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The Azerbaijani community in Armenia represented a large numbers but has been virtually non-existent since ]–], when the overwhelming majority of the Turkic speaking people --which by mostly identified themselves as Azerbaijani's-- fled the country as a result of the ] and the ongoing conflict between Armenia and ]. ] estimates the current population numbers for Azerbaijani's in Armenia to be somewhere between 30 and a few hundred persons,<ref>. Received on ] ]</ref> with the majority of them living in rural areas and being members of mixed couples (mostly Azeri women married to ] men), as well as elderly and sick, and thus unable to leave the country. Most of them are also reported to have changed their names and maintain a low profile to avoid discrimination.<ref name="unhcr1">. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Geneva: September ]</ref><ref> U.S. Department of State. Released ], ]</ref> | ||
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== Conflict == | ||
| The Azerbaijani's of Armenia were marginalized, discriminated, and often forced to migration<ref name="dewaal">Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War by Thomas de Waal ISBN 0814719457</ref> resulting in significant changes in the country's ethnic composition, even though they have managed to stay its largest ethnic minority until the ]. | |||
| From eleventh to fourteenth centuries nomadic Turkic tribes started invading Armenia, first the Turkman, then the Seljuks and the Mongols raiding brutally, destroying towns killing and raping the population. <ref>The Kingdom of Armenia, M. Chahin, Routledge (2001) p.234</ref> The large scale Turkic migration brought also the linguistic ] of a number of the Muslim people in Transcaucasus such as the ]. <ref>The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict Causes and Implications by Michael P. Croissant Praeger/Greenwood (1998) p.2</ref> In 1604-5, Shah Abbas depopulated Armenia, Edward Augustus Freeman writes: ''The people removed were chiefly Armenian Christians'' <ref>The history and conquests of the Saracens, 6 lectures, Edward Augustus Freeman, Macillan (1876) p. 229</ref>, as a result by the Seventeenth century, the Armenians had become a minority in parts of their historic lands. <ref>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires by James Stuart Olson, Greenwood Press, (1994) p. 44</ref> During the last decade of the 18th century the Persians under the fear of losing the ] in the profit of the Russians, supported by the Khans to launch a wide scale attack against the Armenian population; from which many fled from the region. <ref>Archives Historique et Politiques, ou Recueil de Pièce Officielles, Mémoires et Morceaux Historiques, Inédits ou Peu Connus, Relatifs à L'Histoire des 18e et 19e Sciècle, Maximilian Samson Friedrich Schoell, Libraire grecque-latine, Original issu de l'Université du Michigan (1818), pp. 248-264</ref> the Armenian ] Bishop Michael Chamich wrote about the period: ''In consequence of the tyranny which the Mohammedans exercise over the Christians whom they have subjected to their power, Armenia is almost depopulated. The inhabitants seize every opportunity that occurs to leave their wretched country and settle in places under milder government.'' <ref>History of Armenia by Mik'ayel Ch'amch'yants', Bishop's college press, by H. Townsend (1827) p.506</ref>In the first quarter of the 19th century, the Khanate of Yerevan which included most of Eastern Armenia and covered an area of approximately 7,000 square miles was nearly depopulated with a population of only 100,000, Armenians ending up representing only 20%, the rest being ] (Persian, Turkic, Kurdish). The land was mountainous and dry. <ref>George A. Bournoutian. ''Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule'', 1807 - 1828 (Malibu: Undena Publications, 1982), pp. xxii + 165</ref> The Khanate also included Southwest Iranian Azerbaijan and the Ottoman provinces of Bayazid and Qars <ref>George A. Bournoutian. ''Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule'', 1807 - 1828 (Malibu: Undena Publications, 1982), pp. xxii + 165</ref> which are not part of the current republic of Armenia. By the beginning of the 20th century a significant population of Tatars (related to modern Azerbaijani) lived in ]. They numbered about 300,000 persons or 37.5% in ]'s ] (roughly corresponding to most of present-day central ], the ] of ], and ]'s ] exclave).<ref>{{ru icon}} </ref> Officially most of the Muslims were classified as Tartars <ref>Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917, Stephen F. Jones, Harvard University Press (2005) p. 19 </ref> and most lived in rural areas and were engaged in farming and carpet-weaving. They formed the majority in 4 of the governorate's 7 districts, including the city of Erivan (]) (which total population at the time was slightly under 30,000) itself where they constituted 49% of the population (compared to 48% constituted by Armenians).<ref>{{ru icon}} </ref> At the time, Eastern Armenian cultural life was centered more around the holy city of ], seat of the ].<ref name="DeWaal01">Thomas de Waal. ''Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War''. New York: New York University Press, p. 74. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7</ref> Historian Luigi Villari reported that in ], Azeris in Yerevan were generally wealthier than the Armenians living the city.<ref> by Luigi Villari. London, T. F. Unwin, 1906: p. 267</ref> | |||
| Tensions rose again after both Armenia and Azerbaijan became briefly independent from the ] in ]. Both quarreled over where their common borders lay.<ref name="DeWaal01">de Waal. ''Black Garden''. p. 127-8.</ref> Warfare coupled with the influx of Armenian refugees resulted in widespread massacres of Muslims in Zankezur<ref>{{ru icon}} </ref><ref> by Andrew Andersen</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} . State Archives of the Russian Federation, fund 1318, list 1, folder 413, document 21</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} ] ]. Retrieved ] ]</ref> causing virtually all of them to flee to Azerbaijan.<ref name="dewaal"/> Relatively few returned, as according to the ] All-Soviet population census of there were only 78,228 Azeris living in Armenia.<ref name="saparov"> by Arseny Sarapov</ref> By ], however, the numbers increased to 131,000.<ref>{{ru icon}}. ''Demoscope.ru''</ref> | |||
| In ]–], with the ]'s adoption of the resolution entitled "Planned measures for the resettlement of collective farm workers and other Azerbaijanis from the Armenian SSR to the Kura-Arax lowlands", the growing Azeri community became partly subject to "voluntary resettlement" (classified by Azerbaijani sources as in fact ]<ref>. ''Azerbembassy.org.cn''</ref>) into central Azerbaijan<ref> by Anita L. P. Burdett (ed.) ISBN 1-85207-955-X</ref> to make way for incoming Armenian immigrants from the ]. Some 100,000 Azeris left Armenia within those three years<ref name="saparov"/> bringing the number of those in Armenia further down to 107,748 in ].<ref>{{ru icon}} . ''Demoscope.ru''</ref> By ], Azeris numbering 160,841 were constituting 6.5% of Armenia's population.<ref>{{ru icon}} . ''Demoscope.ru''</ref> | In ]–], with the ]'s adoption of the resolution entitled "Planned measures for the resettlement of collective farm workers and other Azerbaijanis from the Armenian SSR to the Kura-Arax lowlands", the growing Azeri community became partly subject to "voluntary resettlement" (classified by Azerbaijani sources as in fact ]<ref>. ''Azerbembassy.org.cn''</ref>) into central Azerbaijan<ref> by Anita L. P. Burdett (ed.) ISBN 1-85207-955-X</ref> to make way for incoming Armenian immigrants from the ]. Some 100,000 Azeris left Armenia within those three years<ref name="saparov"/> bringing the number of those in Armenia further down to 107,748 in ].<ref>{{ru icon}} . ''Demoscope.ru''</ref> By ], Azeris numbering 160,841 were constituting 6.5% of Armenia's population.<ref>{{ru icon}} . ''Demoscope.ru''</ref> | ||
Revision as of 04:44, 21 December 2007
The Azerbaijani community in Armenia represented a large numbers but has been virtually non-existent since 1988–1991, when the overwhelming majority of the Turkic speaking people --which by mostly identified themselves as Azerbaijani's-- fled the country as a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the ongoing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. UNHCR estimates the current population numbers for Azerbaijani's in Armenia to be somewhere between 30 and a few hundred persons, with the majority of them living in rural areas and being members of mixed couples (mostly Azeri women married to Armenian men), as well as elderly and sick, and thus unable to leave the country. Most of them are also reported to have changed their names and maintain a low profile to avoid discrimination.
Conflict
The Azerbaijani's of Armenia were marginalized, discriminated, and often forced to migration resulting in significant changes in the country's ethnic composition, even though they have managed to stay its largest ethnic minority until the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Tensions rose again after both Armenia and Azerbaijan became briefly independent from the Russian Empire in 1918. Both quarreled over where their common borders lay. Warfare coupled with the influx of Armenian refugees resulted in widespread massacres of Muslims in Zankezur causing virtually all of them to flee to Azerbaijan. Relatively few returned, as according to the 1926 All-Soviet population census of there were only 78,228 Azeris living in Armenia. By 1939, however, the numbers increased to 131,000.
In 1948–1951, with the Council of Ministers of the USSR's adoption of the resolution entitled "Planned measures for the resettlement of collective farm workers and other Azerbaijanis from the Armenian SSR to the Kura-Arax lowlands", the growing Azeri community became partly subject to "voluntary resettlement" (classified by Azerbaijani sources as in fact deportation) into central Azerbaijan to make way for incoming Armenian immigrants from the Armenian diaspora. Some 100,000 Azeris left Armenia within those three years bringing the number of those in Armenia further down to 107,748 in 1959. By 1979, Azeris numbering 160,841 were constituting 6.5% of Armenia's population.
Present day
It is impossible to determine the exact population numbers for Azeris in Armenia at the time of the conflict's escalation, since during the 1989 census forced Azeri migration from Armenia was already in progress. UNHCR's estimate is 200,000 persons. Civil unrest in Nagorno-Karabakh in 1987 led to Azeris' being often harassed and forced to leave Armenia. On 25 January 1988 the first wave of Azeri refugees from Armenia settled in the city of Sumgait. Another major wave occurred in November 1988 as Azeris were either expelled by the local authorities or fled fearing for their lives. This ensured the total Azeri emigration by 1991 and them settling primarily in Azerbaijan and Russia.
Hranoush Kharatyan, Head of Department on National Minorities and Religion Matters of Armenia, has made the following statement in February 2007:
Yes, ethnic Azerbaijanis are living in Armenia. I know many of them but I can't give numbers. Armenia has signed a UN convention according to which the states take an obligation not to publish statistical data related to groups under threat or who consider themselves to be under threat if these groups are not numerous and might face problems. During the census, a number of people described their ethnicity as Azerbaijani. I know some Azerbaijanis who came here with their wives or husbands. Some prefer not to speak out about their ethnic affiliation; others take it more easily. We spoke with some known Azerbaijanis residing in Armenia but they haven't manifested a will to form an ethnic community yet.
See also
References
- Second Report Submitted by Armenia Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Received on 24 November 2004
- ^ International Protection Considerations Regarding Armenian Asylum-Seekers and Refugees. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Geneva: September 2003
- Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003: Armenia U.S. Department of State. Released 25 February, 2004
- ^ Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War by Thomas de Waal ISBN 0814719457
- de Waal. Black Garden. p. 127-8.
- Template:Ru icon Turkish-Armenian War of 1920
- Turkish-Armenian War: Sep.24 – Dec.2, 1920 by Andrew Andersen
- Template:Ru icon Ethnic Conflicts in the USSR: 1917–1991. State Archives of the Russian Federation, fund 1318, list 1, folder 413, document 21
- Template:Ru icon Garegin Njdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian August 28 1947. Retrieved May 31 2007
- ^ The Alteration of Place Names and Construction of National Identity in Soviet Armenia by Arseny Sarapov
- Template:Ru iconAll-Soviet Population Census of 1939 - Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR. Demoscope.ru
- Deportation of 1948-1953. Azerbembassy.org.cn
- Armenia: Political and Ethnic Boundaries 1878-1948 by Anita L. P. Burdett (ed.) ISBN 1-85207-955-X
- Template:Ru icon All-Soviet Population Census of 1959 - Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR. Demoscope.ru
- Template:Ru icon All-Soviet Population Census of 1979 - Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR. Demoscope.ru
- ^ Template:Ru icon The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by Svante Cornell. Sakharov-Center.ru
- ^ Template:Ru icon Karabakh: Timeline of the Conflict. BBC Russian
- Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2004: Armenia. U.S. Department of State
- The Azerbaijanis Residing in Armenia Don’t Want to Form an Ethnic Community by Tatul Hakobyan. Hetq.am 26 February, 2007