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The Kosovo Liberation Army were Albanian-ethnic guerilla groups which operated in Kosovo in the late 1990s. Also known by the acronyms KLA and UCK (Albaninan: Ushtria Clirimtare E Kosoves).

History

The name "Kosovo Liberation Army" was first used in Macedonia in 1992. In 1995, beginnings of armed resistance to the Serbs appeared in Kosovo, when the KLA carried out isolated attacks on Serbian police. The KLA appeared for the first time in public in June 1996, assuming reponsibility for a series of acts of sabotage committed against the police stations and policemen in Kosovo and Metohija. After these bombings, Serb authorities named it a terrorist organization.

In 1997-98 KLA carried out numerous attacks on police in Kosovo, and set up roadblocks in the countryside. By May 1998 it effectively controlled a quarter of the province, centered around the region of Drenica, where Serbian police no longer dared to enter. In the spring and summer of 1998, however, Serbian security forces launched an offensive against KLA (operation "Potkova" - horseshoe), crushed most of its organization and regained control over most of Kosovo.

The KLA responed by establishing training camps and bases in the mountains of Albania. The Albanian government did little to prevent this, but did not support the KLA officially. The KLA more than regained its strenght, and when the Kosovo war broke out on March 24th 1999, KLA was estimated to have 6,000 to 8,000 people in total, 2,000 to 4,000 in Kosovo, and the rest in Albania.

Urged by the war, ethnic Albanians from all over Europe (but mostly from Kosovo) came to Albania to join the KLA. When the war was over in June, it was estimated that KLA had grown to a total of 17,000 to 20,000 in total, with perhaps as many as 15,000 in Kosovo at any time.

According to the agreement between NATO and Yugoslavia of June 1999, the KLA was disarmed. However, a new guerilla group called UCPMB, officially without links to the KLA, but probably consisting of KLA veterans, operated in the demilitarized zone between Kosovo and Serbia in 2000 and 2001. In F.Y.R.O.M., a new organization also named UCK (Albanian: Ushtria Clirimtare Kombetare) -the National Liberation Army staged a civil war to improve civil rights for ethnic Alanians in 2000 and 2001.

Political base

The KLA's professed long-term goal was to unite the Albanian populations of Kosovo, the F.Y.R.O.M. and Albania into a greater Albania. This is a rather extrimist nationalist stance, which most of the Albanian population in Kosovo did not agree with. The Albanian state does not support this vision, and has been pressured to denounce Albanian rebels in Kosovo and F.Y.R.O.M. to keep a healthy relationship with its neighboring states.

The KLA was not attached to any political party, but had the support of separatist Kosovars wanting a Kosovar state independent of Yugoslavia. During the Kosovo war, even moderate Kosovars, supporters of autonomy for Kosovo within Yugoslavia, such as the Kosovar "president" Ibrahim Rugova supported the KLA.

Organization and finansing

Up until February 1998, the KLA had its headquarters in the Drenica region in Kosovo. After that, separate headquarters were established around Pristina and in Albania. According to Serbian accounts, the primary KLA training camps in Albania were Ljabinot near Tirana, Tropoja, Kuks and Bajram Curi near the Yugoslav-Albanian border. Serbia claims that these locations are also the headquarters for the command and units of the Albanian army and police for the northeastern part of Albania and the centers for recruiting followers of the overthrown Albanian president Sali Berisha.

Numerous allegations have been made that the KLA was financed by organized crime, specifically drug smuggeling through Former Yugoslavia. Europol reportedly tied the KLA to to criminal syndicates in Albania, Turkey and the European Union. more on this later...

see also Kosovo War

File:Kla-uck.gif
The KLA insignia