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| The '''Danubian Sich''' ({{lang-uk|Задунайська Сiч}}) was a fortified settlement ('']'') of ] who settled in the territory of the ] (the ], hence the name) after their previous host was disbanded and the ] was destroyed. | The '''Danubian Sich''' ({{lang-uk|Задунайська Сiч}}) was a fortified settlement ('']'') of ] who settled in the territory of the ] (the ], hence the name) after their previous host was disbanded and the ] was destroyed. | ||
| ==End of Zaporozhia== | |||
| ==History== | |||
| By the late 18th century the combat ability of Zaporozhia was greatly reduced, especially after the ] and the Russian annexation of ], when the need was lost for the Host to guard the now extinct borders. At the same time the Zaporozhian's other enemy, the ], was also weakened and on the verge of being ]. This meant that militarily the Zaporozhian Sich was becoming increasingly superfluous, but at the same time their existence caused friction with ]n authorities who wanted to colonise the ] lands that the Cossacks inhabited. After a number of attacks on Serbian colonies and with the support offered to ], the Russian Empress ] issued an order to General ] to end the troublesome Sich. | By the late 18th century the combat ability of Zaporozhia was greatly reduced, especially after the ] and the Russian annexation of ], when the need was lost for the Host to guard the now extinct borders. At the same time the Zaporozhian's other enemy, the ], was also weakened and on the verge of being ]. This meant that militarily the Zaporozhian Sich was becoming increasingly superfluous, but at the same time their existence caused friction with ]n authorities who wanted to colonise the ] lands that the Cossacks inhabited. After a number of attacks on Serbian colonies and with the support offered to ], the Russian Empress ] issued an order to General ] to end the troublesome Sich. | ||
| Tekeli's operation, carried out in June 1775, was bloodless. The ] was surrounded with infantry and artillary. However while the ] ] was deciding on how to approach the Empress's ultimatum. Under the guidance of a ] Lyakh, behind Kalnyshevky's back a conspiracy was formed with a group of 50 Cossacks to go fishing in the river Ingul next to the ] in Ottoman provinces. The pretext was enough to allow the Russians to let the Cossacks out of the siege, but in total the 50 Cossacks grew to five thousand <ref>Taras Chukhlib ''Alexander Suvorov in Ukrainian history'', Pravda.org.ua </ref> (approximately 30% of the Zaporozhian Cossacks) |
Tekeli's operation, carried out in June 1775, was bloodless. The ] was surrounded with infantry and artillary. However while the ] ] was deciding on how to approach the Empress's ultimatum. Under the guidance of a ] Lyakh, behind Kalnyshevky's back a conspiracy was formed with a group of 50 Cossacks to go fishing in the river Ingul next to the ] in Ottoman provinces. The pretext was enough to allow the Russians to let the Cossacks out of the siege, but in total the 50 Cossacks grew to five thousand <ref>Taras Chukhlib ''Alexander Suvorov in Ukrainian history'', Pravda.org.ua </ref> (approximately 30% of the Zaporozhian Cossacks). | ||
| Initially these, joined by numerous Ukrainian peasants fleeing from ] lived on the left bank of the Danube river (]) then part of the ]. By ] they numbered 12 thousand men, and the Turkish ] decided that they would have much more use in ] (modern ]) in the lower ] where they gave the oath. However the outbreak of the new ] divided the Cossacks. Some returned to Russia and joined the new Host of Loyal Zaporozhians (later the ]) formed out of the Cossacks who chose to remain in Russia in 1775. After the war, ] became part of Russia, and the Cossacks lost all of their initial allocated land. | |||
| In order to counteract the cossacks living in the Danube on Ottoman-controlled territory, in 1784 the Russian government settled the remaining Zaporozhians between the ] and ] rivers. These were allowed to retain their Cossack status and formed the ] and, later, the ]. After a portion of the runaway Cossacks returned to Russia they were used by the Russian army to form new military bodies. | |||
| ==Rivalry with Nekrasovites== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| The sultan awarded the remaining Zaporozhians with new land, and allowed them to build a ] in the settlement of Katerlez in the ] right next to existing settlements of ] and ]. The two groups became increasingly hostile over land allocation, as both depended on fishing as food source. In ], Nekrasovites attacked and destroyed Katerlez. Afterwards the Turkish authorities re-located the Danubian Zaporozhians further up the Danube next on the ]. The new location was much poorer for fishing and resulted in a group of 500 cossacks, led by ] Pomelo to return to Russia. | |||
| In 1800 the ] erupted in uprisings led by ] who rebelled against the new Turkish Sultan ]. In order to gain momentum he promised the Nekrasovites all land on the lower Danube. Seeing an opportunity the Danubian Zaporozhians instead sided with the Sultan, resulting in both Cossack groups to suffer heavy casualties. In the end the rebellion was put down, and recognising the Zaprozhian aid, the Brailov ] allowed then to return in 1803 to Katerlez. However Nekrasovites had their own protector, the commandant of ] Pekhlevanoğlu in ] attacked the Sich, and once again sacked it. The surviving Zaporozhians fled to Brailov (modern ], ]). | |||
| The new ] caused further division in the Danubian Cossacks. After Russia overran the Danube, the Kosh Otaman Trofim Gaibadura and Ivan Guba with two groups offered their allegiance to Russia. They were settled in the ] area and by order of ] on 20 January ] formed the Lower-Danube Budjak Host (Усть-Дунайское Буджацкое Войско). The new host lasted only five months, during which many neghbouring Ukrainian and Moldovan landowners complained upon their serfs running off to ] (modern ]) and Galats (modern ], ]) where the Host was based. Thus on 20 June, the host was disbanded, which by that point numbered only 1387 men. Approximately 500 of those moved to the ]. This however caused many of the remaining Danubians who initially wished to follow the Kosh and return to Russia, to reconsider. | |||
| The fate of the Nekarsovites was such that after successful negotiations with the Russian General ], many were pardoned and allowed to return to Russia. The ] resulted in their homeland, the Danube delta to become part of Russia. With the old rivalry still strong, the Zaporozhian Danubians once again attacked their enemy, and in 1813 retook Katerlez. After a very brutal conflict, which shocked even the Turks, in 1814 Zaporozhians captured the Nekrasovite capital Upper Dunavets (modern ]). There they founded their final Sich. This caused the end of the Nekrasov Cossacks in the Balkans and afterwards they were re-located with other Nekrasovites in ], while others mixed with the Danubians. | |||
| ==Service to the Sultan== | |||
| After a few years of rest, trouble once again came to the Balkans, with the outbreak of the ]. In ] Russian-Greek commander ] moved the ] from Russia into ]. In order to counteract the insurrection, the Danubian Cossacks, under command of Kosh Nikifor Beluga aided in his defeat. Afterwards five thousand Cossacks under the Kosh Semeon Moroz were sent to Greece to fight for the Turks. In 1824 they took part in the storming of ]. Many died there, and Moroz himself was killed in the naval battle next to the island of ]. | |||
| During this time the Danube Sich seemed to reach its height, numbering between 10 to 15 thousand men, controlling all of the Danube delta region with six villages being in personal control of the Kosh. In the upper Dunavets there were 38 ]s under old traditional names of the Zaporozhian Sich. However unlike its predecessor, the new Sich was already noticeably different. There were no longer any Host ]s, only single Cossacks were considered as eligible for service. ]s were assigned temporarily by the Kosh. The Host lacked any cavalry, fleet, only infantry in boats. The social structure also began to fragment, instead of the former equality of all Cossacks, many fishing, tradesmen and landowners became the ]. In order to gain permission to do so, there must be at least a marriage link to a Cossack family. | |||
| ==The end of the Danubian Sich== | |||
| The crises deepened in 1825 when Kosh otaman Litvin, after promising to form yet another expedition to Greece, fled the Sich without any trace. The Greek events once again put relations between Turkey and Russia at brink, a new ] was about to begin, and among the Danube Cossacks there was a pro-Russian and pro-Turkish split. The latter, admitted they would agree to return to Russia if a pardon is accepted. Learning of this the head (Gradonachalik) of ] S.A. Tuchkov in 1827 entered in secret negotiations with Kosh Vasily Nezmayevsky. The conditions were not to allow a small group, but the whole host to return to Russia. Despite being a Russophile, Nezmayevsky was not ready to accept such responsibility. | |||
| The role was accepted by a different man, ], himself originally from a rich landowner family from ] in 1820 he left his home to earn a living, but after a few travels in Crimea and Odessa, he left Russia and joined the Sich in 1822. Took part in the campaign against Messolonghi and afterwards was elected to be a Kuren Ataman of the Platnirovsky Kuren. After the failed negotiations with Nezmayevsky, Tuchkov approached Gladky, who upon the Kosh elections held on ] (1st October) was elected to be the Kosh Ataman. | |||
| With the outbreak of the new ], the Russian Army under command of Field-Marshal ] advanced. Threatning to overrun the Sich, the Sultan wished to relocate it to Adrianopol (modern ], ]) and ordered the Kosh to rally the Dunubian Army to ] (modern Bulgaria). Gladky send two thousand men there, all of whom were suspected of pro-Turkish allegiance. Himself asking to leave to rally more, instead called for a Rada and announced his decision to side the whole Sich with Russia. On ], ], Gladky along with 218 Cossacks and 578 Rayah crossed the Danube with all their regalia, treasury and awards, and were accepted into the Russian headquarters where they kneed by Emperor ] himself. | |||
| The Emperor fully pardoned the Cossacks for their past, and his trust in the Cossacks is confirmed when the Russian Army Crossed the Danube, Nicholas used the same Boat that Gladky initially came to him. The Danubian Cossacks actively participated in the storm of ], 10 of whom were awarded the ]. The fate of the Cossacks who refused to follow Gladky was tragic, the Sultan called ] corps and the Sich was razed, its population massacred. Those that came to aid the Sultan in Silistra were disarmed and sent to ] deep in Turkey. | |||
| ==Aftermath== | |||
| After the war, the Tsar decided to form out of the loyal Danubians a new ''Special Zaporozhian Host'' (Отдельное Запорожное Войско), with Gladky as the appointed Ataman. The new Host was small with only a five ] infantry regiment that was passed under control of the Danube flotilla. However their good knowledge of the region payed off with them being used in reconnaissance planning of the complicated Danube Delta. | |||
| In late 1828 Nicholas I formed yet another new Cossack group ], which was perceived to allow descendants of the Zaporozhians who did not flee to the Danube but instead settled in Bessarbia, and were unable to thus join the ] back in 1787. In addition it included loyal Nekrasovites as well as many volunteers from the Balkan peoples to serve. It was based in many historical refuge areas where over the previous decades many Cossacks fleeing from Turkey found sanctuary such as ]. | |||
| Initially there plans to move the former Danubian Sich Cossacks to the Kuban, where Gladky visited in 1830. But the ] in full swing, and the difficulty of the migration for such a small group would have proved fatal. Instead the Tsar offered Gladky to remain in ] but to find a piece of land that was uninhabited, to which Gladky chose the northern coast of the ], next to ]. In May 1832 Gladky carried his men over to the new land and there they formed teh ], initially numbering 2336 people (including 687 men). The new host was only Cossack Army in Russia who carried a primarily Navy role, safeguarding the Caucasus and Crimean coasts from Turkish and Circassian raiders. | |||
| ⚫ | The 30,000 descendants of those cossacks who refused to return to Russia in 1828 still live in the Danube delta region of ], where they pursue the traditional Cossack lifestyle of hunting and fishing and are known as '']s''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\D\O\Dobrudja.htm |title=Dobrudja |accessdate= |accessmonthday=December 21 |accessyear=2006 |work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine |publisher= |pages= |language=English }}</ref>. | ||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| * | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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The Danubian Sich (Template:Lang-uk) was a fortified settlement (sich) of Zaporozhian Cossacks who settled in the territory of the Ottoman Empire (the Danube Delta, hence the name) after their previous host was disbanded and the Zaporizhian Sich was destroyed.
End of Zaporozhia
By the late 18th century the combat ability of Zaporozhia was greatly reduced, especially after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca and the Russian annexation of Crimea, when the need was lost for the Host to guard the now extinct borders. At the same time the Zaporozhian's other enemy, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was also weakened and on the verge of being partitioned. This meant that militarily the Zaporozhian Sich was becoming increasingly superfluous, but at the same time their existence caused friction with Imperial Russian authorities who wanted to colonise the New Russia lands that the Cossacks inhabited. After a number of attacks on Serbian colonies and with the support offered to Yemelyan Pugachev, the Russian Empress Catherine the Great issued an order to General Pyotr Tekeli to end the troublesome Sich.
Tekeli's operation, carried out in June 1775, was bloodless. The Zaporozhian Sich was surrounded with infantry and artillary. However while the Kosh otaman Petro Kalnyshevsky was deciding on how to approach the Empress's ultimatum. Under the guidance of a starshyna Lyakh, behind Kalnyshevky's back a conspiracy was formed with a group of 50 Cossacks to go fishing in the river Ingul next to the Southern Buh in Ottoman provinces. The pretext was enough to allow the Russians to let the Cossacks out of the siege, but in total the 50 Cossacks grew to five thousand (approximately 30% of the Zaporozhian Cossacks).
Initially these, joined by numerous Ukrainian peasants fleeing from Russian Serfdom lived on the left bank of the Danube river (Budjak) then part of the Ottoman Empire. By 1778 they numbered 12 thousand men, and the Turkish Sultan decided that they would have much more use in Kuchungary (modern Transnistria) in the lower Dniester where they gave the oath. However the outbreak of the new Russo-Turkish War divided the Cossacks. Some returned to Russia and joined the new Host of Loyal Zaporozhians (later the Black Sea Cossack Host) formed out of the Cossacks who chose to remain in Russia in 1775. After the war, Bessarabia became part of Russia, and the Cossacks lost all of their initial allocated land.
Rivalry with Nekrasovites
The sultan awarded the remaining Zaporozhians with new land, and allowed them to build a Sich in the settlement of Katerlez in the Danube Delta right next to existing settlements of Nekrasov Cossacks and Lipovians. The two groups became increasingly hostile over land allocation, as both depended on fishing as food source. In 1794, Nekrasovites attacked and destroyed Katerlez. Afterwards the Turkish authorities re-located the Danubian Zaporozhians further up the Danube next on the Brailov Island. The new location was much poorer for fishing and resulted in a group of 500 cossacks, led by Kosh Pomelo to return to Russia.
In 1800 the Balkan Peninsula erupted in uprisings led by Osman Pazvantoğlu who rebelled against the new Turkish Sultan Selim III. In order to gain momentum he promised the Nekrasovites all land on the lower Danube. Seeing an opportunity the Danubian Zaporozhians instead sided with the Sultan, resulting in both Cossack groups to suffer heavy casualties. In the end the rebellion was put down, and recognising the Zaprozhian aid, the Brailov Nazir allowed then to return in 1803 to Katerlez. However Nekrasovites had their own protector, the commandant of Izmail Pekhlevanoğlu in 1805 attacked the Sich, and once again sacked it. The surviving Zaporozhians fled to Brailov (modern Brăila, Romania).
The new Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) caused further division in the Danubian Cossacks. After Russia overran the Danube, the Kosh Otaman Trofim Gaibadura and Ivan Guba with two groups offered their allegiance to Russia. They were settled in the Budjak area and by order of Alexander I on 20 January 1807 formed the Lower-Danube Budjak Host (Усть-Дунайское Буджацкое Войско). The new host lasted only five months, during which many neghbouring Ukrainian and Moldovan landowners complained upon their serfs running off to Kiliya (modern Ukraine) and Galats (modern Galaţi, Romania) where the Host was based. Thus on 20 June, the host was disbanded, which by that point numbered only 1387 men. Approximately 500 of those moved to the Kuban. This however caused many of the remaining Danubians who initially wished to follow the Kosh and return to Russia, to reconsider.
The fate of the Nekarsovites was such that after successful negotiations with the Russian General Kutuzov, many were pardoned and allowed to return to Russia. The 1812 Treaty of Bucharest resulted in their homeland, the Danube delta to become part of Russia. With the old rivalry still strong, the Zaporozhian Danubians once again attacked their enemy, and in 1813 retook Katerlez. After a very brutal conflict, which shocked even the Turks, in 1814 Zaporozhians captured the Nekrasovite capital Upper Dunavets (modern Bulgaria). There they founded their final Sich. This caused the end of the Nekrasov Cossacks in the Balkans and afterwards they were re-located with other Nekrasovites in Anatolia, while others mixed with the Danubians.
Service to the Sultan
After a few years of rest, trouble once again came to the Balkans, with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence. In 1821 Russian-Greek commander Alexander Ypsilantis moved the Eterian Greeks from Russia into Wallachia. In order to counteract the insurrection, the Danubian Cossacks, under command of Kosh Nikifor Beluga aided in his defeat. Afterwards five thousand Cossacks under the Kosh Semeon Moroz were sent to Greece to fight for the Turks. In 1824 they took part in the storming of Messolonghi. Many died there, and Moroz himself was killed in the naval battle next to the island of Chios.
During this time the Danube Sich seemed to reach its height, numbering between 10 to 15 thousand men, controlling all of the Danube delta region with six villages being in personal control of the Kosh. In the upper Dunavets there were 38 kurens under old traditional names of the Zaporozhian Sich. However unlike its predecessor, the new Sich was already noticeably different. There were no longer any Host Starshynas, only single Cossacks were considered as eligible for service. Polkovnyks were assigned temporarily by the Kosh. The Host lacked any cavalry, fleet, only infantry in boats. The social structure also began to fragment, instead of the former equality of all Cossacks, many fishing, tradesmen and landowners became the Rayah. In order to gain permission to do so, there must be at least a marriage link to a Cossack family.
The end of the Danubian Sich
The crises deepened in 1825 when Kosh otaman Litvin, after promising to form yet another expedition to Greece, fled the Sich without any trace. The Greek events once again put relations between Turkey and Russia at brink, a new Russo-Turkish War was about to begin, and among the Danube Cossacks there was a pro-Russian and pro-Turkish split. The latter, admitted they would agree to return to Russia if a pardon is accepted. Learning of this the head (Gradonachalik) of Izmail S.A. Tuchkov in 1827 entered in secret negotiations with Kosh Vasily Nezmayevsky. The conditions were not to allow a small group, but the whole host to return to Russia. Despite being a Russophile, Nezmayevsky was not ready to accept such responsibility.
The role was accepted by a different man, Osip Gladky, himself originally from a rich landowner family from Poltava in 1820 he left his home to earn a living, but after a few travels in Crimea and Odessa, he left Russia and joined the Sich in 1822. Took part in the campaign against Messolonghi and afterwards was elected to be a Kuren Ataman of the Platnirovsky Kuren. After the failed negotiations with Nezmayevsky, Tuchkov approached Gladky, who upon the Kosh elections held on Pokrov (1st October) was elected to be the Kosh Ataman.
With the outbreak of the new Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), the Russian Army under command of Field-Marshal Peter Wittgenstein advanced. Threatning to overrun the Sich, the Sultan wished to relocate it to Adrianopol (modern Edirne, Turkey) and ordered the Kosh to rally the Dunubian Army to Silistra (modern Bulgaria). Gladky send two thousand men there, all of whom were suspected of pro-Turkish allegiance. Himself asking to leave to rally more, instead called for a Rada and announced his decision to side the whole Sich with Russia. On 10 May, 1828, Gladky along with 218 Cossacks and 578 Rayah crossed the Danube with all their regalia, treasury and awards, and were accepted into the Russian headquarters where they kneed by Emperor Nicholas I himself.
The Emperor fully pardoned the Cossacks for their past, and his trust in the Cossacks is confirmed when the Russian Army Crossed the Danube, Nicholas used the same Boat that Gladky initially came to him. The Danubian Cossacks actively participated in the storm of Isaccea, 10 of whom were awarded the Cross of St. George. The fate of the Cossacks who refused to follow Gladky was tragic, the Sultan called Janissary corps and the Sich was razed, its population massacred. Those that came to aid the Sultan in Silistra were disarmed and sent to forced labour deep in Turkey.
Aftermath
After the war, the Tsar decided to form out of the loyal Danubians a new Special Zaporozhian Host (Отдельное Запорожное Войско), with Gladky as the appointed Ataman. The new Host was small with only a five sotnia infantry regiment that was passed under control of the Danube flotilla. However their good knowledge of the region payed off with them being used in reconnaissance planning of the complicated Danube Delta.
In late 1828 Nicholas I formed yet another new Cossack group Danube Cossack Host, which was perceived to allow descendants of the Zaporozhians who did not flee to the Danube but instead settled in Bessarbia, and were unable to thus join the Black Sea Cossack Host back in 1787. In addition it included loyal Nekrasovites as well as many volunteers from the Balkan peoples to serve. It was based in many historical refuge areas where over the previous decades many Cossacks fleeing from Turkey found sanctuary such as Akkerman.
Initially there plans to move the former Danubian Sich Cossacks to the Kuban, where Gladky visited in 1830. But the Caucasus War in full swing, and the difficulty of the migration for such a small group would have proved fatal. Instead the Tsar offered Gladky to remain in Novorossiya but to find a piece of land that was uninhabited, to which Gladky chose the northern coast of the Azov Sea, next to Berdyansk. In May 1832 Gladky carried his men over to the new land and there they formed teh Azov Cossack Host, initially numbering 2336 people (including 687 men). The new host was only Cossack Army in Russia who carried a primarily Navy role, safeguarding the Caucasus and Crimean coasts from Turkish and Circassian raiders.
The 30,000 descendants of those cossacks who refused to return to Russia in 1828 still live in the Danube delta region of Romania, where they pursue the traditional Cossack lifestyle of hunting and fishing and are known as Rusnaks.
See also
References
- Taras Chukhlib Alexander Suvorov in Ukrainian history, Pravda.org.ua Retrieved on 21st of April
- "Dobrudja". Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
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