="White"/> This is the first day that Pakistanis distinguished themselves as a separate political entity than Hindus. This was followed by the Noakhali Massacre, in which Muslims decided to kill all Hindus so as to proclaim Pakistan. The death toll is estimated to be in the thousands, with 50-75 thousand Hindus ] from the region.<ref name="Ghosh">S.L Ghosh, ''Ananda Bazar Patrika'' 1946</ref> | |||
| During the fight for an independent Pakistan, the ] minority were targeted by Muslims. Most of them were killed and beaten, and their properties were destroyed. ] women were abducted and ]d. Often, members of the Muslims mob would kill Hindus and force their widows to marry them at gunpoint.<ref name="Wolpert"> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | last = Wolpert | |||
| | first = Stanley | |||
| | authorlink = Stanley Wolpert | |||
| | title = The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi, Chpt 1 () | |||
| | publisher = Oxford University Press | |||
| | date = 2001 | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref>.Many ] temples were looted and destroyed. ]s were forced to throw deities into the ] river and ] mobs forced them to consume ], which is disallowed in ]<ref name="White"/> This was an elemental force in allowing Pakistani independence, with Hindus fearing complete eradication if they were not to give an independent Pakistan. This is also one of the first direct actions by people who could call themselves Pakistani nationalists. In fact, these nationalists shouted slogans like ‘League Zindabad’ (long live the ] league), ‘Pakistan Zindabad’ | |||
| (long live Pakistan), ‘Larke Lenge Pakistan’ (we will create Pakistan by fighting), ‘Marke Lenge Pakistan’ (we will create Pakistan by killing)<ref name="Talib">Muslim League Attack on ] and ]s in the Punjab 1947, S. Gurbachan Singh Talib,VOI</ref> Another evidence of a separate Pakistan could be noted here when Gandhi asked for non-violence. Hindus, did not fight back, while Muslims chose to ignore Gandhi's wishes as he was no longer their leader.<ref name="Gandhi.org"/><ref></ref> Jinnah's calls of Direct Action resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Hindus, with conversions of many more thousand. It was a major victory for Pakistani nationalists, who were well on their way to achieving their goal of an independent Pakistan. | |||
| After a conference in December 1946 in London, the League entered the interim government, but Jinnah refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Jinnah, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that partition was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. The Congress agreed to the partition of Punjab and Bengal along religious lines in late 1946. The new viceroy ] and Indian civil servant ] proposed a plan that would create a Muslim dominion in ], ], ] and ]. After heated and emotional debate, the Congress approved the plan, National leaders like ], ], ], and the ], brought together generations of Muslims across regions and demographics, while forcing non-Muslim Punjabis and Sindhis out of the region, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction. Pakistan became a purely Muslim nation created by Pakistani nationalists, any ]s or ]s were killed if they decided not to leave Pakistan. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Sikhs and the formation of a pure ] state. The goal of Pakistan had been achieved and the Hindu community in the region, which made up one quarter of the population before partition, had been separated from the community of distinctly Pakistani nationalists. Pakistani nationalists could celebrate ], the creation of their state. The name Pakistan also provides pride of nationalists, while it was based on the names of regions, the word ''Pak'' in Persian denotes pure, thus Pakistan was called the ''Land of the Pure''. | |||
| ==Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan== | |||
| Pakistan's Balochi populations are strongly nationalistic and have their own ethnic identity as do most of Pakistan's major ethnic groups. Some groups within them wish to secede from the country and form their own separate states and have been aided and assisted by foreign governments. ] of Balochistan had expressed the need for Balochistan to separate and formed the separatist ] to that effect, alleging that the Pakistani governments had been biased in favor of the ] and ] ethnic groups. He was killed in military action by Pakistan's forces in ], but many Balochi continue to support him. The majority of Baloch, however are content within Pakistan but yearn for greater autonomy and more provincial development and a greater share of national funds to bring the province at par with the rest of the country. Many Baloch irredentist movements have been inspired and supported by the Baloch from Iran and Afghanistan (countries where Baloch are trying to achieve independence). | |||
| The ] people of the North Western Frontier province also have a unique ethnic identity. The former ] regime in nearby ] enjoys significant support here, both in recent times and during the ] Occupation of ], the support reflecting in their aid to the ]. Pashtuns are disproportionately represented in all sphere's of Pakistan be it the beauracracy, business, police force, civil service and the all powerful Pakistan Army. | |||
| However, despite nationalistic feelings many ethnic groups have often felt alienated by what they see as "Punjabization of Pakistan", due to the domination of the Punjabi groups due to their overal larger population. This extreme version of Pakistani nationalism is often attributed to the tensions among the different ethic and linguistic groups despite an Islamic majority. The secession of ] is largely blamed on such a "Punjabization" but many also claim the imposition of "Urdu" (language of the migrant community which held much clout in the country up to the mid 70's) was the key catalyst in encouraging Bengal seperatism. Many in Bengal felt betrayed by such a "muslim nationalism" and Urdu imposition which soon proved futile, paving the way for Bengali nationalism. | |||
| Many indigenous Pakistani's also reject the imposition and state support towards the language of Urdu seeing it as a foreign language imported along with the migrant community (]) that arrived from India and quickly came to dominate the government and policy making. They cite the exclusiveness during the early years of Pakistan that the Urdu speakers (refugees) practiced in favouring fellow co-linguists over native Pakistani's. Many blame this policy for failing to bring cohesion and interprovincial harmony within the country. Others point to the fact that the policy of the newly arrived refugees is what catalyzed and marginalized the inhabitants of East Pakistan to secede from the federation. Critics point to the fact that no where in the world has the language of a refugee population been established as a national language over that of the indigenous population. Urdu continues to be Pakistan's national language but has undergone considerable changes over the years acquiring a particularly 'Pakistani flavour' with the incorporation of more and more grammar and prose from Pakistan's many indigenous languages (eg. Pashto, Panjabi, Sindhi, Balochi etc.) | |||
| The first Mughal emperor Babur wrote in the,"Baburnama",that Hindustan is a place of little charm. There is no beauty in its people, no graceful social intercourse, no poetic talent or understanding, no etiquette, nobility or manliness. The arts and crafts have no harmony or symmetry. There are no good horses, meat, grapes, melons or other fruit. There is no ice, cold water, good food or bread in the markets. There are no baths and no madrasas. There are no candles, torches or candlesticks. | |||
| ==Nationalist mausoleums, shrines and symbols== | |||
| {{main|List of mausoleums and shrines in Pakistan}} | |||
| ] is frequently visited by Pakistani nationalists, It is a national symbol of Pakistan.]] | |||
| ], ], ]]] | |||
| The comments made by the Emperor Babur, echo in the slightest terms the disparaging and often hateful opinion that some Pakistani nationalists have towards ] and in particular to ]s. Pakistani nationalists believe they, as Muslims, are not referred to in this quote, as most Pakistanis believe themselves to be aligned to the Mughals as opposed to the Hindu or Sikh resistance. | |||
| Pakistan has many shrines, sights, sounds and symbols that have significance to Pakistani nationalists. These include the Shrines of Political leaders of pre-independence and post-independence ], Shrines of Religious leaders and ]s, The Shrines of Imperial leaders of various ] and Dynasties, as well as national symbols and sounds of ]. Some of these shrines, sights and symbols have become a places of ] for Pakistani ultra-nationalism and militarism, as well as for obviously religious purposes. | |||
| Sirsyed Ahmed khan promoted Western style education in Muslim society, seeking to uplift Muslims in the economic and political life of British India.He founded the Aligarh Muslim Univerity. | |||
| ==Nationalism and politics== | |||
| ''See Also: ]'' | |||
| ] the key architect of the ], that led ] to Independence in ] and accepted the accession of ] - a Hindu-majority state with a Muslim ruler located in some 400 kilometres (250 mi) southeast of Pakistan - a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics.]] | |||
| Allama Muhammad Iqbal is considered a major influence on Pakistani pride for embracing the concept which is reflected in Iqbal's descriptions of ego, self and renewal for Muslim civilization. He emphasized upon the spiritual richness of Islam and Islamic philosophy. | |||
| The political identity of the ], Pakistan's largest institution and one which controlled the government for over half the history of modern day ] (see ] for events in the region that is now Pakistan before the Pakistani nation-state emerged) and still does, is reliant on the connection to Pakistan's Imperial past. The ] fortunes up till the 1970s were single-handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of Pakistan's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of Pakistan's freedom, democracy and unity as well as religion. Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Pakistan Muslim League, seen as defender of Religious rights. Smaller parties have arisen, such as ], a party based on Liberal conservatism have also arisen. In contrast, the ] employs a more aggressively theocratic nationalistic expression. The MMA seeks to defend the culture and heritage of ] and the majority of its people, the ] population. It ties theocratic nationalism with the aggressive defence of Pakistan's borders and interests against archrival ], with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority. The party's fortunes arose primarily in the 1990s, with the frustration of the people with over 40 years of military domination as well as ] corruption, sycophant leaders and lack of direction. | |||
| Sir Muhammad Iqbal the conceptual founder of Pakistan is venerated by Pakistani and Muslim nationalists for implicitly endorsing the incompatibility of Muslims with other religious communities. | |||
| Ethnic nationalist parties include the ], which is closely identified with the creation of a ]-majority state in ] and the ] includes many Pashtun leaders in its organization. However, the ], At the last ] ], ] ], won a meagre 1.0% of the popular vote and no seats in the lower house of Parliament. In ], the ] uses the legacy of the independent ] to stir up support, However at the last ] ], ] ], the party won only 0.2% of the popular vote and 1 out of 272 elected members. | |||
| Pakistani nationalists applaud Iqbal's vision for a Muslim state as specifically implying the denunciation of Hindus and Hinduism. | |||
| Almost every Pakistani state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people. Unlike the Awami National party and the Balochistan national party, these mostly cannot be called nationalist, as they use regionalism as a strategy to garner votes, building on the frustration of common people with official status and the centralization of government institutions in Pakistan. However, the recent elections as well as history have shown that such ethnic nationalist parties barely ever win more than 1% of the popular vote, the overwhelming majority of votes go to large and established political parties that pursue a national agenda as opposed to regionalism. | |||
| Iqbal is widely credited for his work in encouraging the political rejuvenation and empowerment of Muslims, and as a great poet not only in India and Pakistan, but also in Iran and Muslim nations in the Middle East. | |||
| ==Nuclear power== | |||
| ''Main Article: ]'' | |||
| ] ].]] | |||
| "There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the ]. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence. ... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims." | |||
| On ], in ], Pakistan tested its first ] in ], Balochistan, and thus became the 7th nation in the world to possess an arsenal of nuclear weapons. It is postulated that Pakistan's nuclear program arose in the 1970s as a response to the Indian acquisition of the nuclear weapon. It also resulted in ] pursuing similar ambitions, resulting in the May, ] testings of five nuclear devices by both countries, opening a new era in their rivalry. Pakistan is not a signatory to the ] and ], which it considers an encroachment on its right to defend itself. | |||
| The name Pakistan also provides pride of nationalists, while it was based on the names of regions, the word ''Pak'' in Persian denotes pure, thus Pakistan was called the ''Land of the Pure''. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| Urdu continues to be Pakistan's national language but has undergone considerable changes over the years acquiring a particularly 'Pakistani flavour' with the incorporation of more and more grammar and prose from Pakistan's many indigenous languages (eg. Pashto, Panjabi, Sindhi, Balochi etc.) | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| *{{cite journal|journal=Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie|volume=93|issue=2|pages=149|date=May 2002|doi=10.1111/1467-9663.00191|title=Process of Othering in the case of India and Pakistan|author=Sanjay Chaturvedi}} | |||
| *{{cite web|title=The United States and South Asia: Trapped by the Past?|author=Selig S. Harrison|work=Current History|publisher=Current History, Inc.|date=December 1997|url=http://www.currenthistory.com/archivedec97/harrison.html}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|title=The State and Civil Society in Pakistan: From Crisis to Crisis|author=Iftikhar H. Malik|journal=Asian Survey|volume=36|issue=7|date=July 1996|pages=673–690}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|title=Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi Crisis|author=Moonis Ahmar|journal=Asian Survey|volume=36|issue=10|date=October 1996|pages=1031–1048}} | |||
| *{{cite paper|author=Malik, Hafeez|title=The Growth of Pakistani Nationalism, 800 AD – 1947 AD|date=1961|location=Syracuse, New York|publisher=]}} | |||
| *{{cite paper|title=Foundations of Pakistani Nationalism: The Life and Times of Allama Iqbal|author=MH Khatana|work=Prof. Dr. S. Razi Wasti's Collection, GC University Libraries, Lahore}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|title=Why Pakistan's Unity Was Jeopardized?|author=Feroz Ahmed|journal=Pakistan Forum|volume=2|issue=3|date=December 1971|pages=4–6|doi=10.2307/2569081}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|title=The Idea of a Pakistani Nationhood|author=Anwar H. Syed|volume=12|issue=4|date=Summer 1980|pages=575–597|doi=10.2307/3234301}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|publisher=Routledge|volume=6|issue=3|date=September 2005|pages=318–340|doi=10.1080/14649370500169946|title=A national culture for Pakistan: the political economy of a debate|author=Saadia Toor}} | |||
| Pakistan has many shrines, sights, sounds and symbols that have significance to Pakistani nationalists. These include the Shrines of Political leaders of pre-independence and post-independence Pakistan, Shrines of Religious leaders and Saints, The Shrines of Imperial leaders of various Islamic Empires and Dynasties, as well as national symbols and sounds of Pakistan. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 05:56, 6 September 2007
'Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural and religious expression of patriotism by peoples of Pakistan,of pride in the History,Culture and heritage of Pakistan and visions for its future. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious and ethnic influences that help mould the national consciousness.
Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan movement and strongly continue to influence the politics of Pakistan.
From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the Partition of India, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.
The history of Pakistan and the region in which it now lies is a source of great pride to Pakistani nationalists. They take pride in its achievements and its leaders.
Pakistani nationalists assert that Pakistan is the successor state of Islamic empires and kingdoms that ruled the region for almost a combined period of one millennium, the empires and kingdoms in order are Abbasid, Ghaznavid Empire, Muhammad of Ghor|Ghorid Kingdom, Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.
Pakistan today celebrates numerous Muslim kings and emperors for wars of "liberation" and "emancipation" such as Muhammad bin Qasim(not a king or emperor, but the commander of the first Muslim force sent to what was then known as Sindh),Muhammad of Ghaur,Mahmud of Ghazni(who defeated the Hindu king Prithviraj Chauhan), Aurangzeb Alamgir and Tipu Sultan who fought the British.
However, few, if any, of the Kings mentioned above belonged to the region comprising modern day Pakistan. Pakistan as a region was lorded over by either Hindu/Sikh Kingdoms or Muslim invaders from Afghanistan, Persia before the British Empire.
The first Mughal emperor Babur wrote in the,"Baburnama",that Hindustan is a place of little charm. There is no beauty in its people, no graceful social intercourse, no poetic talent or understanding, no etiquette, nobility or manliness. The arts and crafts have no harmony or symmetry. There are no good horses, meat, grapes, melons or other fruit. There is no ice, cold water, good food or bread in the markets. There are no baths and no madrasas. There are no candles, torches or candlesticks.
The comments made by the Emperor Babur, echo in the slightest terms the disparaging and often hateful opinion that some Pakistani nationalists have towards Hindustan and in particular to Hindus. Pakistani nationalists believe they, as Muslims, are not referred to in this quote, as most Pakistanis believe themselves to be aligned to the Mughals as opposed to the Hindu or Sikh resistance.
Sirsyed Ahmed khan promoted Western style education in Muslim society, seeking to uplift Muslims in the economic and political life of British India.He founded the Aligarh Muslim Univerity.
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is considered a major influence on Pakistani pride for embracing the concept which is reflected in Iqbal's descriptions of ego, self and renewal for Muslim civilization. He emphasized upon the spiritual richness of Islam and Islamic philosophy.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal the conceptual founder of Pakistan is venerated by Pakistani and Muslim nationalists for implicitly endorsing the incompatibility of Muslims with other religious communities.
Pakistani nationalists applaud Iqbal's vision for a Muslim state as specifically implying the denunciation of Hindus and Hinduism.
Iqbal is widely credited for his work in encouraging the political rejuvenation and empowerment of Muslims, and as a great poet not only in India and Pakistan, but also in Iran and Muslim nations in the Middle East.
"There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence. ... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims."
The name Pakistan also provides pride of nationalists, while it was based on the names of regions, the word Pak in Persian denotes pure, thus Pakistan was called the Land of the Pure.
Urdu continues to be Pakistan's national language but has undergone considerable changes over the years acquiring a particularly 'Pakistani flavour' with the incorporation of more and more grammar and prose from Pakistan's many indigenous languages (eg. Pashto, Panjabi, Sindhi, Balochi etc.)
Pakistan has many shrines, sights, sounds and symbols that have significance to Pakistani nationalists. These include the Shrines of Political leaders of pre-independence and post-independence Pakistan, Shrines of Religious leaders and Saints, The Shrines of Imperial leaders of various Islamic Empires and Dynasties, as well as national symbols and sounds of Pakistan.