Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 01:49, 24 September 2008

Battle of Sarikamish Сражение при Сарыкамыше Sarıkamış Savaşı
Russian trenches in the forests of Sarikamish.
Date 22 December, 1914-17 January, 1915 Location Russian Armenia Result Decisive Russian victory
Belligerents
Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Nikolai Yudenich	Enver Pasha Hafız Hakkı Pasha
Strength
Russian Caucasus Army 100,000	Third Army 120,000
Casualties and losses
30,000 killed 12,000 sick	60,000 killed

The Battle of Sarıkamış (Sarykamysh) (Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-tr), also known as The Campaign in Armenia, resulted in a decisive Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. During the battle, the ill-prepared Ottoman forces suffered as many casualties from the winter weather as from the Russians.

Background

Russia viewed the Caucasus Front as secondary to the Eastern Front where most of their manpower and resources were concentrated. However, since Russia had taken the fortress of Kars from the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War in 1877, Russia feared a Turkish invasion into the Caucasus aimed at retaking Kars and the port of Batum. The major Turkish war aim against Russia was the recapture of Kars and Batum.

Enver’s plan

Following the defeat of Russian troops under Bergmann earlier in 1914, Enver Pasha decided to put into effect a grand plan to destroy the Russian Caucasus Army at Sarıkamış. Through this, he hoped to regain territories ceded to Russia after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). Next, he hoped this would facilitate a revolt of Caucasian Muslims, opening the route to Tbilisi and beyond.

The plan found sympathy with German advisors, as success would mean diversion of Russian forces to this front. However, senior Turkish commanders seriously opposed this; the commander of the 3rd Army was forced to resign due to his opposition of the plan.

Initial Turkish assault

The general offensive began on the 22nd of December, headed by Enver Pasha . A frontal attack by the X Corps of the 3rd army was to be supported by the IX Corps and X Corps. Enver started the campaign with some 95,000 troops against the understrength 65,000 men of the Russian Caucasus Army.

Inadequate preparations

The Turkish forces were inadequately prepared for the campaign; two divisions of the IX Corps began a long trek with no winter clothing and only dry bread and olives for rations. Once these two divisions reached Oltu, they engaged in brief skirmish against a Russian brigade commanded by General Istomin. On the 23rd Istomin abandoned his position for the general direction of Ardahan.

The next day, snow hindered the advancing Turks. One of the divisions lost 40% of its strength as it was caught in a snowstorm. Despite this, Enver refused to lose momentum. Meanwhile, the commander of the X Corps sent 2 divisions to pursue Istomin to Ardahan.

Orders to retreat

When the commander Malyshevsky arrived at front line headquarters at almost complete panic, he gave the order for a general retreat. General retreat was to start on the 25th and 26th.

Meanwhile, the Russians evacuated Sarikamish, leaving only 2 cavalry squadrons and 1,000 railwaymen to defend it. However, not all Russian commanders were in a state of panic. General Yudenich, taking command of the II Turkestan Corps, decided to put up resistance.

Assault on Sarikamish

Winter losses

Meanwhile, a Turkish division began clashing with Russian patrols on the road to Sarikamish. Instead of pursuing the Russian weakness, the divisional commander decided to bivouac in the open, in -20 °C. As a result, several hundred Turkish soldiers died, and many more deserted to nearby villages, reducing the strength of the division from 8,000 to 4,000. At the same time, X Corps abandoned its pursuit towards Ardahan and began to retreat, losing a third of its forces.

At the same time Russian reinforcements were arriving at Sarikamish and their position was growing stronger. Despite Turkish setbacks, Myshlaevsky still intended to retreat. It was only heated arguments with Yudenich that stopped the abandonment.

The X Corps, after suffering heavy losses during the trek, took rest on the 28th, but due to lack of winter clothing, its strength was reduced to 6,000.

Fighting begins

On the 29th, the decisive battle took place. The IX and XI Corps, totaling 12,000 men, began to attack Sarikamish. During bitter bayonet fighting, the Turks succeeded breaking into the city of Sarikamish, but they were driven off, losing 6,000 troops.

On December 31st, the IX Corps reported that it was down to some 2,500 men and 14 artillery guns and machine guns, stuck in woods outside Sarikamish.

On January 1, Commander of the XI Corps pressed a frontal attack on Sarikamish that lasted 4 days; after heavy fighting the Turks began to lose momentum.

Conclusion

Mopping up

Following the 4th, major engagements ended, and Russian troops began mopping up the remnants of the Turkish forces. Few of them escaped the Russians. The final fighting ended on January 17th, when the remnants of enemy forces in woods outside Sarikamish were mopped up.

Results

As a result of the battle, both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Ottoman 3rd Army, that had started with 120,000 men in December, was reduced to a mere 60,000 in January. Russian losses were heavy, too. 30,000 were killed and 12,000 became sick, mostly due to frostbite. Enver Pasha relinquished field command to General Hafiz Hakki and never commanded Turkish troops in battle again. On his return to Istanbul Enver Pasha started blaming his failure on the region's local Armenians, initiating the repressive measures against the empire's Armenian population that were an early stage of the Armenian Genocide .

See also

References

1. ^ General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces:TAF, March 2008
2. ^ Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). The Campaign in Armenia. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. pp.499-503. ISBN 0-86307-181-3. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author link= (help)
3. Armenian Genocide on Fareed Zakaria’s TV show
4. Walker, Christopher (1980). ARMENIA: The Survuval of a Nation. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. p. 199. ISBN 0709902107. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author link= (help)
5. Palmer-Fernandez, Gabriel. "Encyclopedia of Religion and War", p.139. Published 2003, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415942462
6. Tucker, Spencer. "World War I", p.394. Published 2005, ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851094202
7. Balakian, Peter. "The Burning Tigris", p.184. Published 2003, HarperCollins. ISBN 0060198400.
8. Akcam, Taner. "A Shameful Act", p.143. Published 2006, Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0805079327.

Sources

• Tucker, Spencer. The Great War: 1914-18 (1998) ISBN 0-253-21171-9
• Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace, pp. 120-121. Avon Books.
• ISBN 0-89839-296-9, Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921
• Walker, Christopher (1980). ARMENIA: The Survival of a Nation. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 199. ISBN 0709902107.

• History of Armenia
• Conflicts in 1914
• Conflicts in 1915
• Armenian Genocide
• Battles of the Caucasus Campaign
• Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
• Battles of World War I involving Russia
• 1914 in Armenia
• 1915 in Armenia