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Ward Churchill
Ward Churchill speaking at the Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair, May 2005.
Born	(1947-10-02) October 2, 1947 (age 77) Elmwood, Illinois, United States
Occupation	Political activist

Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947) is an American writer and political activist. He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1990 to 2007. His work primarily concerns the United States and its historical treatment of political dissenters and of American Indians. In these subject areas, he has made numerous controversial and provocative claims, often in a confrontational style.

In January 2005 Churchill was widely discussed in the mass media for a 2001 essay in which he claimed that people killed in the World Trade Center attacks were involved in provoking the attack. In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so. Churchill was fired on 24 July, 2007 for research misconduct.

Background

Early life

Churchill was born in Elmwood, Illinois and attended local schools, including Elmwood High School.

Vietnam

In 1966, Churchill was drafted into the United States Army. On his 1980 resume, Churchill said he served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases."

In a 1987 profile on Churchill, the Denver Post reported that Churchill went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for Vietnam, where he served a 10-month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP), one of a six-man team sent out to track down North Vietnamese. The Denver Post reported in 2005 that Churchill's military records show that he was trained as a projectionist and light truck driver, and do not mention paratrooper school or LRRP training.

The 1987 Post article also reported that Churchill was politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam. Churchill told the Denver Post that he had worked with the Students for a Democratic Society and Weather Underground in the late 1960's. The Post also reported that Churchill taught members of the Weather Underground how to make bombs and fire weapons.

Education and academic career

Churchill received his B.A. in Technological Communications in 1974 and M.A. in Communications Theory in 1975, both from Sangamon State University, now the University of Illinois at Springfield.

Churchill began working as an affirmative action officer at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1978. He also lectured on Indian issues in the ethnic studies program. In 1990, he was hired as an associate professor, although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for such a position. The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department, without the usual six-year probationary period, after being declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments. He was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Alfred University after giving a lecture there about American Indian history in 1992. He moved to the new Ethnic Studies department in 1996 and was promoted to full professor in 1997. He became chair of the department in June 2002.

In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9/11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at the University of Colorado—his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year. On May 16, 2006, the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic misconduct, specifically plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for academic misconduct in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado's Board of Regents.

Ethnic background

Churchill has stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians." He wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee. In 1993, Churchill told the Colorado Daily that, “he was one-sixteenth Creek and Cherokee”. Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three-sixteenths Cherokee. The United Keetoowah Band clarified that Churchill was never an enrolled member, but was awarded an honorary associate membership in 1994, as were Bill Clinton and others. The "Keetoowah Band stopped recognizing such "honorary" memberships in 1994."

The Rocky Mountain News, in 2005, published a genealogy of Churchill, and reported "no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" . The News reports that both of Churchill's birth parents are listed as white on the 1930 census, as are all of his other known ancestors on previous censuses and other official documents. The Denver Post's genealogical investigation resulted in the same conclusion.

Documents in Churchill’s university personnel file show that he was granted tenure in a "special opportunity position." Such positions were later described as a program designed to help "recruit and hire a more diverse faculty." In 1994, then CU-Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian, saying "it has always been university policy that a person's race or ethnicity is self-proving."

Churchill's critics argue that his assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute misrepresentation and grounds for termination. The University, however, has stated in response that they do not hire on the basis of ethnicity. The University of Colorado's Research Misconduct Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity in order to "add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship"; they concluded that the allegation was not "appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct."

In an interview in The Rocky Mountain News, Churchill stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if (the critics) are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull".

Churchill has countered requests for verification of his Indian heritage in various ways including attacking the basis on which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements. Churchill argues that the United States instituted so-called "blood quantum" laws based upon rules of descendency in order to further goals of personal enrichment and political expediency.

Writing

As a scholar, Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he describes as the genocide inflicted on the indigenous people of North America by European settlers and the repression of native peoples that he claims continues to this day.

Churchill has written or coauthored fourteen books and more than 150 published essays. He describes fifty of those essays as "scholarly", of which 27 are refereed. According to the University of Colorado investigation, "His academic publications are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation, drawing upon studies by other scholars, not monographs describing new research based on primary sources." The investigation also noted that "he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics." In addition to his academic writing, Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion.

In 1986 Churchill wrote an essay titled "Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis" criticizing pacifist politics within the U.S. left as being hypocritical, defacto racist and ineffectual. In 1998 Arbeiter Ring Publishing published the essay in a book entitled Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America and listing Ward Churchill as the author. (ISBN 1-894037-07-3) The book included a preface by Ed Mead, a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Mike Ryan. The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the anti-globalization movement in the following few years.

Agents of Repression (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, describes what the authors claim was "the secret war" against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and '70s by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program. The COINTELPRO Papers (1990; reissued 2002), also co-authored with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's activities against various leftist groups, from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to activists concerned with Central American issues in the 1980s.

In Fantasies of the Master Race (1992), Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture. He focuses on such phenomena as Tony Hillerman's mystery novels, the film Dances with Wolves, and the New Age movement, finding examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation. Churchill calls author Carlos Castaneda's claims of revealing the teachings of a Yaqui Indian shaman, the "greatest hoax since Piltdown Man."

Struggle for the Land (1993; reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles the U.S. government's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians. He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent defoliation and industrial practices such as surface mining.

Churchill's Indians Are Us? (1994), a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race, further explores American Indian issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie Black Robe, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings, the prosecution of Leonard Peltier, sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age exploitations of shamanism and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. John P. LaVelle of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of Indians Are Us? in The American Indian Quarterly. Professor LaVelle, who is an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux Nation, states that Indians Are Us? twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes.

From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985-1995 (1996) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history, culture, and political activism.

Churchill's A Little Matter of Genocide (1997) is a survey of ethnic cleansing from 1492 to the present. He compares the treatment of North American Indians to historical instances of genocide by communists in Cambodia, Turks against Armenians, and Europeans against the Gypsies, as well as Nazis against the Poles and Jews.

In Perversions of Justice (2002), Churchill argues that the U.S.'s legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the U.S., but later adapted for application abroad. He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S.'s "imperial logic," which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.

Churchill's controversial essay on 9/11 was expanded into a book-length manuscript, published as On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality (2003) by AK Press. The book features two other chapters, one listing US military interventions, another listing what Churchill believes to be US violations of international law. The original essay takes the "roosting chickens" of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech wherein Malcolm X linked the assassination of the U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence that Kennedy perpetuated as "merely a case of chickens coming home to roost." Churchill's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries.

In Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools (2004), Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools (in Canada) or Indian boarding schools (in the USA) as part of government policies (1880s-1980s) which he regards as genocidal.

Activism

Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co-director of the Denver-based American Indian Movement of Colorado, an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders, including Russell Means, Glen Morris, Bob Robideau, and David Hill, broke with the national AIM leadership, including Dennis Banks and brothers Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The schism continues, with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders, such as Churchill, are tools of the government which uses them against other American Indians. The leaders of the national AIM organization claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter-intelligence source for the U.S. government, for example the FBI, and local, non-Indian, police forces, to subvert the national AIM organization. They cite several examples but specifically a 1993 Boulder interview with Jodi Rave, a former columnist for the Denver Post, where Churchill stated that he "was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement."

Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and others have been arrested while protesting for acts such as blocking the parade. As early as 2004, Churchill has claimed that the Ninth Amendment rights of native Americans not to be subjected to such displays overrides the First Amendment of non-native Americans and that such parades are unconstitutional. Legal scholars have dismissed this argument as carrying no practical weight in higher U.S. courts.

In April 1983, Churchill traveled to Tripoli and Benghazi as a representative of AIM and the International Indian Treaty Council to meet Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya while a U.S. travel ban to that country was in place. The visit was intended to seek support from Gaddafi regarding claims of the U.S. government's violation of AIM treaties.

9/11 essay controversy

Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled "On the Justice of Roosting Chickens" about the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which he argued that U.S. foreign policies provoked the attacks. In particular, he argued that those attacked in the World Trade Center were not innocent civilians, comparing their role in what he described as ongoing genocidal American imperialism to the role played by Adolf Eichmann in organizing the Holocaust. In 2005, this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited him to give a speech. This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of McCarthyism from Churchill and his supporters. Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano stated, "While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9/11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public."

Research misconduct investigation

The controversy attracted increased attention to Churchill's research, which had already been criticized by legal scholar John LaVelle and historian Guenter Lewy. More critics came forward, including sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work, as well as historians R.G. Robertson and Russell Thornton, who claimed that Churchill had mischaracterized their work.

In 2005, University of Colorado at Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into the allegations of research misconduct. University of Colorado officials pointed out that while accusations against Churchill had been published as early as the 1990s, no one had filed a complaint of research misconduct with the University before 2005. However, they addressed the new charges of research misconduct that came to light during the controversy over Churchill's remarks about the 9/11 victims.

On May 16, 2006 the University released its investigative committee findings. The Investigative Committee, a five-member subcommittee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct, agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct," including four counts of falsifying information, two counts of fabricating information, two counts of plagiarizing the works of others, improperly reporting the results of studies, and failing to "comply with established standards regarding author names on publications." In addition, the committee found him "disrespectful of Indian oral traditions." Two members found that Churchill's actions did not warrant dismissal and that the most appropriate sanction was suspension. While the remaining three found that his conduct was grounds for dismissal, they were split as to what the most appropriate sanction was—two believed suspension was appropriate and one stated dismissal was appropriate.

In its report, the investigative sub-committee "expresses its concern regarding the timing and perhaps the motives for the University's decision to forward charges made in that context." The Standing Committee's final report, however, states that they could not ignore the charges against Churchill given their seriousness.

The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct accepted the findings of the Investigative Committee that Churchill had "committed serious, repeated, and deliberate research misconduct." However, the Committee disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed. Six members voted for dismissal. Two members voted for a five year suspension without pay, and one voted for a two year suspension without pay.

Churchill contested the finding of misconduct.

Churchill's appeal against dismissal was considered by a panel of the University's Privilege and Tenure Committee, which found that two of the seven findings of misconduct did not constitute dismissible offences. Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year's suspension without pay, while two favored dismissal.

On July 24, 2007, the University regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct, overruling the recommendation of Privilege and Tenure panel that two of them be dismissed. They then fired Churchill by vote of eight to one. The sole dissenter, Cindy Carlisle, had argued for the sanctions recommended by the majority of the Privilege and Tenure dismissal panel.

University president Hank Brown said of the firing, "This case was an example not of mistakes, but an effort to falsify history and fabricate history and in the final analysis, this individual did not express regret or apologize. This is a faculty that has an outstanding reputation and this move today protects that reputation."

On the following day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for expressing politically unpopular views. The University filed for dismissal on September 4, 2007.

Some observers infer that the investigation and these actions were in retaliation for Churchill's controversial statements about the World Trade Center attacks because it began in the midst of national media coverage of his statements, with one stating that Churchill's writing was "subjected to a line-by-line review for evidence of academic malfeasance solely as a punishment for his political statements." Eleven professors have signed a complaint against the investigation and its findings, claiming the Committee's research violates standard scholarly practices by using biased information and suppressing information favorable to Churchill. Margaret LeCompte, who is chair of CU's chapter of the American Association of University Professors, views the Churchill case as a "key precedent that could lead to curtailing academic freedoms." In addition, scholars, activists and organizations including the ACLU, the National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies, Mumia Abu-Jamal, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Drucilla Cornell, and Immanuel Wallerstein, have issued statements objecting to the circumstances of Churchill's firing.

According to Thomas Brown, one of Churchill's critics in the academy, support for Churchill has dwindled. Brown states that in February 2005, 199 CU faculty members signed a newspaper article supporting Churchill, but in July 2007, only four CU faculty signed another letter protesting his imminent firing.

Artwork

Churchill's subjects are often American Indian figures and other themes associated with Native American Culture, using historical photographs as source material for works.

There have been allegations that Churchill’s pieces infringe copyrights. For example, his 1981 serigraph "Winter Attack" was, according to Churchill and others, based on a 1972 drawing by artist Thomas E. Mails. Churchill printed 150 copies of "Winter Attack" and sold at least one of them; other copies have been made available for purchase online. Churchill maintained that at the time he produced "Winter Attack", he publicly acknowledged that it was based on Mails' work. The online journal Artnet mentions Churchill's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality.

Works

Books

• Churchill, Ward (ed.) (1984). Marxism and Native Americans. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-177-2 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-178-9). {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1984). Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena. Indigena Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1988). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-293-9 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-294-6). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1990). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-359-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1992). Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians. Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-0-87286-348-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1992). Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America (Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4 ed.). Maisonneuve Press. ISBN 978-0-944624-17-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Re-released as Churchill, Ward (2004). Politics of Imprisonment in the United States. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-12-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1993). Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America. Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-1-56751-000-3 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-001-0). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Released in a revised and expanded edition as Churchill, Ward (2002). Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-414-6 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-415-3). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) (One essay in this book has been accused of containing a plagiarized paragraph).
• Churchill, Ward (1994). Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America. Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-1-56751-020-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-021-8). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1995). Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation. Aigis Press. ISBN 978-1-883930-03-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1996). From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-553-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1997). Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-567-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-568-8). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Re-released as Churchill, Ward (2005). Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-738-5). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1998). Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America. Arbeiter Ring. ISBN 978-1-894037-07-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1998). A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-343-9). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2000). Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression. Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-1-56751-058-4 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-059-1). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2002). Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93156-4 (library binding: ISBN 978-0-415-93155-7). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2002). Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-411-5 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-416-0). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2003). On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-902593-79-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2004). Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-434-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2004). Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-04-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2005). To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92958-5 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-415-92957-8). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2006 (forthcoming)). Confronting The Crime Of Silence: Evidence Of U.S. War Crimes In Indochina. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-21-5. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

Articles

• Churchill, Ward (1992). "I Am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World". Z Papers. 1 (3). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1994). "Let's Spread the Fun Around". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) First published as "Crimes Against Humanity" in Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill (eds.) (1994). Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. pp. 366–73. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Also published under the titles "The Indian Chant and the Tomahawk Chop" and "Using Indian Names as Mascots Harms Native Americans".
• Churchill, Ward (1998). "Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema". LiP Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2003). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial". Socialism and Democracy. 21 (2): 25–76. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2005). "The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens". Alternative Press Review. 9 (1): 45–56. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2007). "The Fourth World: Struggles for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life". Left Turn. 25: 25–29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Audio and video

• Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment, audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg, September 2000 (AK Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-902593-47-0)
• Life In Occupied America (AK Press, 2003, ISBN 978-1-902593-72-2)
• In A Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-902593-50-0)
• US Off The Planet!: An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning, VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002)
• Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left, 2003 audio CD recorded at a AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio)
• Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio August 10, 2003 and earlier
• Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom - Free Speech Radio News February 09, 2005 *Ward Churchill Under Fire - Free Speech Radio News, February 03, 2005.
• The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks The Pacifica Network Show, Democracy Now! from February 18, 2005 features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill.
• A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples", recorded in North Battleford, Saskatchewan on March 19, 2005
• Debate with David Horowitz and Ward Churchill at George Washington University April 6, 2006
  • "Full two hour audio of debate with David Horowitz". rightalk.listenz.com. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  • "David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill - Round 1". Young Americans Foundation. Retrieved 2006-07-02. Video and audio (excerpt)
  • "David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill". insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2006-07-02.

References

1. ^ Charlie Brennan (2005-02-03). "College journalist touched off firestorm". Rocky Mountain News.
2. ^ Wesson, Marianne; Clinton, Robert; Limón, José; McIntosh, Marjorie; Radelet, Michael (2006), Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado at Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill (PDF), University of Colorado at Boulder {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "misconduct_report" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
3. ^ Berny Morson (2007-07-25). "CU regents fire Ward Churchill". Rocky Mountain News.
4. ^ Dave Curtin (2005-02-13). "Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past". Denver Post. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
5. ^ Denver Post, January 18, 1987. photostat of Denver Post article (the text)
6. ^ Howard Pankratz (2005-02-03). "CU prof affirms Indian heritage: Tribe says he's not full member". Denver Post.
7. Berny Morson (2005-02-16). "Churchill tenure questioned: Prof was granted job security without usual review process". Rocky Mountain News. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
8. ^ Jefferson Dodge (2005-02-24). "Churchill's personnel files released by CU-Boulder". Silver & Gold Record.
9. "Honorary Degrees, 1990-1999". Special Collections & Archives. Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University.
10. ^ Ward Churchill Resigns Administrative Post, University of Colorado at Boulder, Jan. 31, 2005
11. Ward Churchill (2003). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial". Socialism and Democracy. 17 (2): 25–76.
12. "Ward Churchill". Ethnic Studies. University of Colorado. Retrieved 2008-01-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
13. Jaimes, M. Annette (1992). "Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America". In Jaimes, M. Annette (ed.) (ed.). The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance. Boston: South End Press. pp. 123–138. ISBN 089608424-8. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help) Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committee that he wrote this essay in its entirety.
14. Jodi Rave. "Free speech for fake Indian".
15. Charlie Brennan (2005-05-18). "Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud". Rocky Mountain News.
16. Charlie Brennan (2005-05-21). "Tribe clarifies stance on prof: Milder statement explains Churchill's 'associate' label". Rocky Mountain News.
17. Clark, Elizabeth Mattern (2005-05-19). "Keetoowah Band says Churchill is honorary, Indian tribe states membership is not recognized". Daily Camera. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
18. The Tahlequah Daily Press, February 4, 2005
19. Uunited Keetowah Band website, http://unitedkeetoowahband.org/, May 18, 2005.
20. Flynn, Kevin (2005-06-09). "The Churchill files; Are Ward Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry valid?". Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved 2007-07-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
21. "Appendix C - Best Practices". Campus Diversity Plan: A Blueprint for Action. University of Colorado at Boulder. 1999. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
22. Charlie Brennan (2005-02-17). "Red-flagged career: Churchill's tenure at CU marked by warnings of trouble". Rocky Mountain News. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
23. ^ DiStephano, Philip; Gleeson, Todd; Getches, David (2005-03-24), Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill, University of Colorado at Boulder
24. Pauline Hale (2005-09-09). "Statement Regarding Decision Of Standing Committee On Research Misconduct" (Press release). CU-Boulder Office of News Services. {{cite press release}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
25. "Year in quotes". Rocky Mountain News. 2005-12-25.
26. Churchill explained his belief to oral historian David Barsamian:

    You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in Ibero-America. But in Anglo-America, while there was some preoccupation with it, it was not formalized until the passage of the General Allotment Act, mid-1880s. At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was demonstrably and documentably of at least one-quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group. You couldn't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth Arapaho and be an Indian. You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter Arapaho or hopefully a quarter and a quarter. The reason for this was quite clear. They were identifying Indians for purposes of allotting them individual parcels of land in the existing reservation base at that point. If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such, then the rest of the land would be declared surplus. So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of Indianness that would minimize the number of Indians that were available. It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to Indianness in the first place. It's become increasingly so ever since." (David Barsamian interviews Ward Churchill (1995). "Historical and Current Perspectives". Z Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help))

27. Churchill's argument about dilution of tribal membership is controversial, however. According to Circe Sturm, for example, the largest of the federally recognized Cherokee tribes—the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma—does not impose any blood quantum requirements for membership. It requires only that an applicant prove descent from a person listed on official Cherokee rolls.(Sturm, Circe (2002). Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.)
28. Ward Churchill (2007-07-12). "Submission of Professor Ward Churchill to the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado" (PDF).
29. L.A. Kauffman (December 10, 1999). "Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle?". Salon.com.
30. ^ LaVelle, John (1999), "Review of "Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America"" (PDF), The American Indian Quarterly, 20 (1): 109–118
31. Bellecourt, Vernon. United States Government War Against the American Indian Movement, AIM Council on Security and Intelligence, November 3, 1999
32. ""Columbus parade could see less strife: Churchill, conflict having an effect" By Charlie Brennan, Rocky Mountain News, September 24, 2005".
33. "Chronology of Events Concerning (Transform) Columbus Day". Transform Columbus Day Alliance. Retrieved March 28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
34. Ward Churchill: What Did I Really Say? And Why Did I Say It? February 21, 2005 and video of Question#4
35. Colorado and other legal scholars on 9th vs. 1st issue. February 4, 2005
36. LaVelle, John (1999), "The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes" (PDF), Wicazo Sa Review: 251–302 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
37. Lewy, Guenter (2004-11-22). "Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?". History News Network.
38. Jaschik, Scott (2005-02-09). "A New Ward Churchill Controversy". Inside Higher Ed.
39. Brown, Thomas (2006), "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric" (PDF), Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification, 1 (9): 1–30
40. ^ Rosse, Joseph; Bhagat, Sanjai; Bradburn, Mark; Bruff, Harold; Glyde, Judith; Guberman, Steven; Mody, Bella; Morris, Linda; Nauenberg, Uriel; Pak, Ron (2006-06-13), Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill (PDF), University of Colorado at Boulder {{citation}}: |first11= missing |last11= (help); Unknown parameter |second11= ignored (help)
41. Ward Churchill (2006-05-16). "A Travesty of an "Investigation"". Counterpunch. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
42. Churchill, Ward (2006-05-20). "Summary of Fallacies in the University of Colorado Investigative Committee Report of May 9, 2006" (MSWord document).
43. Churchill, Ward (2007-07-12). "Research Misconduct Complaint against Professor Michael Radelet and Investigative Committee" (PDF).
44. Churchill, Ward (2007-07-18). "Research Misconduct Complaint against Professor Marjorie McIntosh and Investigative Committee" (PDF).
45. ^ Jefferson Dodge (2007-07-26). "Regents dismiss Ward Churchill". Silver & Gold Record. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
46. Jeffrey Wolf (2007-07-25). "'I'm going nowhere' says Churchill after firing". 9news.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
47. "First amended complaint & jury demand" (PDF). Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado. 2007-07-25.
48. Arthur Kane (2007-09-05). "CU seeks dismissal of Churchill lawsuit". Denver Post. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
49. Littwin, Mike (2006-05-18). "Witch hunt apparently pays off at CU". Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved 2007-01-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
50. Tom Mayer (2006-06-19). "The Report On Ward Churchill". Swans Commentary. Retrieved 2006-07-13.
51. Shapiro, Bruce (2005-03-07). "Free Speech Fights". The Nation. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
52. Pamela White (2007-08-09). "Unfinished Business". Boulder Weekly.
53. Christopher N. Osher (2007-05-30). "Churchill part of bigger fight". Denver Post.
54. "Statements in support of Ward Churchill". 2007-10-17.
55. Thomas Brown (2007). "Ward Churchill's Twelve Excuses for Plagiarism" (PDF). Plagiary. 2 (7): 1–12.
56. ^ "Artnet News: Art Troubles for WTC "Little Eichmanns" Critic". 3/15/05. Retrieved 2007-07-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
57. "Ward Churchill copied 'original' art piece". 2005-02-26.
58. Chohan, Raj (February 24, 2005). "'Original' Churchill Art Piece Creates Controversy" (HTML). KCNC-TV (CBS Broadcasting). Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

• Ward Churchill's ZNet Homepage contains some of his writing.
• "Ward Churchill: The Research Misconduct Inquiry". News Center. University of Colorado at Boulder. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
• Ward Churchill Solidarity Network includes several of Churchill's responses to the University of Colorado's moves against him.

Template:Persondata

• 1947 births
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