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| {{History of Mongolia}} | {{History of Mongolia}} | ||
| [[Image:Tang (616-710).png|700px|Left|thumb| | |||
| Taizong "reign" 616-649<br /> | |||
| Colors show the succession of Taizong (Tang) conquest in Asia :<br /> | |||
| {{Legend|#00005b| ] (617 : his father is governor, Taizong support his revolt.)}} | |||
| {{Legend|#000080| Sui's Empire Protector (618). Tang dynasty 618. Controlled all of Sui's China by 622-626.}} | |||
| {{Legend|#0000ff| Submit the Oriental Turks territories (630-682)}} | |||
| {{Legend|#0080ff| Tibetan's King recognizes China as their emperor<ref>* '']'', vols. ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. | |||
| </ref> (641-670)}} | |||
| {{Legend|#78c0ff| Submit the Occidental Turks territories (642-665)}} | |||
| <small>(idem) add the Oasis (640-648 : northern Oasis ; 648 : southern Oasis)</small> | |||
| {{Legend|#b3d9ff| }} | |||
| The two darkest area are the area under the direct control of the Chinese empire, the 3 lightest area are under nominal control and/or vassals. Borders are not factual, they are indicatives. | |||
| ]] | |||
| {{Chinesetext}} | |||
| The geographical area known as Mongolia was under Chinese domination in the 7th to 8th centuries. A Proto Mongolic people, the ] were under Chinese rule. | |||
| '''Mongolia under Tang rule''' established a foundation for cultural and trading relationships which will continue to evolve for centuries.<ref name="perdue36">Perdue, Peter. (2005). -52.</ref> | |||
| The Han Chinese ] conquered a large area of the steppes of Central Asia, Mongolia, and Russia, and forced the ], and the ] and ] into submission and acceptance of Chinese rule. The Han Chinese Emperor ] was crowned ], or heavenly ], after beating the Gokturks and then the Khitan Mongols in Mongolia.<ref>Liu, 81-83</ref><ref>Bai, 230</ref><ref>Xue, 674-675</ref> It is not certain whether the title also appiled to rest of the Tang emperors, since the term ''kaghan'' only refers to males and women had become dominant in the Chinese court after 665 until the year 705. However, we do have two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu in ], the Yabgu of ], and Yina Tudun Qule in ], the king of ], addressing ] as '''Tian Kehan''' during the ] expansion.<ref>Bai, 230</ref><ref>Xue, 674-675</ref> The Chinese were the first sedentary peoples to conquer the steppes of mongolia, central asia, and russia. They were also the first non altaic peoples to do so.<ref>"The Chinese and their History and Culture" by Kenneth Scott Latouretter FOURTH REVISED EDITION 56892 Library of Congress card number- 64-17372 Printed by Macmillan ISBN 0-8160-2693-9</ref><ref>Liu, 81-83</ref><ref>Bai, 230</ref><ref>Xue, 674-675</ref><ref>Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (Hrsg.): The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979, ISBN 0-521-21446-7.</ref><ref>Ch.4 : T'ai-tsung (626-49) the Consolidator, p. ~160~170. Author: H.J. Wechsler.</ref> Because of this, the Tang Dynasty was the largest Chinese empire in all Chinese history. | |||
| ] | |||
| In the 7th to 8th centuries, the ] Chinese expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; but their warfare was not unopposed. | |||
| In serial wars of expansion, the Chinese confronted the ] and the proto-] ] and ]. | |||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| ⚫ | {{reflist}} | ||
| <references/> | |||
| ==Tea-for-horses trading system== | |||
| ==Further Reading== | |||
| When the Chinese came in contact with the nomadic tribes of the western steppes, the use of horses in warfare was soon appreciated.<ref>Graff, David Andrew. (2002). </ref> Mounted archers represented an initial tactical advantage over Chinese armies, the Chinese learned to adapt.<ref>Graff, </ref> Conservative forces opposed change, which affected the proportional balance amongst cavalrymen, horse-drawn chariots and infantrymen in Chinese armies.<ref>Ellis, John. (2004). ''Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare,'' pp. 19-20.</ref> | |||
| * '']'', vols. ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. | |||
| *] et al (2003). ''A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol.2)''. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-02890-X. | |||
| *Liu, Yitang (1997). ''Studies of Chinese Western Regions''. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company. ISBN 957-091119-0. | |||
| * ] (1992). ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8. | |||
| Horses and skilled horsemen were often in short supply in agrarian China, and cavalry were a distinct minority in most ] (618–907) armies.<ref>Graff, </ref> The Imperial herds numbered 325,700 horses in 794<ref>Graff, </ref> | |||
| The Chinese army lacked a sufficient number of good quality horses. Importation was the only remedy but the only potential suppliers were the steppe-nomads. The strategic factor considered most essential in warfare was controlled exclusively by the merchant-traders of the most likely enemies.<ref name="sinor">Sinor, Denis. ''Oriens Extremus,'' Vol. 19, No. 1-2 (1972), pp. 171-183.</ref> | |||
| The Chinese armies came to rely on an officially supervised tea-for-horse trading systems which had evolved over centuries.<ref>Perdue, Peter. (2005). -52.</ref> Tea and horses were so inextricably related that officials repeatedly requested that the tea laws and the horse administration he supervised by the same man. From the perspective of the Chinese court, government control of tea was the first step in the creation of a rational and effective policy aimed at improving the quality of horses in the army."<ref name="sinor"/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| ⚫ | {{reflist|1}} | ||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| * | |||
| *{{loc}} - | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 19:33, 26 February 2009
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Mongolia under Tang rule established a foundation for cultural and trading relationships which will continue to evolve for centuries.
In the 7th to 8th centuries, the Tang Dynasty Chinese expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; but their warfare was not unopposed.
In serial wars of expansion, the Chinese confronted the Mongols and the proto-Mongolic Gokturks and Khitans.
Tea-for-horses trading system
When the Chinese came in contact with the nomadic tribes of the western steppes, the use of horses in warfare was soon appreciated. Mounted archers represented an initial tactical advantage over Chinese armies, the Chinese learned to adapt. Conservative forces opposed change, which affected the proportional balance amongst cavalrymen, horse-drawn chariots and infantrymen in Chinese armies.
Horses and skilled horsemen were often in short supply in agrarian China, and cavalry were a distinct minority in most Tang Dynasty (618–907) armies. The Imperial herds numbered 325,700 horses in 794
The Chinese army lacked a sufficient number of good quality horses. Importation was the only remedy but the only potential suppliers were the steppe-nomads. The strategic factor considered most essential in warfare was controlled exclusively by the merchant-traders of the most likely enemies.
The Chinese armies came to rely on an officially supervised tea-for-horse trading systems which had evolved over centuries. Tea and horses were so inextricably related that officials repeatedly requested that the tea laws and the horse administration he supervised by the same man. From the perspective of the Chinese court, government control of tea was the first step in the creation of a rational and effective policy aimed at improving the quality of horses in the army."
See also
Notes
- Perdue, Peter. (2005). China Marches West, pp. 36-52.
- Graff, David Andrew. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, p. 22.
- Graff, p. 28.
- Ellis, John. (2004). Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare, pp. 19-20.
- Graff, p. 176.
- Graff, p. 228.
- ^ Sinor, Denis. "Horse and Pasture in Inner Asian history," Oriens Extremus, Vol. 19, No. 1-2 (1972), pp. 171-183.
- Perdue, Peter. (2005). China Marches West, pp. 36-52.
References
- Mongolia
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