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| {{For|others with the same or similar names|Gordon Brown (disambiguation)}} | |||
| {{Infobox Prime Minister | |||
| | honorific-prefix = <small>]</small><br> | |||
| | name = Gordon Brown | |||
| | honorific-suffix = <br><small> ], ]], ],</small> | |||
| | image = Gordon Brown 2005 IMF close.jpg | |||
| | imagesize = 200px | |||
| | caption = Speaking during an ]/] news conference in 2005. | |||
| | order = ] | |||
| | deputy = ] <small>(Acting)</small> | |||
| | monarch = ] | |||
| | deputy = ] <small>(Acting)</small> | |||
| | term_start = ] ] | |||
| | term_end = | |||
| | predecessor = ] | |||
| | successor = | |||
| | order2 = ] | |||
| | term_start2 = ] ] | |||
| | term_end2 = ] ] | |||
| | primeminister2 = ] | |||
| | predecessor2 = ] | |||
| | successor2 = ] | |||
| | constituency_MP3 = ]<br><small>] (1983 – 2005)</small> | |||
| | term_start3 = ] ] | |||
| | term_end3 = | |||
| | majority3 = 18,216 (43.6%) | |||
| | predecessor3 = New constituency | |||
| | successor3 = | |||
| | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|02|20|df=y}} | |||
| | birth_place = ], ], ] | |||
| | death_date = | |||
| | death_place = | |||
| | nationality = ] (]) | |||
| | party = ] | |||
| | spouse = ] | |||
| | relations = | |||
| | children = ] | |||
| | residence = ] <small>(official)</small><br />] <small>(private)</small><ref> {{cite news |first=Catherine |last=MacLeod |title=Brown to work from home |url=http://www.theherald.co.uk/politics/news/display.var.1615320.0.0.php |format= |work=] |publisher=] |location= |id= |pages= |page= |date=2007-08-14 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> | |||
| | alma_mater = ] | |||
| | occupation = ] | |||
| | profession = ]<br>] | |||
| | religion = ] | |||
| | signature = Gordon Brown signature.png | |||
| | website = | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| <!--NOTE: please do not add the title "Dr" to his name: see ]-->'''James Gordon Brown''' (born ] ]) is the ]. He took office on ] ], three days after becoming leader of the ]. Prior to this he served as the ] under ] from 1997 to 2007, becoming the ]'s longest serving Chancellor since ] in the early 19th century. He has a ] in ] from the ],<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4347369.stm | title= Brown seeks out 'British values' | author= Kearney, Martha | date= ] ] | accessdate= 2008-01-23 | work= BBC News | publisher= ] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3809861.stm | title= Gordon Brown timeline | date= ] ] | accessdate= 2008-01-23 | work= BBC News | publisher= ] }}</ref> and, as Prime Minister, he also holds the positions of ] and the ]. | |||
| He has been a ] of ] since 1983; firstly for ] and since ] for ].<ref name="npm">{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6245682.stm | title= Brown is UK's new prime minister | date= ] ] | accessdate= 2008-01-23 | work= BBC News | publisher= ] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/mpdb/html/712.stm | title= Gordon Brown | date= ] ] | accessdate= 2008-01-23 | work= BBC News | publisher= ] }}</ref> | |||
| == Early life and career before parliament == | |||
| Gordon Brown was born in ], ], ],<ref>{{cite news|title = From education to politics: always top of the class|work = ]|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-07-06|url = http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2007/06/27/newsstory9913379t0.asp }}</ref><ref>, Kirkcaldy Civic Society</ref> although media<ref>{{cite news|title = Family detective|publisher = ]|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-07-06|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?xml=/portal/2007/04/28/nosplit/ftfamdet128.xml }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = What can we expect from a Brown premiership?|publisher = ]|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-07-06|url = http://www.itv.com/news/aa672bbdda96b7b668b9649e160ac5ba.html}}</ref> have occasionally given his place of birth as ], ], where his parents were living at the time. | |||
| His father, John Ebenezer Brown, was a ] of the ]. He was a strong influence on Brown and died in 1998, aged 84.<ref>{{cite news|title = Chancellor's daughter remembered at christening service|publisher = Scotsman.com|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-09-23|url = http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=110&id=455352004 }}</ref> His mother Elizabeth, known as Bunty, died in 2004 aged 86.<ref>{{cite news|title = Brown mourns loss of mother|publisher = Scotsman.com|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-09-23|url = http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=110&id=1102842004 }}</ref> Gordon was brought up with his brothers John and Andrew Brown in a ] in ]—the largest town in ], ] across the ] from ].<ref name="aaa">{{cite news|title = From a Scottish manse to Number 10|publisher =The Washington Times|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-09-23|url = http://www3.washingtontimes.com/world/20070616-094030-8967r.htm }}</ref> In common with many other ], he is therefore often referred to as a "son of the manse". Brown was educated first at Kirkcaldy West Primary School<ref>{{cite news|title = Chancellor on the ropes; Profile: Gordon Brown|publisher =The Independent (London)|date = ]|accessdate = 2007-09-23|url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20000923/ai_n14342649 }}</ref> where he was selected for an experimental ] education programme, which took him two years early to ] for an academic ] taught in separate classes. At age 16 he wrote that he loathed and resented this "ludicrous" experiment on young lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1811255.ece|title=‘Cruel’ experiment that left its mark on a very precocious boy|author=Ben Macintyre|publisher=]|date=May 19, 2007|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> | |||
| He was accepted by the ] to study history at the age of only 16. He suffered a ] after being kicked in the head during an end-of-term ] match at his old school. He was left ] in his left eye, despite treatment including several operations and lying in a darkened room for weeks at a time. Later at Edinburgh, while playing ], he noticed the same symptoms in his right eye. Brown underwent experimental surgery at ] and his eye was saved.<ref name="ddd">{{cite news |first=Suzie |last=Mackenzie |title=Will he? Won't he? |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2004/sep/25/interviews.labourconference |work=] |publisher=] |date=2004-09-25 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> Brown graduated from Edinburgh with ] ] in 1972,<ref name="bbb">{{cite web | title="Biography of the Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury" | url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/page12037.asp | accessdate= September 23 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> and stayed on to complete his ] (which he gained in 1982), titled ''The Labour Party and Political Change in Scotland 1918-29''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=70vRFO9Mo6oC&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262&dq=%22the+labour+party+and+political+change+in+scotland%22+1982&source=web&ots=0h5Nh_Dhyd&sig=Ky6m7yB5eMixfMyFBExxOVEKHnc|title=State of the Union: Unionism and the Alternatives in the United Kingdom|author=Iain MacLean, Alistair MacMillan|publisher=]|date=2005|accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref> | |||
| In 1972, while still a student and with strong connections with the previous Dean of Admissions, Brown was elected ]<ref> ] News ] ]</ref> of the University of Edinburgh, the convener of the ]. Brown served as Rector until 1975, and he also edited ''The Red Paper on Scotland''.<ref> Red Paper on Scotland website.</ref> From 1976 to 1980 he was employed as a lecturer in ] at ] - in the ], Brown stood for the ] constituency and lost to the ] candidate, ].<ref name="bbb"/> From 1980 he worked as a journalist at ], later serving as current affairs editor until his election to parliament in 1983.<ref> John Newsinger ] 115 (summer 2007)</ref> | |||
| == Election to parliament and opposition == | |||
| Gordon Brown was elected to Parliament on his second attempt as a Labour MP for ] in ] and became ] spokesman on Trade and Industry in 1985. In 1986, he published a ] of the ] politician ], the subject of his ] thesis. Brown was ] ] from 1987 to 1989 and then Shadow ], before becoming Shadow Chancellor in 1992.<ref name="bbb"/><ref name="ccc"/> | |||
| Having led the ''Labour Movement Yes'' campaign, refusing to join the cross-party ''Yes for Scotland'' campaign, during the ], while other senior Labour politicians - including ], ] and ] - campaigned for a ''No'' vote, Brown was subsequently a key participant in the ], signing the ] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kenyon |last=Wright |authorlink= Canon Kenyon Wright |url= | |||
| http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_19990404/ai_n13938013 |title=Scotland can sing a new song to a different tune and in a clear voice |publisher=Sunday Herald |date= 1999-04-04 |accessdate= 2008-03-01 |quote=... the Claim of Right of Scotland. I have it before me now as I write - a note of sadness as I see that the first two signatures, side by side, are those of the late John Smith MP and myself, a note of gratified surprise to see these closely followed by the autographs of Gordon Brown, Robin Cook, George Robertson, Donald Dewar, Malcolm Bruce, Jim Wallace and, more important, an impressive cross-section of Scotland's civil society.}}</ref> | |||
| After the sudden death of Labour leader ] in May 1994, Brown was tipped as a potential party leader,<ref>{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Webster |authorlink= |title=Friends Blair and Brown face a difficult decision; Death of John Smith |url= http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=SPN.SP00&docId=CJ115719842&source=gale&srcprod=SP00&userGroupName=jrycal5&version=1.0 |work= ] |date=] |accessdate=2007-03-26 |quote=As probably the two most powerful figures in the party, they have the agonising task of deciding whether they should at last become rivals and vie for the crown, or whether one should stand aside for the other to become the centre candidate to succeed Mr Smith.}}</ref> but did not contest the leadership after ] became favourite. It has long been rumoured a deal was struck between Blair and Brown at the former ] in ],<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=White |authorlink=Michael White (journalist) |title=The guarantee which came to dominate new Labour politics for a decade |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/jun/06/uk.labour |work=] |publisher=] |date= 2003-06-06|accessdate=2008-03-01 }} </ref> in which Blair promised to give Brown control of economic policy in return for Brown not standing against him in the ].<ref> {{cite news |first=Catherine |last=Mayer |authorlink=Catherine Mayer |title=Fight Club |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901050124-1018039-2,00.html |work=] |date=2005-01-16 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> Whether this is true or not, the relationship between Blair and Brown has been central to the fortunes of "]", and they have mostly remained united in public, despite reported serious private rifts.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Wheeler |title=The Tony Blair story |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6506365.stm |work=] |publisher=] |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> | |||
| As Shadow Chancellor, Brown worked to present himself as a fiscally competent Chancellor-in-waiting, to reassure business and the middle class that Labour could be trusted to run the economy without fuelling ], increasing unemployment, or overspending—legacies of the 1970s. He publicly committed Labour to following the Conservatives' spending plans for the first two years after taking power.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Short | first = Claire | authorlink = Clare Short | date = ] | title = On the edge of a volcano | journal = ] | url = http://www.newstatesman.com/200310270043 | accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/man/lab97.htm |title=Labour Party Manifesto, General Election 1997 |accessdate=2007-03-30 }}</ref> | |||
| Following a reorganisation of ] in ], Brown became MP for ] at the ].<ref></ref> | |||
| == Brown as Chancellor of the Exchequer == | |||
| ]/] meeting in 2002]] | |||
| :''See also ] | |||
| Brown's ten years and two months as ] made him the longest-serving Chancellor in modern history.<ref name="ddd"/> | |||
| The Prime Minister's website singles out three achievements in particular from Brown's decade as Chancellor: presiding over "the longest ever period of growth", making the Bank of England independent and delivering an agreement on poverty and climate change at the ] summit in 2005.<ref name="bbb"/> | |||
| === Acts as Chancellor === | |||
| * '''Bank of England independence''': On taking office as ], Brown gave the ] operational independence in ], and thus responsibility for setting ]s. | |||
| * '''Spending''': Once the two-year period of following the Conservatives' spending plans was over, Brown's 2000 Spending Review outlined a major expansion of ], particularly on health and education. In his April 2002 budget, Brown raised ] to pay for health spending. Brown changed ] in other ways, such as the ]s.<ref> ], ] ]</ref><ref> Blundell, R., M. Brewer and A. Shepherd, ], Briefing Note No. 52, 2004 </ref> | |||
| * '''Growth''': An OECD report<ref></ref> shows UK ] averaged 2.7% between 1997 and 2006, higher than the Eurozone's 2.1%, though lower than in any other ] country. UK unemployment is 5.5%,<ref></ref> down from 7% in 1997 and lower than the Eurozone's average of 8.1%. | |||
| * '''Euro''': In October 1997, Brown took control of the United Kingdom's membership of the European single currency issue by announcing the Treasury would set ]<ref>{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Glover |title=The five tests |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2000/sep/29/emu.theeuro4 |work=] |publisher=] |date=2000-09-29 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> to ascertain whether the economic case had been made. In June 2003 ] indicated the tests had not been passed.<ref> BBC, ] ]</ref> | |||
| ] in 2006]] | |||
| * '''Gold sales''': Between 1999 and 2002 Brown sold 60% of the UK's ] at $275 an ounce.<ref></ref> It was later attacked as a "disastrous foray into international asset management"<ref> Scotsman.com website ] ]extrac</ref> as he had sold at close to a 20-year low. He pressured the IMF to do the same,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/gordonbrownimfgoldrevaluationg7goldsales.html |title=Gordon Brown & IMF Gold Sales |accessdate=2007-03-30 |work=Tax Free Gold }}</ref> but it resisted. The gold sales have earned him the pejorative nickname ']', after the song by ]. | |||
| * '''Spectrum auctions''': Under Brown, ] ] ]s gathered £22.5 billion for the government. By using a system of sealed bids and only selling a restricted number of licences, they extracted high prices from the telecom operators.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dial-a-fortune |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,178157,00.html |work=] |publisher=] |date=2000-04-13 |accessdate=2008-02-29 }}</ref> ] at this time applied a similar auction, and these together caused a severe ] in the European telecoms development industry (2001 ]) with the loss of 100,000 jobs across Europe, 30,000 of those in the UK.<ref>Spectrum pricings uncertain future, Electronics World, Vol 108. September pp.24-25</ref> | |||
| * '''Debt relief and development''': Brown believes it is appropriate to remove much of the unpayable ] but does not think all debt should be wiped out.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gordon Brown answers your questions |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/369846.stm |work=] |publisher=] |date=1999-06-15 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> On ] ], in a speech to the ] Ambassadors, Brown outlined a "]" view of global development. | |||
| ====Tax==== | |||
| In the 1997 election and subsequently, Brown pledged to not increase the basic or higher rates of ]. Over his Chancellorship, he reduced the basic rate from 23% to 20%. However, in all but his final budget, Brown increased the tax thresholds in line with inflation, rather than earnings, resulting in ]. ] fell under Brown, from a main rate of 33% to 28%, and from 24% to 19% for ]es.<ref name=AdamBrowne>Adam, S. and J. Browne: {{PDFlink||2.74 ]<!-- application/pdf, 2883126 bytes -->}} (), ], ] No. 9, March 2006</ref> | |||
| In 1999, Brown introduced a lower tax band of 10%. He abolished this in his last budget in 2007 to reduce the basic rate from 22% to 20%, increasing tax for 5 million people,<ref name="indy_10revolt">{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brown-faces-revolt-over-scrapping-10p-income-tax-band-804528.html?r=RSS |publisher=] |title=Brown faces revolt over scrapping 10p income tax band |first=Andrew |last=Grice |date=] ] |accessdate=2008-04-20 }}</ref> and, according to the ] leaving those earning between under £18,000 as the biggest losers.<ref name="times_10criticism">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3779976.ece |publisher=] |date=] ] |title=Gordon Brown cornered as rebellion over 10p tax reform grows |author=Isabel Oakeshott and David Leppard }}</ref> | |||
| === Analysis of policies as Chancellor === | |||
| * '''Growth''': Brown states that his Chancellorship had seen the longest period of sustained economic growth in the ].<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Ellson |title=Budgeting for stable economic growth |url=http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/about/CI/CP/Our_Society_Today/News_Articles_2005/economy.aspx |work=ESRC Society Today |publisher=] |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Glover |title=His record - 304 years and counting |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/mar/17/uk.budget2005 |work] |publisher=] |date=2005-03-17 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> The details in Brown's growth figures have been challenged.<ref>{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Thornton |title=Sleight of hand fails to hide gaping holes in public purse |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/money/tax/sleight-of-hand-fails-to-hide-gaping-holes-in-public-purse-528804.html |work=] |publisher=] |date=2005-03-17 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Election fact check: Economic growth |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/issues/4423887.stm |work=] |publisher=] |date=2005-04-08 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> | |||
| * '''Anti-poverty''': The ] found that the poorest fifth of households, which accounted for 6.8% of all taxes in 1996–7, accounted for 6.9% of all taxes paid in 2004-5. Meanwhile, their share of state benefit payouts dropped from 28.1% to 27.1% over the same period.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Smith |title=Poor lose out in Brown's tax reforms |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article626699.ece |work=] |publisher=] |date=2006-09-03 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> | |||
| * '''Tax''': According to the ] UK taxation has increased from a 39.3% share of ] in 1997 to 42.4% in 2006, going to a higher level than Germany.<ref>OECD: (] table)</ref> This increase has mainly been attributed to active government policy, and not simply to the growing economy. | |||
| * '''Pensions''': Conservatives have accused Brown of imposing "]es". A commonly reported example resulted in 1997 from a technical change in the way ] is collected, the indirect effect of which was for the ]s on ] investments held within ]s to be taxed, thus lowering pension returns and contributing to the demise of some pension funds.<ref>{{cite news |first=Liam |last=Halligan |authorlink=Liam Halligan |title=Brown's raid on pensions costs Britain £100 billion |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/15/nbrown15.xml |work=] |date=2006-10-16 |accessdate=2008-03-01 }}</ref> The Treasury contend that this tax change was crucial to long-term economic growth. | |||
| === Other policy stances as Chancellor === | |||
| * '''Higher education''': In 2000, Brown started a political row about ] (referred to as the ]) when he accused the ] of ] in its admissions procedures, describing its decision not to offer a place to ] pupil Laura Spence as "absolutely outrageous".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/764141.stm| title = Oxford 'reject' wins Harvard scholarship| accessdate = 2007-03-30| date = ]| work = BBC News| publisher = ]}}</ref> ], then Oxford ], said "nearly every fact he used was false."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/792021.stm| title = Peers condemn Oxford attack| accessdate = 2007-03-30| date = ]| work = BBC News| publisher = ]}}</ref> | |||
| * '''Anti-racism and popular culture''': During a diplomatic visit to ] in January 2007, Brown responded to questions concerning perceived ] and ] against ] actress ] on the British ] show ] saying, "There is a lot of support for Shilpa. It is pretty clear we are getting the message across. Britain is a nation of tolerance and fairness."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/19/AR2007011900301.html | title = Brown throws weight behind Indian star | date= January 19, 2007 | accessdate =2007-07-25}}</ref> He later said the debate showed Britain wanted to be "defined by being a tolerant, fair and decent country."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2022670,00.html| title = Full text of Gordon Brown's speech| accessdate = 2007-03-30| date = ]| work = Guardian Unlimited| publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited }}</ref> | |||
| == Run up to succeeding Blair == | |||
| :''Main articles ] and ] | |||
| In October 2004 ] announced he would not lead the party into a fourth ], but would serve a full third term.<ref>{{cite video | people = Marr, Andrew (interviewer) | year =2004 | title = BBC Interview | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/news_web/video/40131000/bb/40131028_bb_16x9.ram | medium = Television| location = London | publisher = BBC News}}</ref> Political controversy over the relationship between Brown and Blair continued up to and beyond the ], which Labour won with a reduced parliamentary majority and reduced vote share. The two campaigned together but the British media remained—and remains—full of reports on their mutual acrimony. | |||
| Blair, under pressure from within his own party, announced on ] ] that he would step down within a year.<ref>{{cite news | first = Alan | last = Cowell | authorlink = Alan Cowell | title = Blair to Give Up Post as Premier Within One Year | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/world/europe/08blair.html?ex=1315368000&en=5e7bcfe77c01e050&ei=5088 |date = ] | work = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2007-07-10 }}</ref> Brown was the clear favourite to succeed Blair for several years with experts and the bookmakers; he was the only ] spoken of seriously in Westminster. Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become ], in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and ]. | |||
| Brown is the first prime minister from a Scottish constituency since the ]/] ] in 1964. He is also one of only four prime ministers who attended a university other than ] or ], along with ] (]), ] (]) and ] (], later ]).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4197440 | title = Are you Statistically Prepared to Become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom? | accessdate=2007-03-30 | date = ] | work = BBC - h2g2 | publisher = ] }}</ref> | |||
| On ] ] ] said in an interview that the Chancellor had "psychological" issues he must confront and accused him of being a "]" and "totally uncollegiate". Brown was also "deluded", Clarke said, to think Blair can and should anoint him as his successor now.<ref>{{cite news | first = Rachel | last = Sylvester | coauthors = Alice Thomson and Toby Helm | title = Clarke attack on Brown 'the deluded control freak' | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/09/09/nclarke09.xml | work = ] | publisher = Telegraph Media Group Limited | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}</ref> Environment Secretary ] stressed his support for Brown.<ref> | |||
| {{cite news | first = Martin | last = Bright | title = It must be Gordon, Gordon, Gordon | url = http://www.newstatesman.com/200609110013 | work = ] | publisher = New Stickman | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}</ref> | |||
| From January 2007 the media reported Brown had now "dropped any pretence of not wanting, or expecting, to move into Number 10 in the next few months"—although he and his family will likely use the more spacious ].<ref>{{cite news | first = Ned | last = Temko | title = Brown invokes JFK as No 10 beckons | url = http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/0,,1990065,00.html | work = ] | publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited | page = | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}</ref> This enabled Brown to signal the most significant priorities for his agenda as Prime Minister; speaking at a ] conference on 'The Next Decade' in January 2007, he stressed education, international development, narrowing inequalities (to pursue 'equality of opportunity and fairness of outcome'), renewing Britishness, restoring trust in politics, and winning hearts and minds in the war on terror as key priorities.<ref>{{cite press release |title = Make education our national mission |publisher = ] | date = ] |url= http://fabians.org.uk/events/new-year-conference-07/brown-next-decade/speech |accessdate= 2007-07-10}}</ref> | |||
| In March 2007 Brown's character was attacked by ] who worked for Brown as ] at the Treasury from 1998 to 2002. Turnbull accused Brown of running the Treasury with "Stalinist ruthlessness" and treating Cabinet colleagues with "more or less complete contempt".<ref>{{cite news | first = Philippe | last = Naughton | title = Brown hit by 'Stalinist' attack on Budget eve | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1542111.ece | work = The Times | publisher = Times Newspapers Limited | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}</ref> This was especially picked-up on by the British media as the comments were made on the eve of Brown's budget report. | |||
| == Brown as Prime Minister == | |||
| :''See also ] | |||
| {{update}} | |||
| Brown ceased to be Chancellor and, upon the approval of Her Majesty ], became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on ] ].<ref name="npm"/> Like all modern Prime Ministers, Brown concurrently serves as the ] and the ], and is a member of the ] and, hence, also a ]. He is also ] and Member of Parliament for the constituency of ]. He is the sixth of the twelve post-war Prime Ministers to be appointed to the role without having won a general election.<ref>O'Connor, John Kennedy. "Brown's Ascendency" ABC Radio National Perspective. June 25, 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/perspective/stories/2007/1960948.htm</ref> Gordon Brown is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. | |||
| === Policies === | |||
| Brown has proposed moving some traditional prime ministerial powers conferred by ] to the realm of Parliament, such as the power to declare war and approve appointments to senior positions. Brown wants Parliament to gain the right to ratify treaties and have more oversight into the intelligence services. He has also proposed moving some powers from Parliament to citizens, including the right to form "citizens' juries", easily petition Parliament for new laws, and rally outside Westminster. He has asserted that the attorney general should not have the right to decide whether to prosecute in individual cases, such as in the ] scandal.<ref>{{cite news | title = The king is dead | url = http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441642 | work = ''The Economist'' | date = ] }}</ref> | |||
| During his Labour leadership campaign, Brown proposed some policy initiatives, suggesting that a Brown-led government would introduce the following:<ref>{{cite news | title = Gordon’s manifesto for change | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1782142.ece | work = ''The Times'' | date = ] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Poll surge as Brown unveils policy blitz | url = http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/0,,2078595,00.html | work = ''The Observer'' | date = ] }}</ref> | |||
| * '''End to corruption''': Following the ] scandal, Brown emphasised cracking down on corruption. This has led to a belief that Brown will introduce a new ministerial code which sets out clear standards of behaviour for ministers.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} | |||
| * '''Constitutional reform''': Brown has not stated whether he proposes a U.S.-style written ]—something the UK has never had—or a looser bill of rights. He said in a speech when announcing his bid that he wants a “better constitution” that is “clear about the rights and responsibilities of being a citizen in Britain today”. He plans to set up an all-party convention to look at new powers for Parliament. This convention may also look at rebalancing powers between ] and local government. Brown has said he will give Parliament the final say on whether British troops are sent into action in future. | |||
| * '''Housing''': House planning restrictions are likely to be relaxed. Brown said he wants to release more land and ease access to ownership with shared equity schemes. He backed a proposal to build new ], each housing between 10,000 and 20,000 homeowners—up to 100,000 new homes in total. | |||
| * '''Health''': Brown intends to have doctors' surgeries open at the weekends, and GPs on call in the evenings. Doctors were given the right of opting out of out-of-hours care two years ago, under a controversial pay deal, signed by then-Health Secretary ], which awarded them a 22% pay rise in 2006. Brown stated that the NHS was his "top priority", yet he had just cut the capital budget of the English NHS from £6.2bn to £4.2bn.<ref>{{cite news | title = Brown cut budget for English hospitals | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/f7a994d0-2677-11dc-8e18-000b5df10621.html| work = The Times | date = ] }}</ref> | |||
| === Foreign policy === | |||
| ], ] in 2005]] | |||
| Brown remains committed to the ], but said in a speech in June 2007 that he would "learn the lessons" from the mistakes made in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news | first=George | last=Jones | coauthors= | title=The subtle shift in British foreign policy | date=2007-06-12 | publisher= | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/11/wbrown111.xml | work =Telegraph.co.uk | pages = | accessdate = 2007-09-23 | language = }}</ref> | |||
| Brown made his first overseas trip as Prime Minister not to Washington, but to Berlin, and spoke to German Chancellor ]. | |||
| In a speech given to the ] in April 2007, Brown stated: | |||
| <blockquote>Many of you know my interest in ] and in the ]ish community has been long-standing…My father was the chairman of the ]'s Israel Committee. Not only as I've described to some of you before did he make visits on almost two occasions a year for 20 years to Israel—but because of that, although ], where I grew up, was a long way from Israel with no TV pictures to link us together—I had a very clear view from household slides and projectors about the history of Israel, about the trials and tribulations of the Jewish people, about the enormous suffering and loss during the ], as well as the extraordinary struggle that he described to me of people to create this magnificent homeland.<ref>Jonny Paul: , ], ], ]</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Brown said in a letter published ] ] that the ] will hold an inquiry into the ] -- but not soon.<ref>, ], ], ]</ref>British Prime Minister Gordon Brown will skip the opening ceremony of the ], on ] ] in ], it was reported on ] ]. But, he will not boycotting the Olympics and will attend the closing ceremony, on ] ]. Brown has been under intense pressure from human rights campaigners to send a message to ], concerning the ]. But his decision not to attend the opening ceremony is not an act of protest, the decision was made weeks ago and was not a stand on principle.<ref>, ], ], ]</ref> | |||
| ====Diplomatic relationship with the U.S.==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| There has been widespread speculation on the nature of the UK's relationship with the ] under Brown's government. A ] speech by Brown's close aide ] was widely reported as both a policy shift and a message to the U.S.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=The subtle shift in British foreign policy | date= | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6897313.stm | work =] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-14 | language = }}</ref>: "In the 21st century, strength should be measured on what we can build together…we need to demonstrate by our deeds, words and our actions that we are ], not ], ], not ], active and not passive, and driven by core values, consistently applied, not special interests." | |||
| However Downing Street's spokesman strongly denied the suggestion that Alexander was trying to distance Britain from ] and show that Britain would not necessarily, in ]'s words, stand "shoulder to shoulder" with ] over future ]s<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Brown flies out to meet Merkel and will see Bush later | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,2126133,00.html | work =] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-14 | language = }}</ref>: "I thought the interpretation that was put on Douglas Alexander's words was quite extraordinary. To interpret this as saying anything at all about our relationship with the U.S. is nonsense." | |||
| Brown personally clarified his position;<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Speech not critical of US - Brown | date= | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6896797.stm | work =] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-14 | language = }}</ref> "We will not allow people to separate us from the United States of America in dealing with the common challenges that we face around the world. I think people have got to remember that the ] and between a ] and an ] is built on the things that we share, the same enduring values about the importance of ], opportunity, the dignity of the individual. I will continue to work, as Tony Blair did, very closely with the ]." | |||
| == Married life and family == | |||
| Brown's early girlfriends included the journalist ], Marion Calder<ref name="ccc"> '''BBC News'''</ref> and ], the eldest daughter of exiled ]. She has said about their relationship: "It was a very solid and romantic story. I never stopped loving him but one day it didn't seem right any more, it was politics, politics, politics, and I needed nurturing."<ref> , ], March 6, 2001</ref> | |||
| Brown married ] in a private ceremony at his home in ], Fife, on ] ].<ref>{{cite web | title=BBC News | UK | Gordon and Sarah wed at home: | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/864413.stm | accessdate= September 23 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> On ] ], a daughter, Jennifer Jane, was born prematurely and died on ] ]. Gordon Brown commented at the time that their recent experiences had changed him and his wife: | |||
| <blockquote>I don't think we'll be the same again, but it has made us think of what's important. It has made us think that you've got to use your time properly. It's made us more determined. Things that we feel are right we have got to achieve, we have got to do that. Jennifer is an inspiration to us.<ref> , The Telegraph ] ] Accessed ] ]</ref></blockquote> | |||
| They have two children, John and James Fraser. In November 2006, James Fraser was diagnosed with ].<ref>{{cite web | title="BBC News | Scotland | Edinburgh and East | Browns' new baby James in debut" | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/5202830.stm | accessdate= September 23 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> | |||
| Sarah Brown, unlike ], rarely appears at public events with her husband and until recently even missed his Budget speeches. She intends to remain out of the limelight as much as possible but accepts that her life will change as she moves into 10 Downing Street. She has never given a magazine or television interview and even inundated with requests now, she is unlikely to do so.<ref> , The Telegraph, ] ] Accessed ] ]</ref> | |||
| Of his two brothers, John Brown is Head of Public Relations in the ] City Council.<ref>{{cite news|first=Neil|last=Mackay|title=this woman could save you #40m|publisher=''The Sunday Herald''|date=February 20, 2000|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20000220/ai_n13946519}}</ref> His brother Andrew Brown has been Head of Media Relations in the UK for the French-owned utility company ] since 2004. He was previously director of media strategy at the world's largest ] firm ] from June 2003 to 2004. Previously he was editor of the ] political programme ''Powerhouse'' from 1996 to 2003, and worked at the ] from the late 1970s to early 1980s.<ref> , ], ], ]</ref> | |||
| == Controversies == | |||
| {{criticism-section}} | |||
| === Polluting car === | |||
| Gordon Brown was criticised after the ] admitted he had not kept his promise to switch to a more ] ministerial car. Brown's aides briefed the media that he was preparing to exchange his existing car for a Japanese made ], a ] with relatively high ], however he continued using a bullet-proof ].<ref name=telegraph-20061208>{{cite news | author=Graeme Wilson | title=Brown accused of going back on green pledge | date=8 December 2006 | publisher= | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/08/ubrowncar108.xml | work=] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-18 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article581773.ece | title=The gym, James! Cherie gets chauffeured armoured car | author=Jon Ungoed-Thomas | date=October 23, 2005 | work=] | accessdate = 2008-03-23}}</ref> On becoming Prime Minister the security services insisted that he use a special armour-plated 4.2 litre ].<ref name=telegraph-20061208 /> | |||
| === Links with nuclear power industry === | |||
| Another controversial issue was the link between Brown's brother Andrew and one of the main nuclear lobbyists, ],<ref> , Terry Macalister | |||
| ], ], '']''</ref> given the finding that the government did not carry a proper public consultation on the use of ] in its 2006 Energy Review.<ref>, ], ],]</ref> Attention has also been drawn to the fact<ref>, Analysis, Brian Wheeler, ], ], ]</ref> that the ] of Brown's closest adviser ], Tony Cooper (father of the Labour minister ]) has close links with the nuclear industry. Cooper was described as an "''articulate, persuasive and well-informed advocate of nuclear power over the last ten years''" by the Nuclear Industry Association on his appointment as Chairman of the British Nuclear Industry Forum in June 2002. He is also a member of the ] and was appointed to the Energy Advisory Panel by the previous Conservative administration.<ref> , ] ], Nuclear Industry Association</ref> | |||
| === Inviting Margaret Thatcher to Downing Street === | |||
| There was mild controversy in September of 2007 over invitations by Brown to former Prime Minister ]; however, a spokesman dismissed accusations that this was an attempt to curry favour with "]" saying that it is customary for Prime Ministers to invite their predecessors to Number 10.<ref>{{cite web | title=BBC News - PM denies 'exploiting' Thatcher:" | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6994778.stm | accessdate= September 23 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> | |||
| === The "non-election" === | |||
| Gordon Brown caused controversy during September and early October 2007 by letting speculation continue on whether he would call a ]. Following David Cameron's 'off the cuff' speech and an opinion poll showing Labour 6% behind the Conservative Party in key marginal seats, he finally announced that there would be no ] in the near future and seemed to rule out an election in ].<ref>{{cite web | title=BBC News - Brown rules out autumn election" | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7031749.stm | accessdate= October 06 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> This has been taken by some in the media and opposition as a sign of weakness. | |||
| ===Military covenant=== | |||
| November 2007 has seen Gordon Brown face intense criticism of not adhering to the ']', a convention within British politics stating that in exchange for them putting their lives at risk for the sake of national security, the armed forces should in turn be suitably looked after by the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Jobs ''Core Values and the Military Covenant''|url=http://www.armyjobs.mod.uk/How+do+I+Join/Roles+and+Ranks/Core+Values.htm}}</ref> Criticism has come from several former Chiefs of Defence, including ] ], ] ], ] ], ] ] and ] ].<ref>{{cite web | title="AOL Video - Gordon Brown criticised by senior military figures" | url= | |||
| http://video.aol.com/video-detail/gordon-brown-criticised-by-senior-military-figures/3323099991 | accessdate= November 11 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title="The Independent - Renew the Military Covenant" | url=http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading_articles/article3149962.ece | accessdate= November 11 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> Poor housing, lack of equipment and adequate healthcare provisions are some of the major issues Brown has been accused of neglecting. | |||
| === "Stealing" opposition policies === | |||
| The Labour Government was alleged to have copied three opposition tax policies which had proven popular in the country. These included raising the ] threshold, taxing non-domicile's and taxing airlines for their pollution. This led to accusations of stealing policies and making up budgets as they went along, with no overall vision.<ref>{{cite web | title=BBC News - Cameron says Brown 'looks phoney'" | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7037045.stm | accessdate= October 10 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> | |||
| === Europe === | |||
| Brown has continued to be dogged by controversy about not holding a referendum on the EU ], despite a Labour manifesto pledge to give the British public a referendum on the original ]. Brown has argued that the Treaty significantly differs from the Constitution, and as such does not require a referendum. This approach has seen Brown come under heavy fire from opponents on both sides of the House and in the press.<ref>{{cite web | title="The Times - Gordon Brown attacked on all sides for ‘running away’ from referendum" | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article2718086.ece | accessdate= October 23 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> Brown has responded with plans for a lengthy debate on the topic, stating that he believes the issue to be too complex for the British people to decide.<ref>{{cite web | title="The Times - Battle of the EU treaty to last for months" | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2687253.ece | accessdate= October 19 | accessyear= 2007 }}</ref> This has led to him being labelled patronising and out of touch with popular opinion. Brown's stubbornness on the issue may largely be due to the fact that he thinks he would lose a referendum on account of widespread ]. | |||
| == Depictions of Brown in popular culture == | |||
| Brown's reputed dourness while holding a high public office comes across in the way he is portrayed on both the screen—where he was played by ] in the ] directed ] '']'' and by ] in the TV movie '']''—and stage: he features as a character in the 2007 Musical '']'', written by ] and Ian McCluskey. During its run in ], he was played by Bush, and then by Michael Slater at the 2007 ] and subsequently at the Pleasance Theatre in ], ]. Also drawing on this perception, radio presenter ] plays a sound effect of ] because of the way Gordon Brown's jaw appears to detach as he breathes in. | |||
| In keeping with its tradition of having a comic strip for every Prime Minister, '']'' features a comic strip, ''The Broonites'' (itself a parody of '']''), parodying Brown's government. The ''Eye'' has also started a column titled "Prime Ministerial Decree", a parody of statements that would be issued by ] governments in the former ]. This is in reference to a criticism of Brown having "] tendencies". | |||
| The Blair-Brown rivalry has also been the subject of substantial cultural attention, and indeed the television and stage productions mentioned above touch on it. Furthermore, the ] song "You're the Reason I'm Leaving" (from '']'') is believed to be at least partially about the end of the Blair-Brown rivalry, as told from Blair's perspective. The song contains the lyric: ''I'd no idea that in four years I'd be hanging from a beam behind the door of ], singing "fare thee well, I am leaving, yes I leave it all to you."'' | |||
| In the movie '']'', when ] (played by ]) is talking with ] (played by Mark Bazeley) about the result of the meeting of ]'s funeral and the press' response to Tony Blair's speech about Diana's death, there is a call from someone named Gordon, and Tony Blair told his secretary to put him on hold.<ref name="Thequeenmovie">''The Queen'' DVD, Miramax, at 00:34:00</ref> This is a reference to Gordon Brown. | |||
| Gordon Brown was depicted in Season 12 of '']'' sitting at a table of world leaders opposite ] in the episode "]". However, he was incorrectly portrayed speaking in an English accent. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| '''Labour politics:''' | |||
| * ] | |||
| '''Electoral history:''' | |||
| * UK general elections: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| '''Current administration:''' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| '''Brown as Chancellor''' | |||
| *] | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| === Works === | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= ] |year= 2007 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-1-8459-6307-1 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= ] |year= 2007 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-7475-6532-1 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= Wilf Stevenson |title= Speeches 1997-2006 |year= 2006 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-7475-8837-5 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon (ed.) |authorlink= |coauthors= Wright, Tony (ed.) |title= Values, Visions and Voices: An Anthology of Socialism |year= 1995 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-1-85158-731-5 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Where There's Greed: Margaret Thatcher and the Betrayal of Britain's Future |year= 1989 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-1-85158-228-0 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon (ed.) |authorlink= |coauthors= ] (ed.) |title= Scotland: The Real Divide|year= 1987 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-906391-18-1 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Brown |first= Gordon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Maxton: A Biography |year= 1986 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-1-85158-042-2 }} | |||
| === Biographies === | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Bower |first= Tom |authorlink= Tom Bower |coauthors= |title= Gordon Brown |year= 2003 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-00-717540-6 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Jefferys |first= Kevin |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Labour forces from Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown |year= 2002 |publisher= IB Taurus Publishing |location= |isbn= 978-1-4175-1633-9 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Keegan |first= William |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= The Prudence of Mr. Gordon Brown |year= 2003 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-470-84697-1 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Rosen |first= Greg (ed.) |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Dictionary of Labour Biography |year= 2002 |publisher= Methuen |location= |isbn= 978-1-902301-18-1 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Naughtie |first= James |authorlink= James Naughtie |coauthors= |title= The Rivals: The Intimate Story of a Political Marriage |year= 2001 |publisher= Fourth Estate |location= |isbn= 978-1-84115-473-2 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Peston |first= Robert |authorlink= Robert Peston |coauthors= |title= Brown's Britain: How Gordon Runs the Show |year= 2005 |publisher= Short Books |location= |isbn= 978-1-904095-67-5 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Routledge |first= Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Gordon Brown: The Biography |year= 1998 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-684-81954-9 }} | |||
| === Others === | |||
| * {{cite book |last= ] |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= Kochan, Nick |title= Gordon Brown the First Year in Power |year= 1998 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-7475-3701-4 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Rawnsley |first= Andrew |authorlink= Andrew Rawnsley |coauthors= |title= Servants of the people:The inside story of New Labour |year= 2001 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 978-0-14-027850-7 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Rosen |first= Greg |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Old Labour to New:The Dreams that Inspired, the Battles that Divided |year= 2005 |publisher= Politicos Publishing |location= |isbn= 978-1-84275-045-2 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last= Routledge |first= Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Bumper Book of British Lefties |year= 2003 |publisher= Politicos Publishing |location= |isbn= 978-1-84275-064-3 }} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{wikisource author}} | |||
| {{Wikiquote}} | |||
| {{Commons}} | |||
| * | |||
| * 24 June 2007 | |||
| * in ] | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * January 2005 trip about his 'Marshall plan for Africa' | |||
| * {{dmoz |Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/History/Parliament/Prime_Ministers/Brown,_Gordon}} | |||
| * | |||
| * Triple A accessible version | |||
| * ]: , '']'' — gives a left wing perspective on Gordon Brown's political evolution | |||
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