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In general, failure refers to the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective. It may be viewed as the opposite of success.
Commercial failures
A commercial failure is a product that does not reach expectations of success, failing to come even close. A major flop goes one step further and is recognized for its complete lack of success.
Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies, New Tork: Basic Books, 1984. Paperback reprint, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-691-00412-9
Sandage, Scott A.Born Losers: A History of Failure in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-674-01510-X, ISBN 0-674-02107-X.
Gay, Jared I. Enough Idle Chit-chat, Let's RPG!: An in-depth analysis of Toad's failures Some Place, Australia. ISBN 0-867-53090-X