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| '''The Battle of Vaslui''' (also referred to as ''Battle of Podul Înalt'') (] |
'''The Battle of Vaslui''' (also referred to as the '''Battle of Podul Înalt''') (] ]) was fought between the ]n Prince, ] and the ] General ]. The battle took place at Podul Înalt, near the town of ], in Moldavia. The Ottoman troops numbered between 50,000 and 120,000, facing about 40,000 Moldavian troops, plus smaller allied and mercenary troops. | ||
| Ştefan inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 |
Ştefan inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side. The invasion was the worst ever defeat for the Ottomans at that time, and Ştefan was later awarded the title "]" by ]. | ||
| == Reasons for the war == | == Reasons for the war == | ||
| The Ottoman Sultan, ], demanded tribute from the Romanian |
The Ottoman Sultan, ], demanded tribute from the Romanian principalities of ] and Moldavia, as well as their recognition of Ottoman sovereignty. Ştefan and his cousin ], of the ] order, together with the Hungarian King, ], successfully fought off the Ottoman invasions, until Vlad was imprisoned by Hunyady. The Sultan then subdued Wallachia and put Vlad's brother, ] on the throne. From ] onward, Ştefan started to annoy the Sultan by getting involved in ]n policy; first when he announced to the Sultan that he would stop paying tribute, and secondly when he joined other European powers in their struggle against the ]. In ] Ştefan managed to replace Radu cel Frumos with the seemingly loyal Prince, Basarab Laiota. The Sultan then gave Ştefan an ultimatum to pay the five-year-old delayed tribute, and, to cede ] and ] (Cetatea Albă) to the Ottoman Empire, or face invasion. | ||
| The region of ], with its capital Chilia, was Moldavia's sole access to the ] coast. The port of Chilia was essential for Moldavian commerce, hosting ]n merchants who made trade a very profitable business. To the Ottomans, having Chilia would give them a better grip |
The region of ], with its capital Chilia, was Moldavia's sole access to the ] coast. The port of Chilia was essential for Moldavian commerce, hosting ]n merchants who made trade a very profitable business. To the Ottomans, having Chilia would give them a better grip on Moldavia, and also a valuable strategic point from which naval attacks could be launched against the ]; they also pursued the goal of making the Black Sea an Ottoman Sea. (This goal was later achieved, though only briefly.) | ||
| == Preparations for the war== | == Preparations for the war== | ||
| ===The Ottomans=== | ===The Ottomans=== | ||
| Mehmed ordered his great general, |
Mehmed ordered his great general, Suleiman Pasha, to end his preparation for the siege of ], to assemble his troops in ], and from there to advance with additional troops towards Moldavia. The Ottoman army consisted of ] and heavy infantry, which were supported by '']s'' — light cavalry, known as Akinci, which would scout ahead; there was also ] cavalry and other troops from vassal states. In September 1474 the Ottoman army gathered in Sofia, and was joined by a Wallachian contingent under Basarab Laiota, who had changed sides in favour of the Ottomans. From there, Mehmed ordered Suleiman Pasha and Beylerbey of Rumelia to advance towards Moldavia. | ||
| Venetian documents put the number of Ottoman troops as high as 120,000, but more realistically |
Venetian documents put the number of Ottoman troops as high as 120,000, but more realistically the number would have been between 60,000 and 80,000. Of this number, about 40,000 constituted a standing army, while the rest were to be paid in booty. The Ottomans, when launching attacks on Wallachia and Moldavia, usually attacked with an army of no more than 60,000. | ||
| ===The Moldavians=== | ===The Moldavians=== | ||
| ⚫ | Ştefan was hoping to gain support from the West, and more specifically, from the ]. The help that he received was very modest, in numbers. The Hungarian Kingdom sent 1,800 Hungarians and 2,000 Szekely – which were mostly infantry – and Poland sent 2,000 men. | ||
| ⚫ | The Moldavians possessed twenty cannon, light cavalry (Călăraşi), elite cavalry – named Viteji, Curteni, and ]s – and professional foot soldiers. The rest of the force, composed mainly of peasants, was recruited under ''Oastea Mare'' (the Great Army), which all able-bodied free males over fourteen had to join. They were lightly armed and most of them used the bow. The army reached up to 40,000, out of which 10,000 to 15,000 were a standing army. | ||
| ⚫ | Ştefan was hoping to gain support from the West, and more specifically, from the Pope. The help that he received was very modest, in numbers. The Hungarian Kingdom sent 1,800 Hungarians and 2,000 Szekely |
||
| ⚫ | The Moldavians possessed twenty |
||
| <!-- copy-edited to here, 16 ix 05 --> | |||
| == The battle == | == The battle == | ||
| The invading army entered Moldavia in December ]. Ştefan had ] to inflict fatigue on the Ottomans, while harassing their |
The invading army entered Moldavia in December ]. Ştefan had instituted a ] policy in order to inflict fatigue on the Ottomans, while harassing their advance with troops specialised in setting ]es. Ottoman scouts reported to Suleiman of untouched villagers near ], and the Ottomans headed for that region. The winter was unfit for camping, which forced the Ottomans to move quickly and reach for the Moldavian capital, Vaslui (later moved to ]). In order to reach for the capital, they needed to cross Podul Înalt (High Bridge) over the ]. The area was very suitable for defensive combat. The bridge was not too broad and the valley was shaped as a half oval, surrounded by hills covered by forest on all three sides. Inside the valley, the terrain was marshy, which restricted troop movement. | ||
| On ], the battle began. The weather was frigid with a dense fog limiting vision. Ştefan fortifed the bridge while setting his cannons to aim for the structure. Peasants and archers were hid in the forest, together with their Prince and his boyar cavalry. The Moldavians made the first move by sending musicians to the middle of the valley. At the sound of drums and buglers, |
On ], the battle began. The weather was frigid with a dense fog limiting vision. Ştefan fortifed the bridge while setting his cannons to aim for the structure. Peasants and archers were hid in the forest, together with their Prince and his boyar cavalry. The Moldavians made the first move by sending musicians to the middle of the valley. At the sound of drums and buglers, Suleiman was persuaded to think that the entire Moldavian army awaited him there. In the centre of the valley, awaited, instead, the Moldavian professional army, which was ordered to make a slow retreat when confronting the enemy. Suleiman ordered his troops to advance, and, when they made enough progress, Moldavian artillery started to fire, followed by archers firing from three different directions. Moldavian light cavalry then helped to lure Ottoman troops into the valley by making hit-and-run attacks. | ||
| The Ottoman soldiers that did manage to survive the attacks from the artilery and the archers, and did not get caught in the marshes, had to confront the Moldavian standing army, with the ] soldiers, which were placed uphill in the valley. The Ottoman cavalry reached the Moldavian stand and attacked their center, while remaining Ottoman infantry attacked the Moldavian flanks. |
The Ottoman soldiers that did manage to survive the attacks from the artilery and the archers, and did not get caught in the marshes, had to confront the Moldavian standing army, with the ] soldiers, which were placed uphill in the valley. The Ottoman cavalry reached the Moldavian stand and attacked their center, while remaining Ottoman infantry attacked the Moldavian flanks. Suleiman tried to reinforce his offensive, but then Ştefan ordered a major attack, and all troops, with peasants and heavy cavalry, attacked from all sides. | ||
| Simultaneously, Moldavian buglers concealed behind Ottoman lines started to make sound. In the greatest of confusion, some Ottoman units changed their direction to face the sound of the buglers. When the Moldavian army hit, |
Simultaneously, Moldavian buglers concealed behind Ottoman lines started to make sound. In the greatest of confusion, some Ottoman units changed their direction to face the sound of the buglers. When the Moldavian army hit, Suleiman lost control of his army and signalled a retreat. The fleeing Ottoman army was pursued by Moldavian light cavalry for days until they reached the town of Obluciţa (now ], ]), in ]. | ||
| According to Venetian chronicles, the Ottomans lost 45,000 men, which included four pashas, one hundred standards, plus all their artillery. The Ottoman chronicler '']'' wrote that the majority of the Turkish army was killed, while another contemporary admitted that 'never had a Turkish army suffered such a defeat'. | According to Venetian chronicles, the Ottomans lost 45,000 men, which included four pashas, one hundred standards, plus all their artillery. The Ottoman chronicler '']'' wrote that the majority of the Turkish army was killed, while another contemporary admitted that 'never had a Turkish army suffered such a defeat'. | ||
Revision as of 14:58, 17 September 2005
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The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul Înalt) (January 10 1475) was fought between the Moldavian Prince, Ştefan cel Mare and the Ottoman General Suleiman Pasha. The battle took place at Podul Înalt, near the town of Vaslui, in Moldavia. The Ottoman troops numbered between 50,000 and 120,000, facing about 40,000 Moldavian troops, plus smaller allied and mercenary troops.
Ştefan inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side. The invasion was the worst ever defeat for the Ottomans at that time, and Ştefan was later awarded the title "Athleta Christi" by Pope Sixtus IV.
Reasons for the war
The Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, demanded tribute from the Romanian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, as well as their recognition of Ottoman sovereignty. Ştefan and his cousin Vlad Ţepes, of the Draculea order, together with the Hungarian King, Hunyady, successfully fought off the Ottoman invasions, until Vlad was imprisoned by Hunyady. The Sultan then subdued Wallachia and put Vlad's brother, Radu cel Frumos on the throne. From 1473 onward, Ştefan started to annoy the Sultan by getting involved in Wallachian policy; first when he announced to the Sultan that he would stop paying tribute, and secondly when he joined other European powers in their struggle against the Porte. In 1474 Ştefan managed to replace Radu cel Frumos with the seemingly loyal Prince, Basarab Laiota. The Sultan then gave Ştefan an ultimatum to pay the five-year-old delayed tribute, and, to cede Chilia and Akkerman (Cetatea Albă) to the Ottoman Empire, or face invasion.
The region of Bessarabia, with its capital Chilia, was Moldavia's sole access to the Black Sea coast. The port of Chilia was essential for Moldavian commerce, hosting Armenian merchants who made trade a very profitable business. To the Ottomans, having Chilia would give them a better grip on Moldavia, and also a valuable strategic point from which naval attacks could be launched against the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania; they also pursued the goal of making the Black Sea an Ottoman Sea. (This goal was later achieved, though only briefly.)
Preparations for the war
The Ottomans
Mehmed ordered his great general, Suleiman Pasha, to end his preparation for the siege of Venice, to assemble his troops in Sofia, and from there to advance with additional troops towards Moldavia. The Ottoman army consisted of Janissaries and heavy infantry, which were supported by sipahis — light cavalry, known as Akinci, which would scout ahead; there was also Tatar cavalry and other troops from vassal states. In September 1474 the Ottoman army gathered in Sofia, and was joined by a Wallachian contingent under Basarab Laiota, who had changed sides in favour of the Ottomans. From there, Mehmed ordered Suleiman Pasha and Beylerbey of Rumelia to advance towards Moldavia.
Venetian documents put the number of Ottoman troops as high as 120,000, but more realistically the number would have been between 60,000 and 80,000. Of this number, about 40,000 constituted a standing army, while the rest were to be paid in booty. The Ottomans, when launching attacks on Wallachia and Moldavia, usually attacked with an army of no more than 60,000.
The Moldavians
Ştefan was hoping to gain support from the West, and more specifically, from the Pope. The help that he received was very modest, in numbers. The Hungarian Kingdom sent 1,800 Hungarians and 2,000 Szekely – which were mostly infantry – and Poland sent 2,000 men.
The Moldavians possessed twenty cannon, light cavalry (Călăraşi), elite cavalry – named Viteji, Curteni, and Boyars – and professional foot soldiers. The rest of the force, composed mainly of peasants, was recruited under Oastea Mare (the Great Army), which all able-bodied free males over fourteen had to join. They were lightly armed and most of them used the bow. The army reached up to 40,000, out of which 10,000 to 15,000 were a standing army.
The battle
The invading army entered Moldavia in December 1474. Ştefan had instituted a scorched earth policy in order to inflict fatigue on the Ottomans, while harassing their advance with troops specialised in setting ambushes. Ottoman scouts reported to Suleiman of untouched villagers near Vaslui, and the Ottomans headed for that region. The winter was unfit for camping, which forced the Ottomans to move quickly and reach for the Moldavian capital, Vaslui (later moved to Suceava). In order to reach for the capital, they needed to cross Podul Înalt (High Bridge) over the River Bârlad. The area was very suitable for defensive combat. The bridge was not too broad and the valley was shaped as a half oval, surrounded by hills covered by forest on all three sides. Inside the valley, the terrain was marshy, which restricted troop movement.
On January 10, the battle began. The weather was frigid with a dense fog limiting vision. Ştefan fortifed the bridge while setting his cannons to aim for the structure. Peasants and archers were hid in the forest, together with their Prince and his boyar cavalry. The Moldavians made the first move by sending musicians to the middle of the valley. At the sound of drums and buglers, Suleiman was persuaded to think that the entire Moldavian army awaited him there. In the centre of the valley, awaited, instead, the Moldavian professional army, which was ordered to make a slow retreat when confronting the enemy. Suleiman ordered his troops to advance, and, when they made enough progress, Moldavian artillery started to fire, followed by archers firing from three different directions. Moldavian light cavalry then helped to lure Ottoman troops into the valley by making hit-and-run attacks.
The Ottoman soldiers that did manage to survive the attacks from the artilery and the archers, and did not get caught in the marshes, had to confront the Moldavian standing army, with the Szekely soldiers, which were placed uphill in the valley. The Ottoman cavalry reached the Moldavian stand and attacked their center, while remaining Ottoman infantry attacked the Moldavian flanks. Suleiman tried to reinforce his offensive, but then Ştefan ordered a major attack, and all troops, with peasants and heavy cavalry, attacked from all sides.
Simultaneously, Moldavian buglers concealed behind Ottoman lines started to make sound. In the greatest of confusion, some Ottoman units changed their direction to face the sound of the buglers. When the Moldavian army hit, Suleiman lost control of his army and signalled a retreat. The fleeing Ottoman army was pursued by Moldavian light cavalry for days until they reached the town of Obluciţa (now Isaccea, Romania), in Dobruja.
According to Venetian chronicles, the Ottomans lost 45,000 men, which included four pashas, one hundred standards, plus all their artillery. The Ottoman chronicler Sa's ed-Din wrote that the majority of the Turkish army was killed, while another contemporary admitted that 'never had a Turkish army suffered such a defeat'.
Aftermath
The following year, the Sultan sent an even greater army, which was joined by Tatars from the Crimea, and Ştefan was defeated at the battle of Valea Albă, Războieni. However, the Ottomans failed to besiege the castle of Piatra Neamţ, and because their troops were suffering from a plague, the Ottomans retreated. Ştefan assembled his army and invaded Wallachia, sacking Brăila and Bucharest and freeing the principality from Ottoman dominion. After Ştefan's death, the Ottomans eventually conquered Bessarabia and incorporated it into their empire, leaving Moldavia a landlocked vassal of the Porté until it was conquered by Mihai Viteazul.
External links
- Detailed article describing the strategy and the units used in the battle
- Brief history of Moldavia covering the Vaslui battle
- Short essay about Stephen the Great with a description of the Vaslui battle
- Short article describing the battle