Oath of Citizenship (Canada): Difference between revisions

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	The federal government tried, unsuccessfully, to halt Roach's action through a legal challenge. However, in a ruling made on May 17, 2007, Judge Edward Belobaba concluded that Roach's case is "neither frivolous nor vexatious," and found that "there is plausible argument that this requirement violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms... I'm not suggesting that many of these arguments will necessarily succeed, when the application is heard on the merits, only there is a ''chance'' that it may succeed."<ref name="CBC2" />		The federal government tried, unsuccessfully, to halt Roach's action through a legal challenge. However, in a ruling made on May 17, 2007, Judge Edward Belobaba concluded that Roach's case is "neither frivolous nor vexatious," and found that "there is plausible argument that this requirement violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms... I'm not suggesting that many of these arguments will necessarily succeed, when the application is heard on the merits, only there is a ''chance'' that it may succeed."<ref name="CBC2" />

	~~The group~~ ] (CCR), ~~which~~ ~~supports~~ ~~Roach's~~ ~~lawsuit,~~ ~~has~~ ~~held an annual event each ] since ]~~, ~~at which some Canadian citizens publicly "recant" their allegiance to the Queen and her heirs and successors. CCR argues~~ that new Canadians should not be ~~subjected~~ to ~~swearing~~ an oath to a monarch ~~who~~ not ~~only isn't~~ a Canadian citizen ~~(as~~ a ~~sovereign she is citizen of no country, including the United Kingdom), but also~~, in some cases, ~~may~~ represent aspects of what prospective citizens want to leave behind.<ref></ref> ~~Attention~~ ~~was~~ ~~garnered~~ in ~~the~~ ~~local~~ ~~and~~ ~~national~~ ~~media,~~ ~~including~~ ~~the~~ ], ~~which~~ ~~interviewed~~ ~~Ashok Charles~~, ~~the~~ ~~first~~ to ~~recant,~~ ~~and~~ ], ~~National~~ ~~Director~~ ~~of Citizens for a~~ Canadian ~~Republic,~~ ~~though~~ ~~the~~ ~~attendees~~ ~~were~~ ~~not~~ ~~numerous,~~ as ~~pointed~~ ~~out~~ by ~~the~~ ~~interviewer, Andrew Nichols~~.~~<ref>CBC News: ''Today: Weekend Edition''; May 22, 2006</ref>~~		] (CCR) opposes the requirement of the oath, arguing that new Canadians should not be made to swear an oath to a monarch is not a Canadian citizen and who may, in some cases, represent aspects of what prospective citizens want to leave behind.<ref></ref> CCR supported Roach (a prominent CCR member) in his lawsuit <!-- How so? This needs clarification. --> and has, beginning in 2003, held a yearly event on ], at which participating Canadian citizens publicly recant their allegiance to the Queen and her heirs and successors.

	The ] countered in interviews, defending the oath, and stating: "We don't take oath to an abstraction or a symbol such as a flag, because those can be changed."<ref>Mollins, Julie; ''Edmonton Journal'': Give Victoria Day another name, group says; May 22, 2004</ref> Charles also submitted to the federal ] a notarized document informing the Department of his recantation. The Department informed Mr. Charles that his citizenship status had not been affected by his actions, as the recantation was not official or legal in any way.{{Fact\|date=May 2007}}		The ] countered in interviews, defending the oath, and stating: "We don't take oath to an abstraction or a symbol such as a flag, because those can be changed."<ref>Mollins, Julie; ''Edmonton Journal'': Give Victoria Day another name, group says; May 22, 2004</ref> Charles also submitted to the federal ] a notarized document informing the Department of his recantation. The Department informed Mr. Charles that his citizenship status had not been affected by his actions, as the recantation was not official or legal in any way.{{Fact\|date=May 2007}}

Revision as of 00:54, 2 February 2008

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The Oath of Citizenship, as established by the Citizenship Act (R.S. 1985), is a statement recited and signed by candidates who wish to become citizens of Canada; upon signing the oath, citizenship is granted.

Oath

The Oath of Citizenship is a legally binding verbal and written contract, similar to the Oath of Allegiance, the purpose of which is for new Canadian citizens to pledge their loyalty to the Canadian sovereign as the personification of the state and the personal symbol of allegiance, as well as to observe the laws and customs of their new country, but not necessarily to support or advance them if their conscience tells them otherwise. Swearing allegaince to the Queen has been descibed as the expression of "a solemn intention to adhere to the symbolic keystone of the Canadian Constitution as it has been and is, thus pledging an acceptance of the whole of our Constitution and national life."

The relationship between the oath taker and the monarch is a complex one with roots reaching back to historical periods when a monarch ruled and accepted an oath of fealty. Modern oaths are still reciprocal, but now the oath taker places their allegiance to the continuing state, its laws, etc., as embodied by the king or queen. As the legal personality of the state, the monarch has obligations to the oath taker. The sovereign's acceptance of his or her responsibilities to his or her subjects is symbolised by the Coronation Oath, where the newly crowned monarch promises "to govern the Peoples of... Canada... according to their respective laws and customs."

The oath must be recited by all citizenship recipients in Canada, save for those with disabilities of speech and minors. However all must sign the oath, with parents signing on behalf of any of their children under the age of fourteen.

The oath is as follows:

I swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil my duties as a Canadian citizen.

The equally valid French language version of the oath of citizenship or "serment de citoyenneté" is as follows:

J'affirme solennellement que je serai fidèle et porterai sincère allégeance à Sa Majesté la Reine Elizabeth Deux, Reine du Canada, à ses héritiers et successeurs, que j'observerai fidèlement les lois du Canada et que je remplirai loyalement mes obligations de citoyen canadien.

File:Clark-citizen.jpg

Adrienne Clarkson, then Governor General of Canada, administers the Oath of Citizenship at Lester B. Pearson High School in Calgary, March 23, 2003.

The oath must be taken at a citizenship ceremony which is normally presided over by a Citizenship judge. Members of the Order of Canada, the Governor General or Lieutenants-Governor may also preside at a ceremony if no judge is available. Ceremonies also include the participation of a clerk of the court, and when available a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer. The Canadian flag must be present. Other national symbols including a portrait of the Queen may be displayed.. The RCMP officer will open the ceremony followed by the clerk introducing to the judge the citizenship recipients, stating: "Your Honour, these people assembled here have qualified for Canadian citizenship and appear before you to take the Oath of Citizenship." The judge will then address the crowd with a short speech outlining the duties and responsibilities of being a Canadian citizen. The clerk will then instruct the participants to stand, raise their right hand, and recite the Oath of Citizenship as read by the judge. Following this, the judge hands each new citizen their Certificate of Citizenship; the ceremony is concluded with a singing of O Canada.

It has been stated by Sheikh Ahmad Kutty, of the Islamic Institute of Toronto, that muslims may take the Oath of Citizenship "as long as you are clear in your mind that you are doing so without contravening the sovereignty of Allah"; reciting it should not be viewed as a form of shirk.

History

Prior to the enactment of the Citizenship Act in 1947, Canadians were simply considered subjects of the King, and anyone immigrating to Canada from a non-Commonwealth country would take only the Oath of Allegiance. After 1947, immigrants, to become Canadian citizens, took the Oath of Allegiance for Purposes of Citizenship (an adaptation of the original Oath of Allegiance) as outlined in the Citizenship Act. It was: "I swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King George the Sixth, His Heirs and Successors, according to law, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil my duties as a Canadian citizen." Prime Minister Mackenzie King was the first person to take this oath. Though new citizens of Canada were required by law to recite the oath, 359,000 Newfoundlanders became Canadian citizens on April 1, 1949, without doing so, when the Crown colony joined Canadian Confederation.

Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes the first person to take the Oath of Citizenship, from Chief Justice Thibaudeau Rinfret, in the Supreme Court, January 3, 1947

By the mid-1970s, some were opining that, because Canada has a shared monarchy, the Oath of Citizenship should clarify for new citizens that the fealty they were swearing was specifically to the Queen of Canada, and not to the Queen of Jamaica, the Queen of New Zealand, or the Queen of the United Kingdom; thus, the words "Queen of Canada" were inserted after the Queen's name, with the oath also officially being named the Canadian Citizenship Oath at that time. This new format maintained the traditional assertion of allegiance to the monarch, while also acknowledging the character of Canada as a constitutional monarchy. The insertion of the name of the country three times was done in a way consistent with Canada's status as a monarchy - i.e. in a monarchy the state is personified, not treated as an abstraction or a corporation.

The present Oath of Citizenship was introduced by the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1976, coming into effect in 1977.

Proposed changes

The Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration of the House of Commons, in 1995, examined changes to the Citizenship Act. After holding hearings, the Committee recommended a new citizenship oath: "I pledge full allegiance to Canada and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, and swear to faithfully obey the laws and fulfil my duties as a citizen." Sergio Marchi, then Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, proposed a further step of eliminating the Queen altogether from a new declaration of citizenship, commissioning ten Canadian writers to compose a pledge and explicitly instructing them not to refer to the monarchy. The declaration proposed was "I am a citizen of Canada, and I make this commitment: to uphold our laws and freedoms; to respect our people in their diversity; to work for our common well-being, and to safeguard and honour this ancient northern land."

In 1998, Bill C-63, the proposed Citizenship of Canada Act, was introduced by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. This bill proposed (among other measures) that the Oath of Citizenship be changed to:

From this day forward, I pledge my loyalty and allegiance to Canada and Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada. I promise to respect our country's rights and freedoms, to defend our democratic values, to faithfully observe our laws and fulfil my duties and obligations as a Canadian citizen.

In French, this would be:

Dorénavant, je promets fidélité et allégeance au Canada et à Sa Majesté Elizabeth Deux, Reine du Canada. Je m'engage à respecter les droits et libertés de notre pays, à défendre nos valeurs démocratiques, à observer fidèlement nos lois et à remplir mes devoirs et obligations de citoyen(ne) canadien(ne).

The bill did not receive Royal Assent; after approval by the House of Commons and a second reading in the Senate, the bill was under consideration by the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs when a federal election was called, resulting in the bill's demise on the Order Paper. Subsequent Bills C-16 (2000) and C-18 (2002) also proposed the same changes to the Oath of Citizenship; the former also died on the Order Paper due to the prorogation of parliament, while the latter never made it past second reading in the House of Commons.

An Angus Reid poll conducted in January, 1996, stated that 89 percent of respondents supported changing the existing oath. However, press reaction to the proposed oath was muted. The Globe and Mail editorial of December 12, 1998 stated: "The language is being drained dry, killed by a thousand smiley-faced cuts," while the Ottawa Citizen was more critical on December 11:

"The new citizenship oath... leaves us cold. It's not so much we object to the hollow rhetoric the government has added to the oath... It's what was taken away that should worry loyal Canadians... The Liberals know that dropping the phrase "heirs and successors" just begs suspicion, meaning they must have had a compelling reason to do it. And it wasn't their sudden interest in crisp writing. The real reason we suspect is two-fold: It would strengthen the political argument for abolishing the monarchy on the death of Queen Elizabeth; and it would test monarchist support by seeing how many Canadians even notice or holler. We noticed. Consider this a holler."

The Monarchist League of Canada (MLC), too, did not support any amended version of the oath, objecting to what they saw as being Americanized and vague terminology, as well as the separation of the sovereign from the country (monarchies typically see the monarch as personification of the state), and placed second to it. The league also questioned the legality of the elimination of the words "her heirs and successors according to law" - the commitment new citizens make to the succession to the Canadian Crown. Bill C-18 inserted a clause stating: "It should be noted that removing the words 'Her Heirs and Successors' does not imply that pledging allegiance to the... Crown ends with the death of the current Queen. Section 35 of the Interpretation Act states that, in every enactment, the phrases 'Her Majesty,' 'His Majesty,' 'the Queen,' 'the King,' or 'the Crown' mean the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories, and Head of the Commonwealth. Thus, upon her death, the reference to Queen Elizabeth will automatically be read as a reference to the succeeding monarch."

Opposition to the oath

Lawyer Charles Roach has been active in having the requirement to swear the Oath of Citizenship struck down. After Federal Court judges decided the oath did not violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Roach moved to appeal the verdict in the Supreme Court, but this request was denied. On December 7, 2005, Roach, along with sixteen others, filed a class action lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, claiming the requirement to swear allegiance to the Queen, as a part of the Oath of Citizenship, violated the freedom of conscience clauses of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The MLC opposed Charles' actions. Vice-Chairman Gavin Guthrie said Roach misunderstood both the legal nature of the oath and why allegiance is given to the Queen. Media reaction was also negative, with a number of op-ed pieces denouncing Roach's moves; the editorial board of the National Post opined: "It is the height of hubris... to demand that this country's courts remake our citizenship requirements to suit the quirky political dogmas of a handful of republican-minded immigrants." Columnist Mark Steyn also wrote in the Western Standard:

"In seeking a constitutional right to reject Canadian sovereignty, Mr. Roach is in an oddly profound way the apotheosis of a Canadian value system that values the absence of values as proof of one's moral superiority.

"I think the judge should have told Mr. Roach to take a hike. Immigration is discretionary. That's to say, no state is obliged to take in this or that alien and then confer citizenship upon him. And for an immigrant to say he's prepared to accept citizenship only if in doing so he can reject the constitutional order is, even by the standards of our postmodern multiculti identity, almost too exquisite a parody."

The federal government tried, unsuccessfully, to halt Roach's action through a legal challenge. However, in a ruling made on May 17, 2007, Judge Edward Belobaba concluded that Roach's case is "neither frivolous nor vexatious," and found that "there is plausible argument that this requirement violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms... I'm not suggesting that many of these arguments will necessarily succeed, when the application is heard on the merits, only there is a chance that it may succeed."

Citizens for a Canadian Republic (CCR) opposes the requirement of the oath, arguing that new Canadians should not be made to swear an oath to a monarch is not a Canadian citizen and who may, in some cases, represent aspects of what prospective citizens want to leave behind. CCR supported Roach (a prominent CCR member) in his lawsuit and has, beginning in 2003, held a yearly event on Victoria Day, at which participating Canadian citizens publicly recant their allegiance to the Queen and her heirs and successors.

The Monarchist League of Canada countered in interviews, defending the oath, and stating: "We don't take oath to an abstraction or a symbol such as a flag, because those can be changed." Charles also submitted to the federal Department of Citizenship and Immigration a notarized document informing the Department of his recantation. The Department informed Mr. Charles that his citizenship status had not been affected by his actions, as the recantation was not official or legal in any way.

Sources

Footnotes

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