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| {{Infobox_Dam | |||
| |dam_name= Atatürk Dam | |||
| |image= Ataturk dam 1-GAP.jpg | |||
| |caption= Atatürk Dam | |||
| |official_name= Atatürk Dam | |||
| |crosses= ] | |||
| |reservoir= ] | |||
| |locale= ], ] | |||
| |maint= ] | |||
| |length= {{convert|1819|m|ft|abbr=on}} | |||
| |height= {{convert|169|m|ft|abbr=on}} | |||
| |width= | |||
| |began= 1983 | |||
| |open= 1992 | |||
| |closed= | |||
| |bridge_carries= | |||
| |bridge_width= | |||
| |bridge_clearance= | |||
| |bridge_traffic= | |||
| |bridge_toll= | |||
| |bridge_id= | |||
| |map_cue= | |||
| |map_image= | |||
| |map_text= | |||
| |map_width= | |||
| |coordinates= {{coord|37|28|54|N|38|19|03|E|display=inline,title}} | |||
| |lat= | |||
| |long= | |||
| |extra= | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Atatürk Dam''' ({{lang-tr|Atatürk Barajı}}), originally the '''Karababa Dam''', is a ]<ref name=Malla>{{cite journal |last=S. Malla |coauthors=M. Wieland, R. Straubhaar |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2039621 |journal=International Water Power & Dam Construction |title=Monitoring Atatürk Dam|date=2006-10-17 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> on the ] River on the border of ] and ] in ] of ]. Built both to generate electricity and to irrigate the plains in the region, it is later renamed after ] (1881-1938), the founder of the ], to honor him with its very large scale. The construction began in 1983 and was completed in 1990. The dam and the ] (HEPP), which went into service after the upfilling of reservoir was accomplished in 1992, are operated by the ]. The ] created behind the dam, called ] ({{lang-tr|Atatürk Baraj Gölü}}), is the third largest in Turkey. | |||
| The dam is situated at 24 km northwest to ] town of Şanlıurfa Province on the state road D875 to ]. Centerpiece of the 22 dams on the Euphrates and the ], which all form the integrated, multi-sector regional development project of ], known as GAP, it is one of the ]. The Atatürk Dam, one of the five operational dams on the Euphrates as of 2008, is preceded by ] and ] dams upstream and followed by ] and the ] dams downstream. Two more dams on the river are under construction. | |||
| The dam embankment is {{convert|169|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|1820|m|ft|abbr=on}} long. The hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) has a total installed power capacity of 2,400 ] generating 8,900 ] electricity annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=149 |title=Atatürk Dam|work=State Hydraulic Works |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| The total cost of the dam project amounted about US$ 1.25 billion.<ref name=ATA>{{cite web |url=http://www.atainsaat.com.tr/atagroup.htm |title=ATA Group |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ==Dam== | |||
| The initial development project for the southeastern region of Turkey was presented in 1970. As the objectives for regional development have changed significantly and the ambitions have grown in the 1970s, the original plan underwent major modifications. The most important change in the project was abandoning the Middle Karababa Dam design, and adopting the design of the Atatürk Dam to increase the storage and power generation capacities of the dam.<ref name=Brismar>{{cite journal|last=Brismar |first=Anna |title=The Atatürk Dam project in south-east Turkey: Changes in objectives and planning over time |journal=Natural Resources Forum |volume=26 (2) |date=2002 |pages=101–112 |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1477-8947.00011 |doi=10.1111/1477-8947.00011 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Dolsar Engineering and ATA Construction, two prominent Turkish companies, signed for the building of the dam.<ref name=HEEPsouthTurkey>{{cite web|url=http://www.indusucacards.com/hydro-turkey-south.htm|title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Turkey|accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> The construction of the ] began in 1985 and was completed in 1987. The fill work for the main dam lasted from 1987 to 1990.<ref name=Malla /> The Atatürk Dam, listed in international construction publications as the world's largest construction site, was completed in a world record time of around 50 months.<ref name=ATA /> | |||
| The rock-fill dam undergoes deformations that are regularly and systematically monitored since 1990 with different types of sensors. It is estimated that the central portion of the dam crest has settled by around 7 m since the end of the construction. Settlement of the dam crest up to 4.3 m has been measured since the start of the detailed geodetic monitoring in 1992. The maximum horizontal (radial) deformation measured is about 2.9 m.<ref name=Malla /> | |||
| The ] ] work<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soletanche-bachy.com/SBF/referencesb.nsf/TypeOuvragesEN/A195C8E6CE5AAFF7C1256AB900342590?OpenDocument|title=Solétanche Bachy}}</ref> was carried out by subcontractor Solétanche Bachy and the rehabilitation work for the post-tensioning of the dam crest with ground anchors by Vorspann System Losinger International (VSL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0004086 |title=Structurae International Database and Gallery of Structures |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| ==Hydroelectric power plant== | |||
| The HEPP of the Atatürk Dam is the biggest of a series of 19 power plants of the GAP project. It consists of eight ] and generator groups of 300 MW each, supplied by ] Escher Wyss and ] respectively.<ref name=HEEPsouthTurkey /> The power plant's first two power units came on line in 1992<ref name=ChapinMetz>{{cite web |first=Helen, ed. |last=Chapin Metz |title=Turkey: A Country Study|work=Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress |date=1995 |url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/65.htm |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> and it became fully operational in December 1993. The HEPP can generate 8,900 GWh of electricity annually.<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.turizm.net/economy/southe~1.htm |title=Tourism net |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> Its capacity makes up around one third of the total capacity of the GAP project.<ref name=providence>{{cite web |url=http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/mideast_water/tigres_1.htm|title=The Tigris & Euphrates Basin |work=Vital Facts:Water Resources and Middle East|accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| During the periods of low demand for electricity, only one of the eight units of the HEPP is in operation while in times of high demand, all the eight units are in operation. Hence, depending upon the energy demand and the state of the interconnected system, the amount of water to be released from the HEPP might vary between 200 and 2,000 m³/sec in one day.<ref name=providence /> | |||
| ==Irrigation== | |||
| ] | |||
| Originating in the mountains of eastern Anatolia and flowing southwards to ] and ], the Euphrates and the Tigris are very irregular rivers, used to cause great problems each year with droughts in summer and flooding in winter. The water of the Euphrates River is regulated by means of large reservoirs of the Keban and Atatürk Dams. However, the waters released from the HEPPs of those dams also need to be regulated. The Birecik and the Karkamış Dams downstream the Atatürk Dam are constructed for the purpose of harnessing the waters released from large-scale dams and HEPPs. | |||
| Nearly 476,000 ] of arable land in the ]-] and ]-] plains in upper ] is being irrigated via gravity-flow with water diverted from the Atatürk Dam through the Şanlıurfa Tunnels system,<ref name= usda>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2001/08/turkey_gap/pictures/turkey_gap.htm |work=U.S. Dept of Agriculture - Foreign Agricultural Service |title=Southeastern Anatolia Becomes a Major Cotton Producing Region for Turkey |date=2001-08-28|accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref> which consists of two parallel tunnels, each 26.4 km long and 7.62 meters in diameter.<ref name=tourism /><ref name=providence /> The flow rate of water through the tunnels is about 328 m³/s, which makes one-third of the total flow of the Euphrates.<ref name=aquastat>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/turkey/index.stm |title=Turkey |work=AQUASTAT - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> The tunnels are the largest in the world, in terms of length and flow rate, built for irrigation purposes. The first tunnel was completed in 1995 and the other in 1996. The reservoir behind the dam will irrigate another 406,000 ha by pumping for a total of 882,000 ha.<ref name=usda2>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/remote/mideast_pecad/turkey/turkey.htm |title=Turkey - GAP's Irrigation Component |work=U.S. Dept of Agriculture - Foreign Agricultural Service |accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The Ataturk Dam and the Şanlıurfa Tunnel system are two major components of the GAP project. Irrigation started in the Harran Plain in the spring of 1995. The impact of the irrigation on the economy of the region is significant. In ninety percent of the irrigated area, cotton is planted. Irrigation expansion within the Harran plains also increased Southeastern Anatolia's cotton production from 164,000 to 400,000 metric tons in 2001, or nearly sixty percent. With almost 50% share of the country's cotton production, the region developed to the leader in Turkey.<ref name=usda /> | |||
| ==Reservoir lake== | |||
| The reservoir Lake Atatürk Dam, extending over an area of {{convert|817|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} with a water volume of 48.7 km³ (63,400 million cu yd), ranks third in size in Turkey after ] and ]. The reservoir water level touched 535 m ] in 1994. Since then, it varies between 526 and 537 m amsl. The full reservoir level is 542 m and the minimum operation level is 526 m amsl.<ref name=Malla /> | |||
| 10 towns and 156 villages of three provinces are located around the Lake Atatürk Dam. The lake provides a fisheries and recreation site. For transportation purposes, several ferries are operated in the reservoir. <ref name=duman>{{cite journal |url=http://jfas.ege.edu.tr/pdf/duman18_1-2_2001.pdf |title=Fishes Caught in Bozova Region of Atatürk Dam Lake and Their Production |first=Erdal |last=Duman |coauthors=Ahmet Çelik |journal=E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences |date=2001 |volume=18, Issue (1-2): 65-69 |publisher=Ege University Press |accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref> The reservoir lake is called "sea" by local people.<ref name=adiyamanli>{{web cite |url=http://www.adiyamanli.org/ataturk_dam.htm |title=Adıyamanlı |accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref> | |||
| ===Fishery=== | |||
| Ataturk Dam Lake is an abundant source of food for local people and provides as well as opportunities for recreational fishing. In 1992, around 200,000 young fish (fingerlings), propagated in DSI Ataturk Fish Hatchery, were introduced into the reservoir. Since then, the figure of fingerlings stocked into the lake reached around 33 million.<ref name=ieahydro1203>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieahydro.org/reports/Annex_VIII_CaseStudy1203_Ataturk_Turkey.pdf |title=IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement Annex VIII - Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits. Case Study 12-03: Benefits due to Dam Function - Atatürk Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant, Turkey |accessdate=2008-02-04 }}</ref> | |||
| Commercially fishing in the reservoir developed to a catch of around annually 1,000 tons of some fish species with a market value of US$1.26 million.<ref name=ieahydro1203 /> 8 of the 12 fish species being caught are economically valuable.<ref name=duman /> In addition, the lake has a potential for cage culture of 7,000 tons/year worth of US$14 million.<ref name=ieahydro1203 /> | |||
| With the aim to utilize the fishery potential and to create job for the lakeside populations, the reservoir is zoned to 21 fishing sectors, each one having one water products cooperative.<ref name=gap>{{cite web |url=http://www.gap.gov.tr/English/Dergi/D7121999/gelir.html |title=Raising the Income Level of People in Areas out of the Coverage Irrigation in the GAP Region|work=GAP |accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref> Considering all aspects of fishery activities, the reservoir contributes in total US$15 million to ] and generates employment for 1,600 people.<ref name=ieahydro1203 /> | |||
| ===Recreation and sports=== | |||
| In order to open the region to tourism, to introduce modern sports to the local people and to integrate the social and economic progress taking place in the region with sports as a drive, a ] festival was established in 1994, which takes place each year in September. The young people in the region developed an interest in water sports and started to take part in international contests in the branches of sailing, rowing-canoing, swimming and diving on the Lake Atatürk Dam.<ref name=gapsports>{{web cite |url=http://www.gap.gov.tr/English/Basinbil/Bbil1999/bb145.html |title=Atatürk Dam Becomes the Stage for the 5th Water Sports Festival |date=1999-09-20 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| Furthermore, International Atatürk Dam Sailing Competition takes place every year in October on the lake.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Resettlement and salvaging cultural heritage== | |||
| With the forming of the reservoir lake, more than hundred ]s and villages were inundated and about 55,000 people were forced to relocate, many of them resettling in nearby communities.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1DF173EF933A05750C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Water Security In The Middle East Growing Conflict Over Development In The Euphrates - Tigris Basin |first=Patrick |last=MacQuarrie |date=Revised 2004-2-26 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| In 1989, the old town of ] (Samsat), capital of the ancient ] kingdom located in ], and all its history were flooded behind the Atatürk Dam. A new town with the same name Samsat was founded for the around 2,000 people dislocated. | |||
| Since the entire GAP area was home to early civilizations of ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], and therefore rich in terms of historical remains, cultural heritage of the region was a concern. The subject of salvaging cultural heritages gained importance, particularly after inundation of Samsat.<ref name=ieahydro1003>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieahydro.org/reports/Annex_VIII_CaseStudy1003_BorderEuphrates_Turkey.pdf |title=IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement Annex VIII - Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits. Case Study 10-03: Landscape and Cultural Heritage - Border Euphrates Project, Turkey |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| ==Political controversy== | |||
| About 90% of Euphrates' total annual flow originates in ], while the remaining part is added in ], but nothing is contributed further downstream in Iraq. In general, the stream varies greatly in its flow from season to season and year to year. As an example, the annual flow at the border with Syria ranged from 15.3 km³ in 1961 to 42.7 km in 1963. | |||
| One of the most important legal texts on the waters of the Euphrates-Tigris river system is the protocol annexed to the 1946 Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighborly Relations between Iraq and Turkey. The protocol provided the control and management of the Euphrates and the Tigris depending to a large extent on the regulations of flow in Turkish source areas. Turkey agreed to begin monitoring the two border-crossing rivers and to share related data with Iraq. In 1980, Turkey and Iraq further specified the nature of the earlier protocol by forming a joint committee on technical issues, which Syria joined later in 1982 as well. Turkey unilaterally guaranteed to allow 15.75 km³/year (500 m³/s) of water across the border to Syria without any formal agreement on the sharing of the Euphrates water.<ref name=aquastat /> | |||
| Mid January 1990, when the first phase of the dam was completed, Turkey held back the flow of the Euphrates entirely for a month to begin filling up the reservoir. Turkey had notified Syria and Iraq by November 1989 of her decision to fill the reservoir over a period of one month explaining the technical reasons and providing a detailed program for making up for the losses.<ref>{{web cite |url=http://www.gap.metu.edu.tr/html/yayinlar/an_institutional_framework_AKibaroglu.pdf |title=An Institutional Framework for Facilitating Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |first=Ayşegül |last=Kibaroğlu |work=Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> The downstream neighbors protested vehemently. At this point, the Ataturk Dam has cut the flow from the Euphrates by about a third.<ref name=tangra>{{cite web |url=http://tangra.si.umich.edu/clair/corpora/corpora/us_congressional_record/102/102.sen.19920326.035.html |title=Water May Be Next Flashpoint In Mideast |work=Senate |date=1992-03-26 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> | |||
| Syria and Iraq claim to be suffering severe water shortages due to the GAP development. Both countries allege that Turkey is intentionally withholding supplies from its downstream neighbors, turning water into a weapon. Turkey denies these claims, and insists it has always supplied its southern neighbors with the promised minimum of 500 m³/s. It argues that Iraq and Syria in fact benefit from the regulated water by the dams as they protect all three riparian countries from seasonal droughts and floods.<ref name=islamonline>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1157962451358&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout |publisher=Islam Online |first=Francesca |last=De Châtel |title=Turkish Water Project: Curse or Blessing? |date=2003-01-14|accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref> | |||
| Syria's anger over the GAP project was a major factor in its decision in the mid 1990s to provide support to the ] (PKK) in Turkey. Fed by discontent over the status of Kurds in Turkey, the PKK then grew into a major terrorist threat to the Turkish state.<ref name=ndu>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Strategic%20Assessments/sa97/sa97ch18.html |title=Strategic Assessment - Flashpoints and Force Structure. Environment|work=National Defense University|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:Landsat ataturk 20aug83 57m.jpg|Landsat7 image of pre-Atatürk Dam, Harran (August 20, 1983) | |||
| Image:Ataturk Landsat7 03272000.jpg|Landsat7 image of the Atatürk Dam (March 27, 2000) | |||
| Image:Landsat ataturk 24aug02 57m.jpg|Landsat7 image of post-Atatürk Dam, Harran (August 24, 2002) | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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| {{Southeastern Anatolia Project}} | |||
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Revision as of 11:30, 5 March 2008
SUKA