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| Based, especially on reports of Philip Pan of Washington Post who had located the home of the two purported self-immolators, Liu Siying and Liu Chunling, who state media had claimed were daughter and mother, in Kaifeng, a town in a region that drew negative publicity after a recent fire in a disco killed hundered and scarred many others, Schechter notes that it is doubtful if the immolator could have been a practitioner. Pan discovered that the young girl's mother, Liu Chunling, was not locally known as a practitioner but was depressed, mentally unstable and was accused of beating her daughter and mother.<ref name=schechter1/> | Based, especially on reports of Philip Pan of Washington Post who had located the home of the two purported self-immolators, Liu Siying and Liu Chunling, who state media had claimed were daughter and mother, in Kaifeng, a town in a region that drew negative publicity after a recent fire in a disco killed hundered and scarred many others, Schechter notes that it is doubtful if the immolator could have been a practitioner. Pan discovered that the young girl's mother, Liu Chunling, was not locally known as a practitioner but was depressed, mentally unstable and was accused of beating her daughter and mother.<ref name=schechter1/> | ||
| One of the main discrepancies pointed out by practitioners is that the people shown on the footage are not performing the exercises correctly.<ref name=schechter1/> The video false-fire draws particular attention to Wang Jindong, pointing out that neither his sitting position nor hand position reflect the positions required in the exercises of Falun Gong.<ref name=FalseFire/> WOIPFG states that the analysis by of the broadcasts by Speech Processing Laboratory at ] , concludes that the first person named as Wang Jindong who appeared on CCTV was not the same person who appeared the second and third times.<ref name=woipfghighlights/> Falun Gong related sources also assert that images of Wang Jindong that appeared in different state controlled media reports seem to be of different people .<ref name="FalseFire"/><ref> Clearwisdom.net, '''', accessed October 4, 2007</ref> | |||
| ===''The article 'Beyond the Limits of Forbearance'''=== | ===''The article 'Beyond the Limits of Forbearance'''=== | ||
Revision as of 19:14, 9 August 2008
Template:ChineseText The Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident was an event which took place in Tiananmen Square on the eve of Chinese new year, 23 January 2001 when seven people attempted to set themselves on fire. Footage was broadcast nationally in the People's Republic of China by China Central Television (CCTV).
The broadcaster claimed the self-immolators as Falun Gong practitioners. Time said that it was possible misguided practitioners took it upon themselves to demonstrate in this manner, sparking a "propaganda bonanza" for the Chinese authorities. Falun Gong in New York emphatically denies that the people could have been practitioners because the teachings forbid suicide and killing. Falun Gong and some third-party commentators point to apparent inconsistencies in the government's version of events and assert that the incident was staged in order to turn public opinion against the practice and build support for the crackdown of the group.
According to Time magazine, the government's media war against Falun Gong gained significant traction following the act; the six-month campaign successfully portrayed Falun Gong as an "evil cult" which could unhinge its followers. Repeated broadcasts of images of a girl’s burning body, and alleged practitioners declaring self-immolation would "lead them to paradise" convinced many Chinese that Falun Gong was an "evil cult". CNN commented that the campaign is probably the government's first effort to gain public support for the crackdown of Falun Gong, and is reminiscent of its past political movements such as the Korean War and the Cultural Revolution.
Background
Main article: Persecution of Falun GongSince 1999, the Chinese government has conducted a widespread persecution of Falun Gong. Human Rights organizations including The Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have raised acute concerns over reports of torture and ill-treatment of practitioners in China and have also urged the UN and international governments to intervene to bring an end to the persecution David Ownby notes that human rights organizations "have unanimously condemned China's brutal campaign against the Falungong, and many governments around the world, including Canada's, have expressed their concern."
Amnesty International states that despite the persecution, many Falun Gong practitioners continued to hold exercise sessions in public, usually as a form of silent protest against the persecution and imprisonment of practitioners. Some of these silent protests were held outside important seats of government or in places with political significance such as Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Amnesty points out that these were attended by large numbers of people, including significant numbers of elderly people and women, and that they have been entirely peaceful.. The government declared these sessions to be "illegal assemblies" and the practitioners were put under detention or sent to forced labor. Amnesty states that among the thousands detained were ordinary workers, farmers, teachers and academics, university students, publishers, accountants, police officers , engineers, people from a variety of other professions and government officials According to some sources over 35,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been arrested in Beijing alone..In 2000, Amnesty International called on the Chinese government to stop "...mass arbitrary detentions, unfair trials and other human rights violations resulting from the crackdown on the Falun Gong..." in March 2000; Amnesty expressed acute concern that Falun Gong practitioners had been "...tortured or subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment in detention." Another bulletin in December 2000 cited reports of torture, detention and ill-treatment, some ending in death, and condemned the authorities' "callous disregard for the lives of people detained solely for their peaceful activities."
According to Human Rights organizations, an intense propaganda campaign has been used by the CCP to turn public opinion against Falun Gong. Reports by Kilgour and Matas state:
- "According to Amnesty International, the Chinese Government adopted three strategies to crush Falun Gong: violence against practitioners who refuse to renounce their beliefs; "brainwashing" to force all known practitioners to abandon Falun Gong and renounce it, and a media campaign to turn public opinion against Falun Gong. Local governments were authorized to implement Beijing's orders... Implementation meant, in part, staged attempts to demonstrate to China's population that practitioners committed suicide by self-immolation... Over time this campaign had the desired effect and many, if not most, Chinese nationals came to accept the Communist Party view about Falun Gong... This incitement to hatred is most acute in China"
According to Kilgour and Matas, the campaign had the desired effect over time, and many Chinese came to accept the Party line on Falun Gong.
According to TIME, prior to the event, many Chinese had felt that Falun Gong posed no threat, and that the persecution had gone too far, but the purported self-immolation marked a turning point in its anti-Falun Gong campaign. A paper from Falun Gong human rights group World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) suggests that Jiang Zemin considered that the public was not responding as desired a year after initiating the crackdown: China had failed to "annihilate Falun Gong within three months", the persecution had met with international condemnation, as well as resistance from highly ranked Party officials. Amnesty International states that the Chinese government's " propaganda campaign capitalised on an incident on 23 January 2001 when five alleged practitioners, including a 12 year-old girl and her mother, set themselves on fire in Tiananmen Square."
Reports and analysis
The incident
On 23 January 2001 (Chinese New Year's eve) a group of men and women attempted to set themselves on fire in Tiananmen Square, five succeeded at ignition. A man sat down on the pavement northeast of the Monument to the People's Heroes at the center of the square, poured gasoline on his clothes and set himself on fire. Moments later four more people set themselves alight. CNN was in tiananmenn square during the incident and reported the alleged suicides. As they were taping, military police stepped in, detained the crew, and confiscated their tapes. Danny Schecter notes that video tapes confiscated from CNN are never aired. Police with fire-extinguishers put out the flames, reportedly within the space of a minute.
Seven days later, China's official TV aired the footage of five people engulfed in flames. The footage, the state-controlled news claimed, was taken by nearby survaillance cameras. In later reports which appeared in state run media, the number of self-immolators rose from five to seven – two of whom apparently had failed to ignite themselves. One of the self-immolators, Liu Chun-ling reportedly died on the scene. A few months later, state media announced the death of Liu Si-ying, who, according to state-news, had been hospitalized with severe burns following the incident. The other three were reported to have been "severely disfigured". Beijing denied requests from western journalists to interview Liu Siying and the three other survivors; only China Central Television and the official New China News Agency were permitted to speak to their relatives or their colleagues.
Reports
State-owned Xinhua News Agency claimed the self-immolators were practitioners of Falun Gong, allegedly having taken up the practice between 1995 and 1997. Initially, some western news organizations reported the Xinhua version that the immolators were practitioners, as, according to Danny Schechter, there were no sources to verify facts independently given the tight state censorship. Falun Gong expressed its concern of western media's giving Xinhua's reports so much credibility and airtime, given that Xinhua openly admits it "disseminate propaganda for the Chinese regime." According to an initial Falun Gong press statement, "Much remains unclear and unknown about the circumstances surrounding the incident", including what took place in the week between the incident and when the "fully engineered news articles and television programs" were released.
Schechter, however, doubted Falun Gong would deny being involved in the incident if it was a genuine protest. Anthropologist Noah Porter opines that even if the participants considered themselves to be practitioners, they are no more representative of Falun Gong than Christianity is represented by people "who shoot and bomb abortion clinics." In the National Review, the Laogai Research Foundation suggested that it was "hardly a far-fetched hypothesis" that the government allowed or staged the incident to discredit Falun Gong, as the government vowed to crush the practice before the eightieth anniversary celebrations of the Communist Party in July. The article concluded that the "PRC's propaganda coup" against Falun Gong relies upon popular understandings of other immolations in recent Asian history such as the 73 year old Buddhist monk in Saigon. The foundation states that "...this situation is not clear", and for the Communists, this was just "another lie."
On the very same day of the incident, Falun Gong in New York issued a press statement stating that the incident was "yet another attempt by the PRC regime to defame the practice of Falun Gong" and called for the "PRC regime to allow the world media and international human rights groups to investigate this case to clarify the facts.". Falun Gong says that practitioners could not have been involved in the incident, pointing out "...The teachings of Falun Gong prohibit any form of killing. Mr. Li Hongzhi... has explicitly stated that suicide is a sin." Falun Gong sources accused the PRC Government of attempting to discredit the practice of Falun Gong. Falun Gong related commentators also pointed out that the main participants' account of the incident and other aspects of the participants' behaviour were inconsistent with the teachings of Falun Dafa.
Initially, the New York Times stated that conflicting claims were difficult to assess "ith propaganda streaming in from seemingly opposite ends of the universe... especially since the remaining Falun Gong practitioners have been driven underground." The reporter opined that one of the victims was able to "fluidly perform" Falun Gong's signature slow-motion exercises in front of Western media. CNN had reported that four of the victims were seen in flames, with their hands held "in a classic Falun Gong meditation pose", causing Falun Gong to file a complaint to CNN. Schecter notes that among Falun Gong practitioners, a primary reason for suspicion that the event was staged is that the people shown in the footage aren't conducting the exercises properly. One western diplomat commented that the public changed from sympathising with Falun Gong to siding with the Government after the event; "human interest" stories and accounts of "rehabilitation" efforts of former practitioners shifted popular consensus.
The Falun Gong group WOIPFG saw the incident as a major tool in the government's "global campaign to vilify Falun Gong practitioners to the Chinese people..." WOIPFG believed that hostility toward Falun Gong from the general public in China escalated, the campaign "clearly intensified," and that "hate crimes" targeting Falun Gong increased. It further alleged the death toll during police arrests or in prisons, labor camps and "brainwashing centers" all sharply increased. Danny Schechter notes that CCP's claims are unsubstantiated by outside parties.
Analysis of discrepancies in state broadcast version of events
Discrepancies pointed out by NTDTV's False Fire
False Fire, a NTDTV attempt to deconstruct the event points out several inconsistencies in the Chinese Government's version of the story, including:
- Liu Chunling, the only self-immolator who died on the spot appears to fall from being bludgeoned on the head by a man in military suit. The programme argues that Liu could have died from a severe blow to the head.
- The self immolators appear to be wearing several layers of, possibly fire-protective, clothing. The hair and bottle of gasoline at the feet of an alleged self-immolator is intact, although this should have caught fire first.
- Police, who normally are not known to carry fire extinguishers on duty, appeared to have used almost 25 pieces of fire-fighting equipment on hand on the day of the self-immolations. The nearest building is 10 minutes away and footage shows that only two police vehicles were at the scene. The flames were put out in less than a minute's time.
- The camera of the CCTV footage zooms in on the scene as it unfolds; surveillance cameras in Tiananmen Square are usually fixed.
- Wang Jindong shouts comments that do not form part of Falun Dafa teachings; his posture, including hand position and sitting position, does not reflect the full or half lotus position as in the Falun Dafa teachings.
- The hospital treatment of the victims, as recorded by Chinese state media, is inconsistent with proper care of severe burn victims: for instance, patients were not kept in sterile rooms.
- The girl who allegedly underwent a tracheotomy appeared to be able to speak and sing clearly mere days after the surgery.
Many commentators, including Danny Schechter, Philip Pan, and Ian Johnson have pointed out discrepancies in the chinese government's version of the events. Falun Gong related sources have also pointed out several discrepancies in the state broadcast version of the events, Reporters Sans Frontiers and Danny Schechter note that the a few days before the incident, the chinese authorities and media had launched a new campaign against Falun Gong.
Schechter notes that Chinese police "just happened to have fire extinguishers at hand", and the victims were "rushed" to the hospital after their agonies were "thoroughly photographed" for state television. He also notes that while the government controlled media uncharacteristically released the story at once, "it took a week of production" before the footage was finally aired. CNN was in Tienanmen square at this time but its video tapes were confiscated and never aired.
False Fire, a video programme, produced by the Falun Gong related New Tang Dynasty TV attempts to deconstruct the event, and points out several apparent inconsistencies in the Chinese Government's version of the story.
International Educational Development (IED), a human rights NGO, said, after viewing False Fire, that it had "discovered that had in fact been staged". Charles A. Radin of the Boston Globe stated "In the slowed version, it appears that Liu Chunling . . . collapsed not from the flames but from being bludgeoned by a man in a military overcoat.”
The Washington Post questioned why the Chinese government happened to have a camera crew in place to film the incident. "The close-up shots shown on Chinese television appear to have been taken without any interference from police. In some, the camera is clearly behind police barricades and positioned directly above the apparent sect members. In addition, footage from overhead surveillance cameras in Tiananmen Square appears to show a man using a small hand-held video camera to film the scene, not a large TV news camera."
The Age described the immolation incident as the Communist Party's main piece of "evidence" in its campaign to portray Falun Gong as "dangerous" similar to Aum Shinrikyo or Jim Jones' cult in Guyana. It states that this attempt has "fallen flat," and the "ready availability of fire-extinguishers and official TV teams and the lack of verification about the victims" raises questions about Falun Gong involvement, and whether the incident was staged.
Wall Street Journal's Ian Johnson was skeptical due to the speed with which the story was covered, observing that the state media "..reported the victim's death with unusual alacrity, implying that the death took place earlier than reported or the usually cautious media had top-level approval to rush out electronic reports and a televised dispatch, The 7 p.m. local evening news, for example had a filmed report from Mr Tan's hometown of Changde, a small city in Hunan province. Most reports for the evening news are vetted by noon, so the daily broadcasts rarely carries reports from the same day, let alone an event that happened at noon and involved satellite feeds from relatively remote parts of the country."
Falun Gong related sources note a European journalist based in Beijing as stating " I have never seen policemen patrolling on Tiananmenn Square carrying fire extinguishers. How come they all showed up today? The location of the incident is at least twenty minutes round-trip from the nearest building - the People's Great Hall."
Beatrice Turpin of Associated Press TV who covered Falun Gong inside China for Associated Press TV states: "There was a big brouhaha with Falun Gong protests and footage of police beating practitioners last Chinese New Year and it would certainly fit in with typical China strategy to stage an event this year and make the show their own."
In a CBC documentary, Clive Ansley, Chair of CIPFG and China Country Monitor for Lawyers Rights’ Watch Canada states "You've got Faun Gong people this country.. oppressed over and over again, they are not allowed to speak, they are not allowed to assert any of their rights as citizens and the level of frustration must be terribly high... I can understand people doing that.. that does not mean.. the movement is evil. But, ironically, we ultimately found out that it was a fraud anyway. It wasn't real, the people involved weren't Falun Gong members, it was completely staged by the government."
Discrepancies surrounding the identity of the participants
Analysts have pointed out several inconsistencies surrounding identities of the immolators as claimed by state controlled CCTV. Liu Chunling, the only "self-immolator" to have died on the spot seems to collapse from being bludgeoned on the head by a man in military suit. Analysts have also pointed out discrepancies surrounding Liu Siying, a girl when the state media claimed was a 12 year old victim of the tragedy. Schechter notes that she was projected as a "sympathetic symbol", even a "poster child" for the supposed abuses by the "cult". One of the CNN producers at Tiananmenn Square at the time of the incident, standing just fifty feet away, said she had not seen any children there. The government claims that the doctors performed a tracheotomy on the victim. Schechter notes a pediatrician pointing out that if this were true the child wouldn't have been able to speak to the Chinese media so soon after the tragedy Schechter notes that while the tragedy as projected by state broadcasts outraged many, only state-approved media outlets in China were given access to the child and that "western reporters have been barred from direct contact".
Based, especially on reports of Philip Pan of Washington Post who had located the home of the two purported self-immolators, Liu Siying and Liu Chunling, who state media had claimed were daughter and mother, in Kaifeng, a town in a region that drew negative publicity after a recent fire in a disco killed hundered and scarred many others, Schechter notes that it is doubtful if the immolator could have been a practitioner. Pan discovered that the young girl's mother, Liu Chunling, was not locally known as a practitioner but was depressed, mentally unstable and was accused of beating her daughter and mother.
One of the main discrepancies pointed out by practitioners is that the people shown on the footage are not performing the exercises correctly. The video false-fire draws particular attention to Wang Jindong, pointing out that neither his sitting position nor hand position reflect the positions required in the exercises of Falun Gong. WOIPFG states that the analysis by of the broadcasts by Speech Processing Laboratory at National Taiwan University , concludes that the first person named as Wang Jindong who appeared on CCTV was not the same person who appeared the second and third times. Falun Gong related sources also assert that images of Wang Jindong that appeared in different state controlled media reports seem to be of different people .
The article 'Beyond the Limits of Forbearance'
On January 1, 2001, Li published an article called "Beyond the Limits of Forbearance", wherein, according to Time, Li wrote that persecution of the Fa by "evil" (i.e. the Chinese authorities) could no longer be tolerated. The Guardian and Time said that Mr Li’s new scripture could have had something to do with the incident; that it was implausible for it to have been staged; that the scripture appealed to "radical" practitioners and those feeling "desperate or out of touch with the exiled leadership”; and that "a Beijing arm of Falun Gong strongly suggested the protesters... were devotees".
The Guardian's John Gittings thought that Li had confused his supporters in his New Year message "that the 'forbearance' taught by Buddha 'does not mean tolerating evil beings'." According to Gittings, ten days later, Falun Gong in New York said that "certain disciples had some extreme interpretations we are going to resort to violence". Falun Gong said that Mr Li meant it was time to "bring the truth to light" about China's atrocities, using peaceful ways to expose and resist the persecution.
China scholar David Ownby refers to the same scripture, and said that he found no evidence of it being interpreted as a call to violence or retaliation: " assures his followers that they are right to want to eradicate the evil forces and that this evil will indeed be eradicated—although the form taken by such apparent militancy, beginning in the spring of 2001, was that of sitting in a meditative posture and 'emitting righteous thoughts.'"
The Asian Wall Street Journal wrote that the danger of putting Li's scripture as cause for the immolations "implies, insidiously, that the blame lies with the victims... the fundamental, human issue is the Chinese government's brutal campaign to wipe out Falun Dafa and the misery resulting from it." They write that in the face of the "brutalities" visited on practitioners, "it's not so difficult to imagine why a few persons would have succumbed to despair. And that makes them deserving of our pity rather than our cynicism."
Chinese government's actions
Following the incident, Tiananmen Square was shut down. Seven days after the event, China Central TV aired their footage of five people in flames, said to be taken by nearby surveillance cameras.
Media Propaganda
Rerporters Sans Frontiers, in their China annual report 2002, note that a few days before the immolation, the authorities and Chinese media had launched a new campaign against the movement. Following the incident, Tiananmen Square was shut down. Seven days after the event, China Central TV aired their footage of five people in flames, said to be taken by nearby surveillance cameras.
According to Amnesty International: " important part of the government’s propaganda campaign has been publicizing statements from people claiming to be former Falun Gong practitioners who denounce Falun Gong, speak of the damage the practice has brought to Chinese society, praise the government for its firm action against the movement, and eventually show their deepest gratitude towards the government’s saving them from being brainwashed by the 'evil cult'."
Associated Press writer Christopher Bodeen wrote that "China's government is seizing on the dramatic suicide attempt by purported memebers of the Falun Gong sect to try and sway a public that has stood up on the sidelines during the eighteen month long crackdown"
The New York Times' Erick Eckholm opined that the Chinese government's propaganda was "as wooden and anachronistic as ever. First, suppress the news. Then, days later, orchestrate a crescendo of extreme television, radio and newspaper reports and editorials. Finally, marshall relatives of the duped victims to utter condemnations of the evil Master Li, then ask major groups -- from leaders of Catholic, Buddhist and Muslim churches to the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce -- to issue shrill denunciations."
The government immediately used the twelve-year-old Liu Siying as an example that Falun Gong was "harmful to children". Schechter notes that she had become a "poster child" and "sympathetic symbol" and that her image, circulated widely, outraged many. Western media was denied direct access to the victims. A media parade that followed incited 8 million students to join an "Anti-Cult action by the Youth Civilised Communities Across the Nation".
According to Government sources, she was able to speak through "approved media outlets", saying that her own mother told her to set herself on fire to reach the "heavenly golden kingdom". Within a month, chinese state authorities issued a glossy pamphlet entitled The Whole Story of the Self Immolation Incident Created by Falun Gong Addicts in Tiananmen Square featuring color photographs of charred bodies. The State Council's "Office for the Prevention and Handling of Evil Cults", declared after the event that it was now ready to form a united front with the global anti-cult struggle. The IHT reported state controlled media attacked Falun Gong and Li Hongzhi morning and night, on a daily basis. Meetings took place in factories, offices and universities; schools were ordered to "educate" pupils about Falun Gong. The Government announced that religious leaders from across the country had delivered denunciations. In Kaifeng, the post office issued an anti-Falun Gong postmark, and 10,000 people signed a petition denouncing the group.
By March 2001, before the National People's Congress, Premier Zhu Rongji and former Premier Li Peng made it clear that the "elimination" of the group was top priority. An anti-cult exhibition targeting Falun Gong was held in July 2001 at the China People's Revolution Military Museum in Beijing; Beijing newspapers have run exhibits of "former practitioners" "thanking" the Communist Party of China for "rescuing" them.
Schechter notes that , On February 28, Chinese officials held a rare press conference "to re-iterate that recent events proved the depravity" of practitioners, notes Schechter. Ian Johnson notes that the chinese official, Mr Liu, "spent much of the news conference dodging questions about Falun Dafa practitioners who, according to human-rights and United Nations officials have died in police custody."
Intimidation of foreign correspondents
According to Reporters Without Borders, in February, state media accused CNN, the Associated Press, and Agence France-Presse news agencies of having "encouraged" the immolation at Tiananmen Square. The authorities also threatened journalists with legal action for "homicide." Reporters sans frontières' foreign correspondents in Beijing state this was an attempt by the regime to discredit foreign coverage of the country's repression against the Falun Gong movement. A CNN official confirms that one of his teams was arrested that day near Tiananmen Square and that police confiscated their videotapes. Schechter notes that these footage were "never aired".
See also
References
- ^ Judith Sunderland. From the Household to the Factory: China's campaign against Falungong. Human Rights Watch, 2002. ISBN 1564322696
- ^ Matthew Gornet, The Breaking Point, Time, June 25, 2001
- "The Issue of Killing" from Zhuan Falun, Falun Dafa
- John Pomfret and Philip Pan, Washington Post, 5 Aug 2001 at A1, "Torture is Breaking Falun Gong, China Systematically Eradicating Group", October 2004, retrieved July 8, 2006
- ^ Staff and wire reports, Tiananmen tense after fiery protests, CNN, January 24, 2001, accessed 2007-02-09
- ^ China's Campaign Against Falungong, Human Rights Watch
- ^ The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called heretical organizations. The Amnesty International Cite error: The named reference "AI2000" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- Human Rights Watch, U.N. asked to intervene to protect Falun Gong's Rights
- Kilgour Matas Revised Reports into the Persecution of Falun gong
- ^ The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called heretical organizations, The Amnesty International
- Ian Johnson, Defiant Falun Dafa Members Converge on Tiananmen, 25 April 2000, The Wall Street Journal Page A21
- Amnesty International, China: Falun Gong deaths in custody continue to rise as crackdown worsens, accessed September 11 2007
- ^ Press release Statement by United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 53rd session, 14 August 2001
- ^ Incitement to hatred, Considerations specific to Falun Gong. Bloody Harvest: Kilgour Matas Report on Allegation of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners in China, 14 August 2001 Cite error: The named reference "kilgourmatas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- John Pomfret and Philip P. Pan, "Torture is Breaking Falun Gong", Washington Post, 5 August 2001.
- ^ World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, Investigation Reports on the Persecution of Falun Gong: Volume 1, 2003-2004, p X
- Randall P. Peerenboom, Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian countries, France the US, 2004. ISBN 0415326125
- ^ Danny Schechter, The Fires This Time: Immolation or Deception In Beijing?, Mediachannel, February 22, 2001
- ^ Falun Gong's Challenge to China - A report by Danny Schechter
- ^ Press Statement, Who's Behind Tiananmen Self-immolation -- Serious Doubts on China's Recent "News" Report, Falun Gong, February 1, 2001, Retrieved: September 11, 2007
- Danny Schechter, Falun Gong's Challenge to China, Akashic Books, New York, 2001, pp 20-23
- Noah Porter (Masters thesis for the University of South Florida), Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study. . 2003. p 105
- Ann Noonan in the National Review, Beijing is Burning: More lies from the PRC, accessed 21/5/08
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- Elisabeth Rosenthal, "Former Falun Gong Followers Enlisted in China's War on Sect", New York Times, 5 April 2002.
- ^ China prepares for new offensive against 'dangerous' sect , The Guardian, January 29, 2001
- Jonathan Ansfield, Reuters, After Olympic win, China takes new aim at Falun Gong, CESNUR, July 23, 2001
- ^ World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, Investigation of the So-Called Self-Immolation in Tiananmen Square, accessed 16 September, 2007
- ^ WOIPFG, Highlights of Investigation of the Alleged Self-Immolation in Tiananmen Square, accessed October 4, 2007.
- ^ "False Fire: China's Tragic New Standard in State Deception", DVD, NTDTV, 2001.
- Susan V. Lawrence, "Falun Gong Adds Media Weapons In Struggle With China's Rulers", Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition), April 14, 2004. pg. B.2I
- "Second Investigation Report on the 'Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation Incident.'", World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFalun Gong), August 2003. Accessed: 2007-02-06
- RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS "CHN43081.E" Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Accessed: 2007-02-06
- ^ Reporters Sans Frontiers, China annual Report Cite error: The named reference "RSF" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- Susan V. Lawrence, "Falun Gong Adds Media Weapons In Struggle With China's Rulers", Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition), April 14, 2004. pg. B.2I
- "Second Investigation Report on the 'Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation Incident.'", World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFalun Gong), August 2003. Accessed: 2007-02-06
- RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS "CHN43081.E" Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Accessed: 2007-02-06
- "Falun Gong Appeals for Help: Vigils Held on Eve of UN China Vote", published on April 18, 2001, The Boston Globe cited in The Perfect Example of Political Propaganda: The Chinese Government’s Persecution against Falun Gong by Chin-Yunn Yang, Global media journal of Purdue University, accessed November 16, 2007
- ^ Philip Pan, The Washington Post, China Mulls Murder Charges for Foreign Journalists, February 8, 2001, publ by Friends of Falun Gong
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- "Beyond The Red Wall" - The Persecution of Falun Gong, CBC Documentary
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- Hannah Beech, Too Hot to Handle, Time, January 29, 2001, accessed 2007-02-09
- David Ownby, Falun Gong and the future of China, Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 215
- Asian Wall Street Journal, The Limits of Forbearance (requires registration), January 26, 2001.
- Amnesty International. (2000). People’s republic of China: The Crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called “heretical organizations.” New York: Amnesty International USA Publications. Referenced in The Perfect Example of Political Propaganda: The Chinese Government’s Persecution against Falun Gong, Global Media Journal, Purdue University
- Erick Eckholm, "A Crackdown Burns Itself", New York Times, Feb 4 2001, pg 4.5
- Philip P. Pan, One-Way Trip to the End in Beijing, International Herald Tribune, February 5, 2001|accessdate = 2007-02-09
- Comments from China's Anti-Cult Exhibition, People's Daily, July 27, 2001