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Pioneer Square-Skid Road District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Pioneer Square
Location	Seattle, Washington
Built	1853
Architect	Multiple; Elmer H. Fisher (original) Multiple (increase) Multiple (2nd increase)
Architectural style	Late Victorian, Romanesque (original) Italianate, Other, Romanesque (increase) Chicago, Other (2nd increase)
NRHP reference No.	70000086 (original) 78000341 (increase) 88000739 (2nd increase)
Added to NRHP	June 22, 1970 (original) July 07, 1978 (increase) June 16, 1988 (2nd increase)

Pioneer Square is the neighborhood where Seattle, Washington, USA was founded in 1852, following a brief six-month settlement at Alki Point. The early structures in the neighborhood were mostly wooden, and nearly all burned in the Great Seattle Fire of 1889. By the end of 1890, dozens of brick and stone buildings had been erected in their stead; to this day, the architectural character of the neighborhood derives from these late 19th century buildings, mostly examples of Richardsonian Romanesque.

The neighborhood takes its name from a small triangular plaza near the corner of First Avenue and Yesler Way, originally known as Pioneer Place. The Pioneer Square-Skid Road Historic District, a historic district including that plaza and several surrounding blocks, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Like virtually all Seattle neighborhoods, the Pioneer Square neighborhood lacks definitive borders. It is bounded roughly by Alaskan Way S. on the west, beyond which are the docks of Elliott Bay; by S. King Street on the south, beyond which is SoDo; by 5th Avenue S. on the east, beyond which is the International District; and it extends between one and two blocks north of Yesler Way, beyond which is the rest of Downtown. Because Yesler Way marks the boundary between two different plats, the street grid north of Yesler does not line up with the neighborhood's other streets (nor with the compass), so the northern "border" of the district zigzags along numerous streets.

In some places, the Pioneer Square-Skid Road Historic District extends beyond these borders. It includes Union Station east of 4th Avenue S., and several city blocks south of S. King Street.

History

The settlement's importance was guaranteed in 1852, when Henry Yesler chose the site for his lumber mill, which was located on Elliott Bay at the foot of what is now Yesler Way, right on the border between the land claimed (and soon thereafter platted) by David Swinson "Doc" Maynard (to the south) and that platted by Arthur Denny and Carson Boren.

Much of the neighborhood is on landfill: in pioneer times, the area roughly between First and Second Avenue, bounded on the south by Jackson Street, and extending north almost to Yesler Way (about two-and-a-half city blocks) was a low-lying offshore island. The mainland shore roughly followed what is now Yesler Way to about Fourth Avenue, then ran southeast, at an angle of about 45 degrees to the current shoreline. Slightly inland were steep bluffs, which were largely smoothed away by regrading in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Yesler Way, originally Mill Street, is the main east-west street through the Pioneer Square neighborhood. Immediately south of the square itself, it was the dividing line between Maynard's original claim (to the south) and Boren's (to the north). It became "the Deadline", the northern border of the "restricted district," originally Maynardtown, later "Down in the Sawdust", the Lava Beds, the Tenderloin, White Chapel, or "Wrappyville" (after a particularly corrupt police chief), where low entertainment and vice were long tolerated. One of the earliest names, and one that stuck well into second half of the 20th century, was "Skid Row".

Late 19th century

By the end of 1889, Seattle had become the largest city in Washington with 40,000 residents. That same year, the Great Seattle Fire resulted in the complete destruction of Pioneer Square. Fortunately for the neighborhood the economy was strong at the time, so Pioneer Square was quickly rebuilt. Many of the new buildings show the influence of the Romanesque Revival architectural mode, although influence of earlier Victorian modes is also widespread. Because of drainage problems new development was built at a higher level literally burying the remains of old Pioneer Square. Anticipating the planned regrade, many buildings were built with two entrances, one at the old, low level, and another higher up. Visitors can take the Seattle Underground Tour to see what remains of the old storefronts.

Just before the fire, cable car service was instituted from Pioneer Square along Yesler Way to Lake Washington and the Leschi neighborhood.

20th century

During the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 and 1898, Seattle was a center for travel to Alaska. Thousands of so-called "sourdoughs" passed through Seattle making the city's merchants prosperous. A year later, in 1899, a group of businessmen stole a Tlingit totem pole and placed it in Pioneer Place Park. When an arsonist destroyed the pole in 1938, the city sent the pieces back to the Tlingit tribe who carved a new one and gave it to Seattle (after finally getting paid for the one that was originally stolen). In addition to the totem pole, a wrought-iron Victorian pergola and a bust of Chief Seattle were added to the park in 1909.

The year 1914 saw the completion of the Smith Tower, which at the time was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. However, by that time, the heart of Downtown Seattle had moved north. The building of Second Avenue Extension in 1928-29 reconfigured the eastern portion of the neighborhood, by extending a piece of the north-of-Yesler street grid south past Yesler and "slicing into buildings in its path". The cable car line serving the area was shut down on August 10, 1940.

1960s

In the 1960s, Pioneer Square became a target of urban renewal. One proposal was to replace the buildings with parking garages to serve Downtown Seattle. In 1962, the historic Seattle Hotel was replaced with one such parking garage, commonly referred to as the "Sinking Ship" garage because of its appearance when viewed from 1st and Yesler; it stands to this day. Another proposal was to build a ring road which would have required destroying many of Pioneer Square's buildings. Many buildings were saved by the "benign neglect" of landowner Sam Israel. Although he rarely sold any of his buildings, he sold the Union Trust Building to architect Ralph Anderson, whose rehabilitation of that building set the pattern for the neighborhood's rehabilitation. In 1970, preservationists such as Bill Speidel, Victor Steinbrueck, and others succeeded in listing the neighborhood as historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Later that year, Pioneer Square became a city preservation district.

1980s

Streetcar service returned to Pioneer Square on May 29, 1982, with the opening of the Waterfront Streetcar.

21st century

Today, Pioneer Square is home to art galleries, internet companies, cafés, sports bars, nightclubs, bookstores, and a unit of the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the other unit of which is located in Skagway, Alaska. It is often described as the center of Seattle's nightlife.

Crisis

In early 2001, Pioneer Square suffered three crises. First, on January 15, an eighteen-wheeler semi-truck crashed into the pergola, shattering it into thousands of pieces; it has since been restored. Next, on February 27, violence erupted in the neighborhood's Fat Tuesday festivities during which a young man, Kris Kime, was fatally beaten. Finally, the next day (February 28), a major earthquake damaged some of the buildings. Had most of them not undergone seismic retrofitting, the damage would likely have been much worse.

Gallery

• The heart of Pioneer Square
• The original Pioneer Square Totem Pole in 1907
• Pioneer Square Totem Pole, 2007
• The reconstructed Iron Pergola
• The Chin Gee Hee - Kon Yick Building, one of the last remnants of the historic Chinese presence in the neighborhood
• The Scheuerman Block is an example of the Victorian interpretations of the Romanesque Revival frequently appled to buildiings erected shortly after the Great Seattle Fire
• The Merchants Café, Seattle's oldest restaurant
• Heritage Building, a typical early 20th century commercial building
• Iron Pergola, detail
• Pioneer Building, detail
• Stylized lion, entrance of Grand Central Hotel, Squire-Latimer Building
• Fisher Building, detail
• Looking west toward Pioneer Square at night
• Author reading at Elliott Bay Books
• Occidental Mall on a "First Thursday": the evening when most Pioneer Square art galleries start their new shows
• A political demonstration in Occidental Park
• Waiting room, King Street Station
• The upper portion of the Drexel Hotel Building is a wood-framer structure that predates the great fire, but it was re-clad with new materials after 1945
• The State Hotel Building preserves a sign from the Skid Road era
• Barney's Loans continues as a pawn shop as of 2008

Notes

1. "Impromptu Web Query". National Register Information System / National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-12-31.
2. Pioneer Square Preservation District, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed 2007-11-29.
3. Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, and Dennis Alan Andersen, Distant Corner: Seattle Architects and the Legacy of H. H. Richardson, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2003. ISBN 0-295-98238-1. passim.
4. Jones, Nard (1972), Seattle, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, p. 195, ISBN 0385018754
5. Map near top of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, Administrative History, Chapter 11: Establishing the Seattle Unit. Accessed online 2007-11-26.
6. Morgan, Murray (1960). Skid Road: Seattle, Her First Hundred Years. Ballantine Books. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0345243102.
7. ^ Summary for 318 2nd Ave Extension / Parcel ID 5247800930, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online 2007-11-28.
8. Paul Dorpat, An Art-full Restoration, Pacific Northwest Magazine, a Sunday supplement to the Seattle Times, January 26, 2003. Article about the Collins Building in Seattle's Pioneer Square neighborhood. Accessed online 2007-12-01.
9. Marcie Sillman, Downtown: The First Downtown, KUOW-FM, March 12, 2007. Accessed online 2007-12-03.

References

• Andrews, Mildred Tanner, editor, Pioneer Square: Seattle's Oldest Neighborhood, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London 2005.
• Buerge, David, Seattle in the 1880s, Historical Society of Seattle and King County, Seattle 1986.
• Morgan, Murray, Skid Road, Ballantine Books (1960).
• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, and Andersen, Dennis Alan, “After the Fire: The Influence of H. H. Richardson on the Rebuilding of Seattle, 1889-1894,” Columbia 17 (Spring 2003), pages 7-15.
• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, and Andersen, Dennis Alan, Distant Corner: Seattle Architects and the Legacy of H.H.Richardson, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London 2003.
• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, and Andersen, Dennis Alan, “Meeting the Danger of Fire: Design and Construction in Seattle after 1889.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 93 (Summer 2002), pages 115-126.
• Warren, James R., The Day Seattle Burned: June 6, 1889, Seattle 1989.

External links

• Pioneer Square Preservation District, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods
• Historic sites in Pioneer Square, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods: extensive information about historic buildings and structures in the Pioneer Square neighborhood.
• Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Pioneer Square
• Seattle/King Co. HistoryLink.org: Pioneer Square — Thumbnail History
• Guide to the Pioneer Square Preservation District Records 1970-1997
• Steven Dutch, Seattle Underground, includes numerous pictures of the neighborhood and the "underground"
• Pioneer Squares Contemporary Art History
• Pioneer Square Seattle Hotel The only hotel located in Seattle's Pioneer Square District.
• Gold Fever! Seattle Outfits the Klondike Gold Rush, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

• Neighborhoods in Seattle
• Historic districts in the United States
• Town squares
• National Register of Historic Places in Seattle