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'''Arsenicum album''' (''Arsen. alb.'') is a frequently-used ] substance derived from the metallic element ].<ref name=Lockie>Lockie, Andrew and Geddes, Nicola. ''Homeopathy: The Principles and Practice of Treatment''. DK Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-7894-0148-7</ref> The arsenic oxide in a homeopathic preparation is highly diluted, and so is considered generally safe, although rare reports of arsenic poisoning from poorly-prepared homeopathic treatments sold in India have been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chakraborti, D; Mukherjee, SC; Saha, KC; Chowdhury, UK, ''et al'' |title= Arsenic Toxicity from Homeopathic Treatment|journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=963-967 |year=2003 |doi=10.1081/CLT-120026518}}</ref> When properly prepared, however, the extreme dilutions, typically to at least 1 in 10<sup>24</sup>, or 12C in homeopathic notation, mean that it is extremely statistically unlikely that any pill contains even a molecule of the original arsenic used.<ref name="Ernst2005" /> Some studies claim an effect for arsenicum album;<ref name=Khuda-Buksh2005> Khuda-Bukhsh, AR, Pathak, S, Guha, B. Can Homeopathic Arsenic Remedy Combat Arsenic Poisoning in Humans Exposed to Groundwater Arsenic Contamination?: A Preliminary Report on First Human Trial, eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/neh124 – </ref><ref name=Mallick2003>Mallick, P, Chakrabarti (Mallick), J, Bibhas, G, Khuda-Bukhsh, AR. Ameliorating Effect of Microdoses of a Potentized Homeopathic Drug, Arsencium Album, on Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2003,3:7.</ref><ref>J.C. Cazin et al.. "A Study of the Effect of Decimal and Centesimal Dilution of Arsenic on Retention and Mobilization of Arsenic in the Rat," Human Toxicology, July 1987</ref> however, these are not widely accepted within the scientific community.<ref name="Ernst2005">{{cite journal |author=Ernst E |title=Is homeopathy a clinically valuable approach? |journal=Trends Pharmacol. Sci. |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=547–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16165225}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnson T, Boon H |title=Where does homeopathy fit in pharmacy practice? |journal=American journal of pharmaceutical education |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=7 |year=2007 |pmid=17429507 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17429507}}</ref><ref name="shang">{{cite journal |author=Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L, ''et al'' |title=Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9487 |pages=726–732 |year=2005 |pmid=16125589 36|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2}}</ref> '''Arsenicum album''' (''Arsen. alb.'') is a frequently-used ] substance derived from the metallic element ].<ref name=Lockie>Lockie, Andrew and Geddes, Nicola. ''Homeopathy: The Principles and Practice of Treatment''. DK Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-7894-0148-7</ref> The arsenic oxide in a homeopathic preparation is highly diluted, and so is considered generally safe, although rare reports of arsenic poisoning from poorly-prepared homeopathic treatments sold in India have been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chakraborti, D; Mukherjee, SC; Saha, KC; Chowdhury, UK, ''et al'' |title= Arsenic Toxicity from Homeopathic Treatment|journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=963-967 |year=2003 |doi=10.1081/CLT-120026518}}</ref> When properly prepared, however, the extreme dilutions, typically to at least 1 in 10<sup>24</sup>, or 12C in homeopathic notation, mean that it is extremely statistically unlikely that any pill contains even a molecule of the original arsenic used.<ref name="Ernst2005" /> Some studies claim an effect for arsenicum album;<ref name=Khuda-Buksh2005> Khuda-Bukhsh, AR, Pathak, S, Guha, B. Can Homeopathic Arsenic Remedy Combat Arsenic Poisoning in Humans Exposed to Groundwater Arsenic Contamination?: A Preliminary Report on First Human Trial, eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/neh124 – </ref><ref name=Mallick2003>Mallick, P, Chakrabarti (Mallick), J, Bibhas, G, Khuda-Bukhsh, AR. Ameliorating Effect of Microdoses of a Potentized Homeopathic Drug, Arsencium Album, on Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2003,3:7.</ref><ref>J.C. Cazin et al.. "A Study of the Effect of Decimal and Centesimal Dilution of Arsenic on Retention and Mobilization of Arsenic in the Rat," Human Toxicology, July 1987</ref> however, these are not widely accepted within the scientific community.<ref name="Ernst2005">{{cite journal |author=Ernst E |title=Is homeopathy a clinically valuable approach? |journal=Trends Pharmacol. Sci. |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=547–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16165225}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnson T, Boon H |title=Where does homeopathy fit in pharmacy practice? |journal=American journal of pharmaceutical education |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=7 |year=2007 |pmid=17429507 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17429507}}</ref><ref name="shang">{{cite journal |author=Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L, ''et al'' |title=Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9487 |pages=726–732 |year=2005 |pmid=16125589 36|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2}}</ref>

==Preparations== ==Preparations==
When used in homeopathy, Arsenicum Album is prepared by separating arsenic from ] (as in ]), ], and/or ] by baking at high temperatures. The powder is then ground and diluted with milk sugar (]). In the final dilution, there are normally no active molecules left (with ] of over 12C). When used in homeopathy, Arsenicum Album is prepared by separating arsenic from ] (as in ]), ], and/or ] by baking at high temperatures. The powder is then ground and diluted with milk sugar (]). In the final dilution, there are normally no active molecules left (with ] of over 12C).
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A study on mice poisoned with arsenic then given arsenicum album was widely reported in 2003.<ref name=Mallick2003 /><ref name=NewScientist>{{cite web|work=New Scientist News Service||author= Bhattacharya, Shaoni|title=Homeopathy reduces arsenic poisoning in mice|date=22 October 2003|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4305-homeopathy-reduces-arsenic-poisoning-in-mice.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3208528.stm |title=Remedy 'cures arsenic poisoning' |accessdate=2008-01-28 |format= |work=BBC news service }}</ref> According to the study, the mice poisoned with arsenic then given homeopathic doses of arsenicum album showed lower levels of molecules indicating liver damage. However, Andreas Gescher, a biochemical toxicologist interviewed by '']'', said "This kind of study uses a dilution so high there is hardly anything there... Is it really possible?" and went on to say that he was "extremely skeptical".<ref name=NewScientist /> The same group of researchers followed it up with a 2005 ] in Indian villagers affected by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. The authors described the results as "highly encouraging", but concluded that "More experiments... essential before recommending large-scale use".<ref name=Khuda-Buksh2005 /> A study on mice poisoned with arsenic then given arsenicum album was widely reported in 2003.<ref name=Mallick2003 /><ref name=NewScientist>{{cite web|work=New Scientist News Service||author= Bhattacharya, Shaoni|title=Homeopathy reduces arsenic poisoning in mice|date=22 October 2003|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4305-homeopathy-reduces-arsenic-poisoning-in-mice.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3208528.stm |title=Remedy 'cures arsenic poisoning' |accessdate=2008-01-28 |format= |work=BBC news service }}</ref> According to the study, the mice poisoned with arsenic then given homeopathic doses of arsenicum album showed lower levels of molecules indicating liver damage. However, Andreas Gescher, a biochemical toxicologist interviewed by '']'', said "This kind of study uses a dilution so high there is hardly anything there... Is it really possible?" and went on to say that he was "extremely skeptical".<ref name=NewScientist /> The same group of researchers followed it up with a 2005 ] in Indian villagers affected by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. The authors described the results as "highly encouraging", but concluded that "More experiments... essential before recommending large-scale use".<ref name=Khuda-Buksh2005 />

Besides the above arsenic trials, there is a body of animal research using homeopathic doses of various toxic substances to reduce the effects of crude, toxic doses of that specific substance. A meta-analysis of 105 trials was published in ''Human and Experimental Toxicology''. Although most of these studies were not high quality research, the studies that tended to show the most significant effects from homeopathic doses were the high quality studies. The researchers found that there were 40 high quality studies, of which 27 (67.5%) showed positive results from homeopathic doses. Of special interest were nine studies on mice which tested homeopathic doses beyond 15C that demonstrated a 40% decrease in mortality compared to mice in the control group.<ref>Linde, K., Jonas, W.B., Melchart, D., et al. (1994) "Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Serial Agitated Dilutions in Experimental Toxicology," Human and Experimental Toxicology, 13:481-92.</ref>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 16:21, 17 February 2008

Arsenicum album (Arsen. alb.) is a frequently-used homeopathic substance derived from the metallic element arsenic. The arsenic oxide in a homeopathic preparation is highly diluted, and so is considered generally safe, although rare reports of arsenic poisoning from poorly-prepared homeopathic treatments sold in India have been reported. When properly prepared, however, the extreme dilutions, typically to at least 1 in 10, or 12C in homeopathic notation, mean that it is extremely statistically unlikely that any pill contains even a molecule of the original arsenic used. Some studies claim an effect for arsenicum album; however, these are not widely accepted within the scientific community.

Preparations

When used in homeopathy, Arsenicum Album is prepared by separating arsenic from iron (as in arsenopyrite), cobalt, and/or nickel by baking at high temperatures. The powder is then ground and diluted with milk sugar (lactose). In the final dilution, there are normally no active molecules left (with potencies of over 12C).

This diluted arsenicum album is available at health food and drug stores in various potencies, in the form of tinctures (liquid), tablets, pellets, or as a powder.

Use in Homeopathy

According to Locke and Geddes, Arsen. alb. is one of the fifteen most important remedies in homeopathy, and is indicated for "treating" a particular "constitutional type", named after the remedy itself. In classical homeopathy, Arsen. alb. types are "tense, restless ambitious individuals" with a tendency toward hypochondriasis, pessimism and a meticulous attention to neatness and detail.

Research studies

See also: Evidence-based medicine and Homeopathy § Medical and scientific analysis

A study on mice poisoned with arsenic then given arsenicum album was widely reported in 2003. According to the study, the mice poisoned with arsenic then given homeopathic doses of arsenicum album showed lower levels of molecules indicating liver damage. However, Andreas Gescher, a biochemical toxicologist interviewed by New Scientist, said "This kind of study uses a dilution so high there is hardly anything there... Is it really possible?" and went on to say that he was "extremely skeptical". The same group of researchers followed it up with a 2005 pilot study in Indian villagers affected by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. The authors described the results as "highly encouraging", but concluded that "More experiments... essential before recommending large-scale use".

Besides the above arsenic trials, there is a body of animal research using homeopathic doses of various toxic substances to reduce the effects of crude, toxic doses of that specific substance. A meta-analysis of 105 trials was published in Human and Experimental Toxicology. Although most of these studies were not high quality research, the studies that tended to show the most significant effects from homeopathic doses were the high quality studies. The researchers found that there were 40 high quality studies, of which 27 (67.5%) showed positive results from homeopathic doses. Of special interest were nine studies on mice which tested homeopathic doses beyond 15C that demonstrated a 40% decrease in mortality compared to mice in the control group.

References

  1. ^ Lockie, Andrew and Geddes, Nicola. Homeopathy: The Principles and Practice of Treatment. DK Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-7894-0148-7
  2. Chakraborti, D; Mukherjee, SC; Saha, KC; Chowdhury, UK; et al. (2003). "Arsenic Toxicity from Homeopathic Treatment". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (1): 963–967. doi:10.1081/CLT-120026518. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Ernst E (2005). "Is homeopathy a clinically valuable approach?". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (11): 547–8. PMID 16165225.
  4. ^ Khuda-Bukhsh, AR, Pathak, S, Guha, B. Can Homeopathic Arsenic Remedy Combat Arsenic Poisoning in Humans Exposed to Groundwater Arsenic Contamination?: A Preliminary Report on First Human Trial, eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/neh124 –
  5. ^ Mallick, P, Chakrabarti (Mallick), J, Bibhas, G, Khuda-Bukhsh, AR. Ameliorating Effect of Microdoses of a Potentized Homeopathic Drug, Arsencium Album, on Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2003,3:7.
  6. J.C. Cazin et al.. "A Study of the Effect of Decimal and Centesimal Dilution of Arsenic on Retention and Mobilization of Arsenic in the Rat," Human Toxicology, July 1987
  7. Johnson T, Boon H (2007). "Where does homeopathy fit in pharmacy practice?". American journal of pharmaceutical education. 71 (1): 7. PMID 17429507.
  8. Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L; et al. (2005). "Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy". Lancet. 366 (9487): 726–732. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2. PMID 36 16125589 36. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Bhattacharya, Shaoni (22 October 2003). "Homeopathy reduces arsenic poisoning in mice". New Scientist News Service. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. "Remedy 'cures arsenic poisoning'". BBC news service. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  11. Linde, K., Jonas, W.B., Melchart, D., et al. (1994) "Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Serial Agitated Dilutions in Experimental Toxicology," Human and Experimental Toxicology, 13:481-92.
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