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| {{Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots}} | {{Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots}} | ||
| The '''Hebron Massacre''' refers to the ] of sixty-seven ] in 1929 in ], then part of the ], by |
The '''Hebron Massacre''' refers to the ] of some sixty-seven ] in 1929 in ], then part of the ], by Arabs in 1929. | ||
| The massacre had a deep and lasting effect on the Jewish community. The survivors |
The massacre had a deep and lasting effect on the world-wide Jewish community. The survivors were forced to flee Hebron. The properties of the few dozen Jews who lived within the town's ghetto were seized by Arab residents and occupied until after the ] of 1967<ref></ref>. The massacre also led to a greater integration of the Jewish community defense organization, the ], until then loosely formed of autonomous cells. | ||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| Hebron, one of the ] in ], is located 30km south of ]. |
Hebron, one of the ] in ], is located 30km south of ]. Its Jewish ] community had lived there continuously for over 800 years under various imperial powers, and the ] community had roots there that went back at least a century.<ref>], ''One Palestine, Complete' Metropolitan Books, 1999 p.318</ref> As tensions between Arabs and Jews grew in the wake of increased ] emigration into the Holy Land in the 1920s, minor incidents, mainly by young boys, of harassment, cursing, window breaking and interrupting Jews at prayer at the Cave of Machpelah became a daily commonplace, notwithstanding the long tradition of amicable relations between Jews and Arabs attested as existing down to the massacre itself. The Jewish community registered several complaints with the British police, saying that enough was not being done to protect them. The Jews attributed some of the trouble to the Arab nationalist Muslim-Christian Association's activities, which included the spread of anti-Jewish songs and other forms of incitement.<ref>Tom Segev, ''One Palestine, Complete'', ibid.p.318</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | On ], ], after ], ] leaders proposed to provide defense for several hundred Jews of the ] in the Hebron area, or to help them evacuate. However, the leaders of the local community declined these offers, insisting that they trusted the ''A'yan'' (Arab notables) to protect them. | ||
| As tensions between Arabs and Jews grew in the 1920s, Arabs began harassing Jews on a daily basis. Cursing on the street, occasional beatings, rocks through windows, and disturbances at the Cave of the Patriarchs led the Jewish community to register several complaints with the British police, saying that enough was not being done to protect them. The Jews attributed some of the trouble to the Arab nationalist Muslim-Christian Association's activities, which included the spread of anti-Jewish songs and other incitement.<ref name=segev>{{cite book |last=Segev |first=Tom |authorlink=Tom Segev |title=One Palestine, Complete |year=1999 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=0805048480 |pages=pp. 314-327 }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The next Friday, ], inflamed by rumors that Jews were about to attack ], Arabs started an attack on Jews in the ] of ]. The violence quickly spread to other parts of Palestine, with the worst killings occurred in Hebron and ], with other murderous assaults in ], ], Jerusalem and ]. | ||
| ⚫ | On ], ], after ], ] leaders proposed to provide defense for |
||
| ⚫ | The next Friday, ], inflamed by rumors that Jews were about to attack ], Arabs started an attack on Jews in the ] of ] |
||
| {{seealso|1929 Palestine riots}} | {{seealso|1929 Palestine riots}} | ||
| The worst killings occurred in ] and ] and other killings occurred in ], ], Jerusalem and ]. In Safed, 18 Jews were killed and 80 injured. | |||
| {{seealso|1929 Safed massacre}} | |||
| ==Hebron massacre== | ==Hebron massacre== | ||
| ⚫ | In total, 67 Jews |
||
| All of the officials in Hebron itself were Arabs, and of its 40 policemen, only one was a Jew. ], the Assistant District Superintendent of the ], had at his command 18 mounted policemen and 15 on foot, of whom 11 were elderly men in poor physical condition. On the early afternoon of Friday, ], upon hearing from car-drivers of fighting in Jerusalem, Cafferata deployed special pickets to report any unusual movement from the city and issued a request to headquarters for reinforcements. Intending to travel to Jerusalem, a crowd of 700 gathered at the city's central bus station, and one man gave a speech. Cafferata addressed the crowd, trying to calm them by denying anything happened in Jerusalem. He then took eight mounted officers to patrol the Jewish homes, where he encountered the city's Rabbi, |
All of the officials in Hebron itself were Arabs, and of its 40 policemen, only one was a Jew. ], the Assistant District Superintendent of the ], had at his command 18 mounted policemen and 15 on foot, of whom 11 were elderly men in poor physical condition. On the early afternoon of Friday, ], upon hearing from car-drivers of fighting in Jerusalem, Cafferata deployed special pickets to report any unusual movement from the city and issued a request to headquarters for reinforcements. Intending to travel to Jerusalem, a crowd of 700 gathered at the city's central bus station, and one man gave a speech. Cafferata addressed the crowd, trying to calm them by denying anything happened in Jerusalem. He then took eight mounted officers to patrol the Jewish homes, where he encountered the city's Rabbi, Ya'akov Yosef Slonim. The Rabbi demanded protection from Cafferata, while engaging in a shouting match with the crowd, which then took to throwing stones.<ref>Tom Segev, ''One Palestine, Complete'' ibid.p.319. Cafferata told him and other Jews he came across to return to stay in their homes. After the Rabbi had obliged, Cafferata tried to disperse the crowd using clubs.<ref name=segev/> | ||
| At 4:00 pm, an Arab crowd began gathering outside the ] and throwing stones through the windows. Only two people were inside, a student and the ]. Upon being hit, the student tried to leave to find himself facing the Arab crowd, who grabbed him and stabbed him to death; the sexton survived by hiding in a well |
At 4:00 pm, an Arab crowd began gathering outside the ] and throwing stones through the windows. Only two people were inside, a student and the ]. Upon being hit, the student tried to leave to find himself facing the Arab crowd, who grabbed him and stabbed him to death; the sexton survived by hiding in a well. Cafferata attempted to get the ]s to assume responsibility for law and order, and asked for reinforcements. Some hours later a group of regional ]s came to Cafferata, with reports that they had word of Arabs slaughtering Jews in Jerusalem, and a threat from the Mufti of Jerusalem to fine them unless they took action. Cafferata assured them all was now quite, and told them to return to their homes and stay there.<ref> Segev, ''One Palestine, Complete'' ibid.p.220-221</ref> | ||
| Early the following |
Early the following morning, a crowd armed with staves and axes appeared in the streets and stoned one Jewish boy, and stabbed another. Both died. Cafferata shot two of the mob and emptied his revolver into the crowd, but his saddle slipped and he fell to the ground, whereupon the crowd began attacking every Jewish house. Cafferata instructed his men to fetch rifles and to open fire, which they did, dispersing a portion of the crowd, but some of the remaining rioters, shouting "on to the ]", managed to break through the pickets. Cafferata continued shooting, hitting many of the rioters, but his efforts were in vain; repeated calls for reinforcements from Jerusalem, Jaffa and Gaza did not produce help in time. Both Jewish and Arab businesses in the ] were looted.<ref>'The Hebron Tragedy. Mr. Cafferata's Evidence', From Our Correspondent. '']'', Friday, ], 1929; pg. 13; Issue 45355; col D.</ref> A consignment of police was sent from Jerusalem but was delayed by other violence on the way to Hebron and arrived hours too late. This later became the source of considerable acrimony.<ref name=segev/> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Cafferata testified to the Commission of Enquiry in Jerusalem on ] that he had seen an Arab cutting a child's head with an axe. Behind him was an ex-police-constable standing over a woman with a dagger in his hand. Cafferata shot the assailant, who shouted "Your Honor, I am a policeman". '']'' reported Cafferata's evidence to the Commission that "until the arrival of British police it was impossible to do more than keep the living Jews in the hospital safe and the streets clear was the only British officer or man in Hebron, a town of 20,000".<ref>'The Hebron Tragedy. Mr. Cafferata's Evidence', From Our Correspondent. ''The Times'', Friday, ], 1929; pg. 13; Issue 45355; col D.</ref> | Cafferata testified to the Commission of Enquiry in Jerusalem on ] that he had seen an Arab cutting a child's head with an axe. Behind him was an ex-police-constable standing over a woman with a dagger in his hand. Cafferata shot the assailant, who shouted "Your Honor, I am a policeman". '']'' reported Cafferata's evidence to the Commission that "until the arrival of British police it was impossible to do more than keep the living Jews in the hospital safe and the streets clear was the only British officer or man in Hebron, a town of 20,000".<ref>'The Hebron Tragedy. Mr. Cafferata's Evidence', From Our Correspondent. ''The Times'', Friday, ], 1929; pg. 13; Issue 45355; col D.</ref> | ||
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| On ], Sir John Chancellor condemned "the atrocious acts committed by bodies of ruthless and bloodthirsty evildoers... murders perpetrated upon defenceless members of the Jewish population... accompanied by acts of unspeakable savagery." | On ], Sir John Chancellor condemned "the atrocious acts committed by bodies of ruthless and bloodthirsty evildoers... murders perpetrated upon defenceless members of the Jewish population... accompanied by acts of unspeakable savagery." | ||
| == |
== Aftermath == | ||
| ⚫ | In total, 67 Jews died in Hebron as a result of the pogrom, most of them murdered. Some 59 were buried immediately after the riot and 8 more succumbed to wounds or shock in the ensuing weeks. The remaining community were placed on trucks and returned to ]<ref> {{languageicon|he|Hebrew}}</ref> Most of the dead were Ashkenazi men, but among the victims were also a dozen women and three children under the age of three. Seven of the victims were ] students from the United States and Canada. Some 50 men, women and children were wounded. Several cases of rape, mutilation and torture were reported.<ref name=segev/> | ||
| ] header reads: ''Massacre of women, children at Hebron told by refugees.'']] | ] header reads: ''Massacre of women, children at Hebron told by refugees.'']] | ||
Revision as of 10:40, 14 September 2007
| 1929 Palestine riots | |
|---|---|
The Hebron Massacre refers to the massacre of some sixty-seven Jews in 1929 in Hebron, then part of the British Mandate of Palestine, by Arabs in 1929.
The massacre had a deep and lasting effect on the world-wide Jewish community. The survivors were forced to flee Hebron. The properties of the few dozen Jews who lived within the town's ghetto were seized by Arab residents and occupied until after the Six Day War of 1967. The massacre also led to a greater integration of the Jewish community defense organization, the Haganah, until then loosely formed of autonomous cells.
Background
Hebron, one of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism, is located 30km south of Jerusalem. Its Jewish Sephardic community had lived there continuously for over 800 years under various imperial powers, and the Ashkenazi community had roots there that went back at least a century. As tensions between Arabs and Jews grew in the wake of increased Zionist emigration into the Holy Land in the 1920s, minor incidents, mainly by young boys, of harassment, cursing, window breaking and interrupting Jews at prayer at the Cave of Machpelah became a daily commonplace, notwithstanding the long tradition of amicable relations between Jews and Arabs attested as existing down to the massacre itself. The Jewish community registered several complaints with the British police, saying that enough was not being done to protect them. The Jews attributed some of the trouble to the Arab nationalist Muslim-Christian Association's activities, which included the spread of anti-Jewish songs and other forms of incitement.
On August 20, 1929, after Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Haganah leaders proposed to provide defense for several hundred Jews of the Yishuv in the Hebron area, or to help them evacuate. However, the leaders of the local community declined these offers, insisting that they trusted the A'yan (Arab notables) to protect them.
The next Friday, 23 August, inflamed by rumors that Jews were about to attack al-Aqsa Mosque, Arabs started an attack on Jews in the Old City of Jerusalem. The violence quickly spread to other parts of Palestine, with the worst killings occurred in Hebron and Safed, with other murderous assaults in Moza, Kfar Uriyah, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.
See also: 1929 Palestine riotsHebron massacre
All of the officials in Hebron itself were Arabs, and of its 40 policemen, only one was a Jew. Raymond Cafferata, the Assistant District Superintendent of the Palestine Police Force, had at his command 18 mounted policemen and 15 on foot, of whom 11 were elderly men in poor physical condition. On the early afternoon of Friday, August 23, upon hearing from car-drivers of fighting in Jerusalem, Cafferata deployed special pickets to report any unusual movement from the city and issued a request to headquarters for reinforcements. Intending to travel to Jerusalem, a crowd of 700 gathered at the city's central bus station, and one man gave a speech. Cafferata addressed the crowd, trying to calm them by denying anything happened in Jerusalem. He then took eight mounted officers to patrol the Jewish homes, where he encountered the city's Rabbi, Ya'akov Yosef Slonim. The Rabbi demanded protection from Cafferata, while engaging in a shouting match with the crowd, which then took to throwing stones.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
Early the following morning, a crowd armed with staves and axes appeared in the streets and stoned one Jewish boy, and stabbed another. Both died. Cafferata shot two of the mob and emptied his revolver into the crowd, but his saddle slipped and he fell to the ground, whereupon the crowd began attacking every Jewish house. Cafferata instructed his men to fetch rifles and to open fire, which they did, dispersing a portion of the crowd, but some of the remaining rioters, shouting "on to the Ghetto", managed to break through the pickets. Cafferata continued shooting, hitting many of the rioters, but his efforts were in vain; repeated calls for reinforcements from Jerusalem, Jaffa and Gaza did not produce help in time. Both Jewish and Arab businesses in the Bazaar were looted. A consignment of police was sent from Jerusalem but was delayed by other violence on the way to Hebron and arrived hours too late. This later became the source of considerable acrimony.
Cafferata testified to the Commission of Enquiry in Jerusalem on 7 November that he had seen an Arab cutting a child's head with an axe. Behind him was an ex-police-constable standing over a woman with a dagger in his hand. Cafferata shot the assailant, who shouted "Your Honor, I am a policeman". The Times reported Cafferata's evidence to the Commission that "until the arrival of British police it was impossible to do more than keep the living Jews in the hospital safe and the streets clear was the only British officer or man in Hebron, a town of 20,000".
Many Jews survived by hiding in their Arab neighbors' houses, while others survived by taking refuge in the British police station at Beit Romano on the outskirts of the city. The surviving Jews were later evacuated to Jerusalem. One third of the killed were students of the Hebron yeshiva. After the massacre, the remainder of the yeshiva was also moved to Jerusalem.
On September 1, Sir John Chancellor condemned "the atrocious acts committed by bodies of ruthless and bloodthirsty evildoers... murders perpetrated upon defenceless members of the Jewish population... accompanied by acts of unspeakable savagery."
Aftermath
In total, 67 Jews died in Hebron as a result of the pogrom, most of them murdered. Some 59 were buried immediately after the riot and 8 more succumbed to wounds or shock in the ensuing weeks. The remaining community were placed on trucks and returned to Jerusalem Most of the dead were Ashkenazi men, but among the victims were also a dozen women and three children under the age of three. Seven of the victims were yeshiva students from the United States and Canada. Some 50 men, women and children were wounded. Several cases of rape, mutilation and torture were reported.
Altogether 195 Arabs and 34 Jews were sentenced by the courts for crimes related to the 1929 riots. Death sentences were handed down to 17 Arabs and 2 Jews, but these were later commuted to long prison terms except in the case of 3 Arabs who were hanged. Large fines were imposed on about 25 Arab villages or urban neighborhoods. Some financial compensation was paid to persons who lost family members or property.
A few dozen Jewish families returned to Hebron in 1931, but were evacuated again during the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. The city had no Jewish population for 37 years until after the Six Day War in 1967, when Jews again came to live in Hebron.
As of 2006, hundreds of Jews live in Hebron again, on small portions of land owned by Jews in 1929.
See also: Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflictSpecific accounts of the massacre
The House of Eliezer Dan Slonim
Eliezer Dan Slonim was born in Hebron in 1900. He was the son of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef, the Rabbi of Hebron. Eliezer was a member of the city council, appointed by the government. He was also a director at the Anglo-Palestine Bank. Eliezer had excellent relations with the British and the Arabs, who had assured him that no riots would occur.
Baruch Katinka, a member of the Haganah tells about his encounter with Eliezer Dan before the massacre:
- "Two days before the massacre, they told us about a need to go to Hebron with 10-12 people with weapons in order to defend the place. I believe we were 10 men and 2 women... We came to Hebron after midnight, and went into the house of Eliezer Dan Silonim, the head of the bank in the area and the head of the community. We woke him up and told him that we brought weapons and people. He started yelling and said that if he wanted any weapons he would request them but there's no need for them because he has an understanding with the Arabs, they need the credit, they're under his influence, and that they will not harm him. On the contrary he said, new faces in Hebron might just tease them. During the argument, two Arab policemen went in and ordered us to go to the Police. The officer Cafferata met us in pyjamas and asked us who we were and what were we doing. We said we came for a walk. The officer preached us how dare we walk around during this time and said we must go back to Jerusalem escorted by the police. Two men stayed with suitcases in Silonim's house. They had the bombs with them, but the day after they came back to Jerusalem too, because Silonim forced them to leave. The next day , the massacre occurred".
After the first victim was killed on Friday, 40 people assembled in Dan's house, confident that because of his influence, no harm would come. On Saturday, the rioters approached the Rabbi and offered him a deal. If all the Ashkenazi yeshiva students were given over to the Arabs, the rioters would spare the lives of the Sephardi community. Rabbi Slonim refused to turn over the students and was killed on the spot, along with his wife and 4 year old son (another son, 3 years old, survived). In the end, 12 Sephardi Jews and 55 Ashkenazi Jews were murdered.
Raymond Cafferata
After the massacre began, most of the Arab constables deserted, leading the rioters to where Jews were hiding. Cafferata testified:
On hearing screams in a room I went up a sort of tunnel passage and saw an Arab in the act of cutting off a child's head with a sword. He had already hit him and was having another cut, but on seeing me he tried to aim the stroke at me, but missed; he was practically on the muzzle of my rifle. I shot him low in the groin. Behind him was a Jewish woman smothered in blood with a man I recognized as a police constable named Issa Sherif from Jaffa in mufti. He was standing over the woman with a dagger in his hand. He saw me and bolted into a room close by and tried to shut me out-shouting in Arabic, "Your Honor, I am a policeman." ... I got into the room and shot him.
Nineteen local Arab families saved dozens, perhaps 100s of the Jews. Zmira Mani wrote of an Arab named Abu Id Zaitoun who brought his brother and son to rescue her and her family. The Arab family protected the Manis with their swords, hid them in a cellar along with other Jews who they had saved, and found a policeman to escort them safely to the police station at Beit Romano.
References
- Hebron protestors demand property taken in '29
- Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete' Metropolitan Books, 1999 p.318
- Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete, ibid.p.318
- 'The Hebron Tragedy. Mr. Cafferata's Evidence', From Our Correspondent. The Times, Friday, November 8, 1929; pg. 13; Issue 45355; col D.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
segevwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - 'The Hebron Tragedy. Mr. Cafferata's Evidence', From Our Correspondent. The Times, Friday, November 8, 1929; pg. 13; Issue 45355; col D.
- 'Communal relations - Jewish and Arab in the city of Hebron' (2005) Template:Languageicon
- Katinka, From then till now, Hebrew, p. 271 and archive of the Haganah
- The Hebron Massacre of 1929 by Shira Schoenberg (Jewish Virtual Library)
See also
External links
- The Hebron Massacre of 1929 - Zionism-Israel.com
- The Hebron Massacre of 1929 - Jewish Virtual Library
- The Hebron Pogrom of August 1929 - Eyewitness accounts
- Photos of the massacre and survivors
- Photos of some of the victims