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Erzurum
Country	Turkey
Region	East Anatolia
Province	Erzurum
Population
• Total	361,235
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Website	www.erzurum-bld.gov.tr

Theodosiopolis redirects here; it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace.

Erzurum (Template:Lang-hy (Karin), see also its former and other names) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The current name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rum" (literally The border of the Romans in Persian).

Erzurum has a population of 361,235 (2000 census). It is the capital of Erzurum Province. Erzurum is the largest province in the Eastern Anatolian Region and is located on a high plateau (1950 m). The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level and has an extreme continental climate with an average January temperature of −11 °C (12 °F). Temperatures often drop below −30 °C (−22 °F) in the winter, with heavy snowfall.

Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, has served as NATO's southeasternmost air force post during the Cold War.

The city uses the double-headed Anatolian Seljuk Eagle as its Coat of Arms, which was based on the double-headed Byzantine Eagle that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.

History

Saltuklus were an Anatolian Turkish Beylik centered in Erzurum, who ruled between 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.

The city was captured by Russia in 1829, but given back to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne). During the Crimean war Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars. The city was attacked and, after overcoming strong resistance, captured by a Russian army in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, but was returned to Ottoman Turkey under the Treaty of San Stefano.

There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894-1896). It was also a major extermination and deportation center during the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The deportation route for the Armenians of Erzurum and neighbouring areas in eastern Anatolia went through the city of Harput.

The city was the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires which resulted in capture of Erzerum by Russian forces under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. It was returned to the Ottomans with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a founder of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman Army in Erzurum, and was declared the "Honorary Native" and the freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence.

Economy

The largest economy, in recent years, has been the university. Atatürk University is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism, also, provides a large proportion of the province's income.

Tourism

Erzurum offers winter tourism attactions and a major skiing center at the Palandöken Mountain as well as its regional academic medical center, rich architectural historical sites and great monuments from the Seljuk period such as the Çifte Minareli Medrese. International University Sports Federation (FISU) World Winter Games, 2011 Winter Universiade, will be held in Erzurum.

Cuisine

One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining wide-spread popularity around Turkey.

Transportation

The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Erzurum is also the main railroad endpoint for the Eastern Anatolia region. Erzurum airport, also used by the Turkish Air Force, has runways that are the second longest in Turkey.

Notable natives

• Nene Hatun female defender of Erzurum during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
• Cemal Gürsel, the fourth president of Turkey

External links

• Erzurumspor web Sitesi
• Template:Tr icon Chamber of Commerce
• Eastern Anatolia Free Zone
• All information of Erzurum
• Universiade Erzurum 2011 Introduction (video)
• The Local Folk Dance of Dadash (video)
• Pictures of the capital of this province

References

1. Warrant for Genocide (Ppr): Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict - Page 141 by Vahakn N. Dadrian
2. "The Graphic", 07.12.1895, Massacres of Erzeroum of October 30, 1895
3. Los Angeles Times Jul 26, 1890 TURKISH ATROCITIES. - DETAILS OF THE MASSACRE AT ERZEROUM
4. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response - Page 176 by Peter Balakian
5. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide - Page 165 by Lewy, Guenter

v t e Erzurum in Erzurum Province of Turkey
Districts	Aşkale Aziziye Çat Hınıs Horasan İspir Karaçoban Karayazı Köprüköy Narman Oltu Olur Palandöken Pasinler Pazaryolu Şenkaya Tekman Tortum Uzundere Yakutiye
List of provinces by region Istanbul Istanbul West Marmara Balıkesir Çanakkale Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Aegean Afyonkarahisar Aydın Denizli İzmir Kütahya Manisa Muğla Uşak East Marmara Bilecik Bolu Bursa Düzce Eskişehir Kocaeli Sakarya Yalova West Anatolia Ankara Karaman Konya Mediterranean Adana Antalya Burdur Hatay Isparta Kahramanmaraş Mersin Osmaniye Central Anatolia Aksaray Kayseri Kırıkkale Kırşehir Nevşehir Niğde Sivas Yozgat West Black Sea Amasya Bartın Çankırı Çorum Karabük Kastamonu Samsun Sinop Tokat Zonguldak East Black Sea Artvin Giresun Gümüşhane Ordu Rize Trabzon Northeast Anatolia Ağrı Ardahan Bayburt Erzincan Erzurum Iğdır Kars Central East Anatolia Bingöl Bitlis Elazığ Hakkâri Malatya Muş Tunceli Van Southeast Anatolia Adıyaman Batman Diyarbakır Gaziantep Kilis Mardin Siirt Şanlıurfa Şırnak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.

• Misplaced Pages articles needing factual verification from October 2007
• Cities in Turkey
• Erzurum