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| ]. The '''Hilda family''' is coloured brown]] | ]. The '''Hilda family''' is coloured brown]] | ||
| The '''Hilda family of asteroids''' is constituted of ]s with a ] between 3.7 AU and 4.2 AU, an ] greater than 0.07, and an ] less than 20°. They do not form a true asteroid family, in the sense that they do not descend from a common parent object. Instead, this is a ''dynamical'' family of bodies, made up of asteroids which are in a 2:3 ] with ]. Hildas move in their orbits so that their ] put them opposite Jupiter, or 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter at the L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub> ]s. Over three successive orbits each Hilda asteroid passes through all of these three points in sequence. | The '''Hilda family of asteroids''' is constituted of ]s with a ] between 3.7 AU and 4.2 AU, an ] greater than 0.07, and an ] less than 20°. They do not form a true ], in the sense that they do not descend from a common parent object. Instead, this is a ''dynamical'' family of bodies, made up of asteroids which are in a 2:3 ] with ]. Hildas move in their orbits so that their ] put them opposite Jupiter, or 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter at the L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub> ]s. Over three successive orbits each Hilda asteroid passes through all of these three points in sequence. | ||
| == Description of the Hildas' motion == | |||
| '''SOME PECULIARITIES IN THE HILDAS MOTION'''← | |||
| The asteroids of the Hilda group (Hildas) are in |
The asteroids of the Hilda group (Hildas) are in 3:2 mean motion resonance with Jupiter. They move along the orbits with a semimajor axis near 4.0 AU and moderate values of eccentricity (up to 0.3) and inclination (up to 20°). Unlike the ]s they may have any difference in longitude with Jupiter, nevertheless avoiding ] to the planet. <p> | ||
| The Hildas taken together constitute |
The Hildas taken together constitute a dynamic triangular figure with slightly convex sides and trimmed apexes in the triangular libration points of Jupiter - the "Hildas Triangle" (see http://neopage.nm.ru/ENG/GENERAL/DATA/hil-a.pdf). The "thickness" of the asteroidal stream within the sides of the triangle is about 1 ], and in the apexes this value is 20-40 % greater. Figure 1 shows the positions of the Hildas (black) against a background of all known asteroids (gray) up to Jupiter's orbit at ] ]. | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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| Fig. 1. Fig. 2. | Fig. 1. Fig. 2. | ||
| Fig. 1. The Hildas Triangle against a background of all known asteroids up to Jupiter's orbit. | Fig. 1. The Hildas Triangle against a background of all known asteroids up to Jupiter's orbit. | ||
| Fig. 2.The positions of the Hildas against a background of their orbits. | Fig. 2.The positions of the Hildas against a background of their orbits. | ||
| At any moment the Hildas constitute this triangular configuration although each of the objects moves along its elliptic orbit |
At any moment the Hildas constitute this triangular configuration although each of the objects moves along its ]. All orbits together form a quite predictable ring. Figure 2 illustrates this with the Hildas positions (black) against a background of their orbits (gray). For the majority of these asteroids their position in orbit may be arbitrary except for the external parts of the apexes (the objects near aphelion) and the middles of the sides (the objects near perihelion). The Hildas Triangle has proven to be dynamically stable for a long time span. <p> | ||
| The typical |
The typical Hilda object has a ]. On average the velocity of perihelion motion is lesser with greater orbital eccentricity. At the same time the nodes move more slowly. All typical objects in aphelion would seemingly approach closely to Jupiter, which should be disstabilising for them. But the development of the orbital elements helps to avoid this situation, and ] with Jupiter occur only near the perihelion of Hilda asteroids. Moreover the ] line oscillates near the line of conjunction with different amplitude and a period of 2.5 to 3.0 centuries. <p> | ||
| In addition to the fact that the Hildas triangle revolves in connection to Jupiter the quasi-periodical waves of the stream density of asteroids in every point are noticed, as if the triangle breathes. |
In addition to the fact that the Hildas triangle revolves in connection to Jupiter the quasi-periodical waves of the stream density of asteroids in every point are noticed, as if the triangle "breathes". At any time the density of objects in the apexes is more than twice the density within the sides. The Hildas rest at the apexes for an average of 5.0-5.5 years whereas they move along the sides more quickly for 2.5 to 3.0 years. | ||
| Although the triangle is nearly ] some asymmetry exists. Due to the eccentricity of Jupiter's orbit the side L<sub>4</sub>-L<sub>5</sub> slightly differs from the two other sides. When Jupiter is in ] the mean velocity of the objects moving along this side is somewhat smaller than that of the objects related to the other sides. When Jupiter is in ] the picture is reverse. <p> | |||
| At the apexes of the triangle corresponding to the points |
At the apexes of the triangle corresponding to the points L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub> of Jupiter's orbit the Hildas approach the ]. At the mid-sides of the triangle they are close to the asteroids of the external part of the ]. The velocity dispersion of Hildas is more evident than that of Trojans in the regions where they intersect. It should also be noted that the proportion of Trojans in ] is twice that of the Hildas. Due to this as much as one quarter of the Trojans cannot intersect with the Hildas, and a great deal of other Trojans are beyond the limits of Jupiter's orbit. Therefore the regions of intersection are limited. This is illustrated by Fig. 3 that along with Jupiter in the foreground shows the Hildas (black) and the Trojans (gray) along the ] with the longitude near 190 degrees at ] ]. One can see the spherical form of the Trojan swarms. | ||
| ] | |||
| Fig. 3. The Hildas and the Trojans visible in ecliptic plane | Fig. 3. The Hildas and the Trojans visible in ecliptic plane | ||
| When moving along each side of the triangle the Hildas |
When moving along each side of the triangle the Hildas travel slower than the Trojans but encounter a more dense neighborhood of asteroids of the outer Main Belt. But here the velocity dispersion is much smaller. | ||
| The |
== Research == <p>The observed peculiarities in the Hildas' motion are based on data for a few hundred objects known to date and generate still more questions. Further observations are needed to expand on the list of Hildas. Such observations are most favorable when the Earth is near ] with the mid-sides of the Hildas Triangle. These moments occur each 4 and 1/3 months. In these circumstances the brilliance of objects of similar size could run up to 2.5 magnitudes as compared to the apexes. <p> | ||
| The Hildas explore regions of the Solar system from approximately 2 AU up to Jupiter's orbit. This entails a variety of physical conditions and the neighborhood of various groups of asteroids. On further observation some theories on the Hildas may have to be revised. | |||
| The namesake is ], discovered by ] in ]. | The namesake is ], discovered by ] in ]. | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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The Hilda family of asteroids is constituted of asteroids with a semi-major axis between 3.7 AU and 4.2 AU, an eccentricity greater than 0.07, and an inclination less than 20°. They do not form a true asteroid family, in the sense that they do not descend from a common parent object. Instead, this is a dynamical family of bodies, made up of asteroids which are in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Jupiter. Hildas move in their orbits so that their aphelia put them opposite Jupiter, or 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter at the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points. Over three successive orbits each Hilda asteroid passes through all of these three points in sequence.
Description of the Hildas' motion
The asteroids of the Hilda group (Hildas) are in 3:2 mean motion resonance with Jupiter. They move along the orbits with a semimajor axis near 4.0 AU and moderate values of eccentricity (up to 0.3) and inclination (up to 20°). Unlike the Trojan asteroids they may have any difference in longitude with Jupiter, nevertheless avoiding dangerous approaches to the planet.
The Hildas taken together constitute a dynamic triangular figure with slightly convex sides and trimmed apexes in the triangular libration points of Jupiter - the "Hildas Triangle" (see http://neopage.nm.ru/ENG/GENERAL/DATA/hil-a.pdf). The "thickness" of the asteroidal stream within the sides of the triangle is about 1 AU, and in the apexes this value is 20-40 % greater. Figure 1 shows the positions of the Hildas (black) against a background of all known asteroids (gray) up to Jupiter's orbit at January 1 2005.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. The Hildas Triangle against a background of all known asteroids up to Jupiter's orbit.
Fig. 2.The positions of the Hildas against a background of their orbits.
At any moment the Hildas constitute this triangular configuration although each of the objects moves along its elliptic orbit. All orbits together form a quite predictable ring. Figure 2 illustrates this with the Hildas positions (black) against a background of their orbits (gray). For the majority of these asteroids their position in orbit may be arbitrary except for the external parts of the apexes (the objects near aphelion) and the middles of the sides (the objects near perihelion). The Hildas Triangle has proven to be dynamically stable for a long time span.
The typical Hilda object has a retrograde perihelion motion. On average the velocity of perihelion motion is lesser with greater orbital eccentricity. At the same time the nodes move more slowly. All typical objects in aphelion would seemingly approach closely to Jupiter, which should be disstabilising for them. But the development of the orbital elements helps to avoid this situation, and conjunctions with Jupiter occur only near the perihelion of Hilda asteroids. Moreover the apsidal line oscillates near the line of conjunction with different amplitude and a period of 2.5 to 3.0 centuries.
In addition to the fact that the Hildas triangle revolves in connection to Jupiter the quasi-periodical waves of the stream density of asteroids in every point are noticed, as if the triangle "breathes". At any time the density of objects in the apexes is more than twice the density within the sides. The Hildas rest at the apexes for an average of 5.0-5.5 years whereas they move along the sides more quickly for 2.5 to 3.0 years. Although the triangle is nearly equilateral some asymmetry exists. Due to the eccentricity of Jupiter's orbit the side L4-L5 slightly differs from the two other sides. When Jupiter is in aphelion the mean velocity of the objects moving along this side is somewhat smaller than that of the objects related to the other sides. When Jupiter is in perihelion the picture is reverse.
At the apexes of the triangle corresponding to the points L4 and L5 of Jupiter's orbit the Hildas approach the Trojans. At the mid-sides of the triangle they are close to the asteroids of the external part of the Main Belt. The velocity dispersion of Hildas is more evident than that of Trojans in the regions where they intersect. It should also be noted that the proportion of Trojans in inclination is twice that of the Hildas. Due to this as much as one quarter of the Trojans cannot intersect with the Hildas, and a great deal of other Trojans are beyond the limits of Jupiter's orbit. Therefore the regions of intersection are limited. This is illustrated by Fig. 3 that along with Jupiter in the foreground shows the Hildas (black) and the Trojans (gray) along the ecliptic plane with the longitude near 190 degrees at January 1 2005. One can see the spherical form of the Trojan swarms.
Fig. 3. The Hildas and the Trojans visible in ecliptic plane
When moving along each side of the triangle the Hildas travel slower than the Trojans but encounter a more dense neighborhood of asteroids of the outer Main Belt. But here the velocity dispersion is much smaller.
== Research ==
The observed peculiarities in the Hildas' motion are based on data for a few hundred objects known to date and generate still more questions. Further observations are needed to expand on the list of Hildas. Such observations are most favorable when the Earth is near conjunction with the mid-sides of the Hildas Triangle. These moments occur each 4 and 1/3 months. In these circumstances the brilliance of objects of similar size could run up to 2.5 magnitudes as compared to the apexes.
The Hildas explore regions of the Solar system from approximately 2 AU up to Jupiter's orbit. This entails a variety of physical conditions and the neighborhood of various groups of asteroids. On further observation some theories on the Hildas may have to be revised. The namesake is 153 Hilda, discovered by Johann Palisa in 1875.
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