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'''Harry Dexter White''' (] ]&ndash;], ]) was an ] economist, one of the founding fathers of the ] and the ], and according to released US Justice Department records, a Soviet spy. It has been argued that he was the most important Soviet agent to ever operate in the United States. '''Harry Dexter White''' (] ]&ndash;], ]) was an ] economist. He was one of the founding fathers of the ] and the ].

==Background==


The son of Lithuanian immigrants, White was born in Boston, Massachusetts. As a young man, he served in the U.S. Army, fighting in France during ]. After leaving the military, he began his education at ], then transferred to ] where he earned a degree in economics. He received a doctorate degree in economics from ] at age 30. The son of Lithuanian immigrants, White was born in Boston, Massachusetts. As a young man, he served in the U.S. Army, fighting in France during ]. After leaving the military, he began his education at ], then transferred to ] where he earned a degree in economics. He received a doctorate degree in economics from ] at age 30.


White took up a teaching post at ] in ]. In 1934, ], a professor at the ] working at the ], wrote to White offering him a job there. White accepted, and in the latter half of the thirties met with ] and other leading economists. When the United States entered ], White was put in charge of international matters for the Treasury during which time he was operating as an agent for the ]. He had extensive dealings with America's allies, including negotiating over financial matters with the ]. White took up a teaching post at ] in ]. In 1934, ], a professor at the ] working at the ], wrote to White offering him a job there. White accepted, and in the latter half of the thirties met with ] and other leading economists. When the United States entered ], White was put in charge of international matters for the Treasury. He had extensive dealings with America's allies, including the ].

===Early Career===


Philosophically, White said he was a Keynesian ]er. As a professed ] internationalist his energies appeared directed at continuing the Grand Alliance and maintaining peace through a liberal trade regime. He appeared to believe that powerful multilateral institutions could avoid the mistakes of Versailles and prevent another worldwide depression. These idealistic beliefs appear now to be a mask for an agent of the ]. Philosophically, White was a Keynesian ]er. As a dedicated ] internationalist his energies were directed at continuing the Grand Alliance and maintaining peace through a liberal trade regime. He believed that powerful multilateral institutions could avoid the mistakes of Versailles and prevent another worldwide depression.


In December 1941, after the ], White was appointed assistant to ], the Treasury secretary, to act as liaison between the Treasury and the ] on all matters having a bearing on foreign relations and "responsibility for the management and operation of the ] without a change in its procedures." In December 1941, after the ], White was appointed assistant to ], the Treasury secretary, to act as liaison between the Treasury and the ] on all matters having a bearing on foreign relations and "responsibility for the management and operation of the ] without a change in its procedures."
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After the war, White was closely involved with setting up what were called the ] institutions - the ] and the ]. These institutions were intended to prevent some of the economic problems that occurred after the ], and help ensure that ] became the dominant post-war economic system. After the war, White was closely involved with setting up what were called the ] institutions - the ] and the ]. These institutions were intended to prevent some of the economic problems that occurred after the ], and help ensure that ] became the dominant post-war economic system.


⚫ ] told the FBI that White had been involved in espionage activities on behalf of the ] during ].<sup id="fn_1_back">]</sup> ] later testified of his association with White in the ] underground secret apparatus up to 1938.<sup id="fn_2_back">]</sup> Bentley said White's colleagues passed information to her from him. Chambers claimed he received documents from White. Though recovering from a series of heart attacks, White stoutly proclaimed his lifelong commitment to the principles of democracy and the ideals of Roosevelt's New Deal. He died of a heart attack three days later and HUAC dropped the case.
==Espionage Activities==

===Most Notable Espionage Achievements===

As the second highest ranking official in the Department of Treasury, White was well placed to not only to provide intelligence but also to influence and determine US policy in the interests of the Soviet Union. He is considered to have brilliantly effective in doing so, with some arguing that "his career is a study in treason on an immense scale."

White while Assistant Secretary to the Treasury ensured that the Soviet Union were provided with plates, paper and ink for the printing of ] for Germany. A US Senate committee found that White had conspired with other Soviet agents in the Treasury department to execute this plan. The Soviet used the currency they printed - which the US was obliged to redeem - to fund its operations throughout Eastern Europe and Germany, just as it was seeking to expand its influence. White facilitated one of the largest acts of theft from the US Treasury, if not the largest.

Another Senator, Charles E. Potter said that there was "highly convincing" evidence that White and his colleagues bore "a major share of the responsibility for the destruction of the Nationalist Government of China" and the resulting elevation of Mao Zedong. By delaying for years a Congressional and Government approved $500 million loan to the government, done without informing the Treasury Secretary, White caused irreparable damage to the Chinese economy, setting the scene for a Communist takeover of China in 1949.

He also wrote a proposal that Germany be stripped of all industry and be forced to become a "primarily agricultural" nation. This policy was not adopted but basically represented what Stalin wanted. This "Morgenthau Plan"

===Exposed as Soviet Spy===

⚫ ] told the FBI that White had been involved in espionage activities on behalf of the ] during ].<sup id="fn_1_back">]</sup> ] later testified of his association with White in the ] underground secret apparatus up to 1938.<sup id="fn_2_back">]</sup> Bentley said White's colleagues passed information to her from him. Chambers claimed he received documents from White. Though recovering from a series of heart attacks, White proclaimed his lifelong commitment to the principles of democracy and the ideals of Roosevelt's New Deal despite being a paid agent of Stalin for decades. He died of a heart attack three days later and HUAC dropped the case.


Two years after his death in a memorandum dated 15 October 1950, White was positively identified by the ] through evidence gathered by the ] as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist".<sup id="fn_3_back">]</sup> Two years after his death in a memorandum dated 15 October 1950, White was positively identified by the ] through evidence gathered by the ] as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist".<sup id="fn_3_back">]</sup>


In 1953, Senator ] and Attorney General ] alleged that Truman had known White was a Soviet spy when he appointed him to the IMF.<sup id="fn_4_back">]</sup>However, this has now been refuted by declassified documents through the ] which attest President Truman and the White House had not known of the existence of the Venona project.<sup id="fn_5_back">]</sup> Long after his death, the Justice Department publicly disclosed the existence of conclusive evidence confirming White had indeed been involved in espionage activities. White's family however, still protests his innocence despite liberal and conservative commentators and Government bodies agreeing that White was a spy. In 1953, Senator ] and Attorney General ] alleged that Truman had known White was a Soviet spy when he appointed him to the IMF.<sup id="fn_4_back">]</sup>However, this has now been refuted by declassified documents through the ] which attest President Truman and the White House had not known of the existence of the Venona project.<sup id="fn_5_back">]</sup> Long after his death, the Justice Department publicly disclosed the existence of conclusive evidence confirming White had indeed been involved in espionage activities. White's family however, still protests his innocence.


The 1997 ] ], chaired by Senator ], states in its findings, The 1997 ] ], chaired by Senator ], states in its findings,
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* ] * ]
* Appendix A, 7. The Cold War * Appendix A, 7. The Cold War
*
*




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] ]
] ]
]

] ]

Revision as of 23:04, 11 August 2005

Harry Dexter White (left)
and John Maynard Keynes (right) at
the Bretton Woods Conference

Harry Dexter White (October 1892–August 16, 1948) was an American economist. He was one of the founding fathers of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

The son of Lithuanian immigrants, White was born in Boston, Massachusetts. As a young man, he served in the U.S. Army, fighting in France during World War I. After leaving the military, he began his education at Columbia University, then transferred to Stanford where he earned a degree in economics. He received a doctorate degree in economics from Harvard University at age 30.

White took up a teaching post at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. In 1934, Jacob Viner, a professor at the University of Chicago working at the Treasury Department, wrote to White offering him a job there. White accepted, and in the latter half of the thirties met with John Maynard Keynes and other leading economists. When the United States entered World War II, White was put in charge of international matters for the Treasury. He had extensive dealings with America's allies, including the Soviet Union.

Philosophically, White was a Keynesian New Dealer. As a dedicated Rooseveltian internationalist his energies were directed at continuing the Grand Alliance and maintaining peace through a liberal trade regime. He believed that powerful multilateral institutions could avoid the mistakes of Versailles and prevent another worldwide depression.

In December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, White was appointed assistant to Henry Morgenthau, the Treasury secretary, to act as liaison between the Treasury and the State Department on all matters having a bearing on foreign relations and "responsibility for the management and operation of the Exchange Stabilization Fund without a change in its procedures."

After the war, White was closely involved with setting up what were called the Bretton Woods institutions - the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These institutions were intended to prevent some of the economic problems that occurred after the First World War, and help ensure that capitalism became the dominant post-war economic system.

Elizabeth Bentley told the FBI that White had been involved in espionage activities on behalf of the Russia during World War II. Whittaker Chambers later testified of his association with White in the Communist underground secret apparatus up to 1938. Bentley said White's colleagues passed information to her from him. Chambers claimed he received documents from White. Though recovering from a series of heart attacks, White stoutly proclaimed his lifelong commitment to the principles of democracy and the ideals of Roosevelt's New Deal. He died of a heart attack three days later and HUAC dropped the case.

Two years after his death in a memorandum dated 15 October 1950, White was positively identified by the FBI through evidence gathered by the Venona project as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist".

In 1953, Senator Joseph McCarthy and Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr. alleged that Truman had known White was a Soviet spy when he appointed him to the IMF.However, this has now been refuted by declassified documents through the Freedom of Information Act which attest President Truman and the White House had not known of the existence of the Venona project. Long after his death, the Justice Department publicly disclosed the existence of conclusive evidence confirming White had indeed been involved in espionage activities. White's family however, still protests his innocence.

The 1997 bipartisan Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, chaired by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, states in its findings,

The complicity of Alger Hiss of the State Department seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department.

Further reading

  • United States Government Printing Office, Morgenthau Diary, Introduction, by Dr. Anthony Kubek, Professor of History at Dallas University, November 1967, two volumes.

Notes

External links

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