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| '''Kashmir and Jammu''' was an autonomous ] adjacent to the territories of ] ruled by a ]. The state was created in 1846 under the auspices of the British |
'''Kashmir and Jammu''' was an autonomous ] adjacent to the territories of ] ruled by a ]. The state was created in 1846 under the auspices of the ]n colonial power and dissoluted in the aftermath of decolonization in 1947.<ref name="rai">Rai, Mridu (2000). . Ph.D. Thesis, ].</ref> The boundaries of the state were set by the ] of 1846 "situated to the eastward of the ] and westward of the ]", and covered an area of 80,900 square miles.<ref name="IGI72"></ref> After the departure of the British in 1947 the state was ] between ] and ] as ] erupted between the neighbours. | ||
| == Geography == | == Geography == | ||
| ] was the southern most part of the state and was adjacent to the ] districts of ], ], ], and ]. There is just a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the ]s and the ]s. To travel north a range of mountains, 8,000 feet high, must be climbed. This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, and chestnut, and higher up of deodar and pine, a country of beautiful uplands, such as Bbadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range known as the ] lead to the second storey; on which rests the exquisite valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.<ref name="IGI72"/> | The area of the state extended from 32° 17′ to 36° 58′ N. and from 73° 26′ to 80° 30′ E.<ref name="IGI72"/>. ] was the southern most part of the state and was adjacent to the ] districts of ], ], ], and ]. There is just a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the ]s and the ]s. To travel north a range of mountains, 8,000 feet high, must be climbed. This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, and chestnut, and higher up of deodar and pine, a country of beautiful uplands, such as Bbadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range known as the ] lead to the second storey; on which rests the exquisite valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.<ref name="IGI72"/> | ||
| Up steeper flights of the Himalayas led to ] and ] on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. In the back premises, faraway to the north-west, lies ], west and north of the Indus, the whole area shadowed by a wall of giant mountains which run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the ], leading to the ] and the ] past ] (25,561 feet), along the ] range past ] (Godwin Austen, 28,265 feet), ] and ] (28,100 and 28,561 feet respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the ]. Westward of the northern angle above ]-] the mighty maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral, and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.<ref name="IGI72"/> | Up steeper flights of the Himalayas led to ] and ] on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. In the back premises, faraway to the north-west, lies ], west and north of the Indus, the whole area shadowed by a wall of giant mountains which run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the ], leading to the ] and the ] past ] (25,561 feet), along the ] range past ] (Godwin Austen, 28,265 feet), ] and ] (28,100 and 28,561 feet respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the ]. Westward of the northern angle above ]-] the mighty maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral, and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.<ref name="IGI72"/> | ||
Revision as of 09:18, 2 July 2008
| Kashmir and Jammu | |||||||||
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| Princely State | |||||||||
| 1947 | |||||||||
 Map of Kashmir | |||||||||
| Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||||
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Kashmir and Jammu was an autonomous princely state adjacent to the territories of British India ruled by a Maharaja. The state was created in 1846 under the auspices of the British Indian colonial power and dissoluted in the aftermath of decolonization in 1947. The boundaries of the state were set by the Treaty of Amritsar of 1846 "situated to the eastward of the river Indus and westward of the river Ravi", and covered an area of 80,900 square miles. After the departure of the British in 1947 the state was split between Pakistan and India as war erupted between the neighbours.
Geography
The area of the state extended from 32° 17′ to 36° 58′ N. and from 73° 26′ to 80° 30′ E.. Jammu was the southern most part of the state and was adjacent to the Punjab districts of Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Gurdaspur. There is just a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the Chibs and the Dogras. To travel north a range of mountains, 8,000 feet high, must be climbed. This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, and chestnut, and higher up of deodar and pine, a country of beautiful uplands, such as Bbadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range known as the Pir Panjal lead to the second storey; on which rests the exquisite valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.
Up steeper flights of the Himalayas led to Astore and Baltistan on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. In the back premises, faraway to the north-west, lies Gilgit, west and north of the Indus, the whole area shadowed by a wall of giant mountains which run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the Hindu Kush, leading to the Pamirs and the Chinese dominions past Rakaposhi (25,561 feet), along the Muztagh range past K2 (Godwin Austen, 28,265 feet), Gasherbrum and Masherbrum (28,100 and 28,561 feet respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the Kunlun Mountains. Westward of the northern angle above Hunza-Nagar the mighty maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral, and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.
Transport
There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh, it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir. There was also a cart-road from Kohala to Srinagar - a distance of 132 miles.
See also
References
- Rai, Mridu (2000). The question of religion in Kashmir: Sovereignty, Legitimacy and Rights, c. 1846-1947. Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University.
- ^ Kashmīr and Jammu - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 72.
- Kashmīr and Jammu - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 79.
