| Revision as of 02:53, 14 May 2008 view source99.240.124.73 (talk) sr:Ерзурум← Previous edit |
Revision as of 12:08, 14 May 2008 view source 212.57.29.122 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → |
| Line 49: |
Line 49: |
|
|
|
|
|
'''Erzurum''' ({{lang-hy| Կարին}} (''Karin''), see also its ]) is a ] in ], ]. The name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rum" (literally ''The border of the ]'' {{Verify source|date=October 2007}} in ]). |
|
'''Erzurum''' ({{lang-hy| Կարին}} (''Karin''), see also its ]) is a ] in ], ]. The name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rum" (literally ''The border of the ]'' {{Verify source|date=October 2007}} in ]). |
|
|
|
|
Erzurum has a population of 361,235 (] census). It is the capital of ], the largest province in Turkey's ]. The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level and has an extreme ] with an average January temperature of {{convert|-11|°C|°F|lk=on|abbr=on}}. Temperatures often drop below {{convert|-30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in the winter, with heavy snowfall. |
|
|
|
|
|
Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in ] code, has served as NATO's southeasternmost air force post during the ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
The city uses the double-headed ] as its coat-of-arms, a motif based on the double-headed ] that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period. |
|
|
|
|
|
== History == |
|
|
{{See|Erzurum Province#History}} |
|
|
Erzurum existed since the ancient times as ''Karin'' and belonged to ]<ref></ref>. |
|
|
|
|
|
The town was known in Byzantine times as ''Theodosiopolis'', acquiring its present name only after its final Muslim conquest following the ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
]s were an ] centered in Erzurum, who ruled between ] to ]. ], sister of ], was the ruler between ] and ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
The city was captured by ] in 1829, but given back to the Ottoman Empire under the ] (Edirne). During the ] Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of ]. The city was attacked and, after overcoming strong resistance, captured by a Russian army in the ] of 1877-78, but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the ] (1894-1896).<ref>Warrant for Genocide (Ppr): Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict - Page 141 by ]</ref><ref name="the graphic">"The Graphic", 07.12.1895, Massacres of Erzeroum of October 30, 1895</ref> |
|
|
<ref>Los Angeles Times Jul 26, 1890 TURKISH ATROCITIES. - DETAILS OF THE MASSACRE AT ERZEROUM</ref> It was also a major extermination and deportation center during the ] of 1915.<ref>The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response - Page 176 by Peter Balakian</ref> The deportation route for the ] of Erzurum and neighbouring areas in eastern ] went through the city of Harput.<ref>The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide - Page 165 by Lewy, Guenter</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
The city was the location of ] in the ] of ] between the armies of the ] and ] Empires which resulted in capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under command of ] and ] on ], ]. It was returned to the Ottomans with the ] in 1918. |
|
|
|
|
|
], one of the founders of the modern ], resigned from the Ottoman Army in Erzurum, and was declared the "Honorary Native" and the freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The ] of 1919 was one of the starting points of the ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
== Economy == |
|
|
{{see|Erzurum Province#Economy}} |
|
|
The largest economy, in recent years, has been the university. ] is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism, also, provides a large proportion of the province's income. |
|
|
|
|
|
Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips. |
|
|
<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] --> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Tourism == |
|
|
Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
Six kilometres to the south of the center of Erzurum is an important ] center on the ] range. There are several ski runs; the south ski run is 8 km long, the north ski run is intended for advanced skiers. The highest point of Mt. Palandöken, great Ejder at 3188m, can be reached to an altitude of 3100 metres by a chair lift. The International University Sports Federation (FISU) World Winter Games, ], will be held in Erzurum. |
|
|
|
|
|
== Cuisine == |
|
|
One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is ]. Although this ] variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining wide-spread popularity around Turkey. |
|
|
|
|
|
Besides, ] is an exquisite sugary. There is walnut in ]. |
|
|
<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] --><!-- Unsourced image removed: ] --> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Transportation == |
|
|
The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Erzurum is also the main railroad endpoint for the Eastern Anatolia region. Erzurum airport, also used by the Turkish Air Force, has runways that are the second longest in Turkey. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Notable natives== |
|
|
* ], female defender of Erzurum during the ] of 1877-78 |
|
|
* ], a descendent of ] |
|
|
* ], a leader of the ] and an ambassador of ] |
|
|
* ], Turkish Basketball player |
|
|
* ], the fourth ] |
|
|
* ], leading cadre of the ] (KKE), Prime Minister of Greece |
|
|
* ], Turkish singer, bağlama virtuoso |
|
|
* ], Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist |
|
|
|
|
|
==External links== |
|
|
* |
|
|
* Erzurum |
|
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
== References == |
|
|
{{Reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Erzurum}} |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
{{EAnatolia-geo-stub}} |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
Turkey