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	While the group is known to still promote the Crowleyan Law of ], it is said to also focus on exploration of foreign intelligence such as ] and ]s, and on the ], like the ] of ].<ref>Simon Hinton, ''The Typhonian Tradition'', pg.10.</ref>		While the group is known to still promote the Crowleyan Law of ], it is said to also focus on exploration of foreign intelligence such as ] and ]s, and on the ], like the ] of ].<ref>Simon Hinton, ''The Typhonian Tradition'', pg.10.</ref>

	For example, Simon Hinton, a self-described initiate of O.T.O., writes in ''The Typhonian Tradition'':		For example, ], a self-described initiate of O.T.O., writes in ''The Typhonian Tradition'':

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>

Revision as of 00:42, 17 April 2009

Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), also known as the Typhonian Ordo Templi Orientis (T.O.T.O.) and more recently as the Typhonian Order, is a degree-based self-initiatory magical order based in the United Kingdom that focuses on magickal and typhonian concepts. It is led by British occultist Kenneth Grant.

Origins

The original O.T.O. was founded by the wealthy German industrialist Carl Kellner. After Kellner's death in 1905, Theodor Reuss became Outer Head of the Order.

In 1920, Reuss suffered a stroke, leading Aleister Crowley to question his competence to continue as Outer Head of the Order. By 1921, Crowley and Reuss were exchanging angry letters, culminating in Reuss' expulsion of Crowley from O.T.O. Crowley then informed Reuss that he was proclaiming himself Outer Head of the Order. Reuss died in 1923 without naming a successor, and Crowley was subsequently elected and ratified as Outer Head of the Order in a Conference of Grand Masters in 1925.

World War II then intervened, destroying the European branches of O.T.O. and driving its members underground. Karl Germer was incarcerated by the Nazis. By the end of the war, the sole surviving O.T.O. organization was Agapé Lodge in California, where Germer moved after he was released from internment in 1941.

Crowley's succession

While Germer was Crowley's unchallenged successor for some time, he was merely the so-called "Caliph" of the Agapé Lodge O.T.O. organization in America, and therefore a X° (tenth degree) adept as Grant would also be by 1951. The basis of Germer's confirmation of Grant's status as a IX° (ninth degree) adept in 1948 is hence problematic, and there is consequently a question whether Germer was in a formal position to later expel Grant, which took place in 1955.

Further, Koenig then cites William Breeze, who was elected as the third Caliph of the Agapé Lodge in 1985:

"The "caliphate" O.T.O. is a myth. As a fair reading of the "caliphate" letters from Crowley to McMurtry will show, McMurtry was the second Caliph, and Germer the first. ... An ironic truth is that Grant, until his expulsion in 1955, was a bona fide member of the "caliphate" O.T.O.--under Germer.

A document published in 1998 in Volume 2, Number 2 of Starfire ("The Official Organ" of the Typhonian OTO) purported to demonstrate that Crowley appointed Grant as Outer Head of the Order in 1947, before Crowley's demise:

"Ex nemore inferiori

Aretae Porti Novi
An Ixxi, Sun in Scorpio, Moon in Capricorn
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law
Knowing my death is near, and knowing that my loyal Frater Saturnus, Grand Secretary General of the O.T.O. is capable only of the Office of Custodian, I hereby appoint Frater Aussik 400 as my successor as Outer Head of the Ordo"

A statement published in March 2009 in Volume 2, Number 3 of Starfire, however, acknowledge that it has subsequently been established the document was a fake and identifies "the perpetrator".

Dave Evans writes that Aleister Crowley (1875-1947) bequeathed leadership of Ordo Templi Orientis in the UK to Kenneth Grant. In 1951, Grant declared, "I am authorized to operate the O.T.O. in England", assuming the X° for Ireland, Iona, and All the Britains, a title previously held by Crowley. Grant wrote a new manifesto for O.T.O. and had 5000 copies printed. Karl Germer, Crowley's successor as head of O.T.O. in the USA, recognized and endorsed Grant's status as a IX° (ninth degree) adept in 1948 after Crowley's death.

P.R. Koenig, on the other hand, asserts that "Germer himself refused to accept the duties of O.H.O. (Outer Head of the Order) since he believed that the Reuss O.T.O. had more authority than the Crowley O.T.O."

Grant claims that his assumption of the XI° (11th degree) was confirmed in 1946, presumably by Crowley, the same year that he was initiated into the A∴A∴, an associated Thelemic magical order created by Crowley in 1907 after leaving the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

In 1951, Grant declared, "I am authorized to operate the O.T.O. in England", assuming the X° (10th degree) for Ireland, Iona, and All the Britains, a title previously held by Crowley before his rupture with Reuss and his self-promotion to Outer Head of the Order in 1921. In 1952, Grant wrote a new manifesto for O.T.O. and had 5000 copies printed.

In 1954, Grant began the work of founding the New Isis Lodge, which became operational in 1955 when Grant announced his discovery of a "Sirius/Set current" in a new manifesto upon which the lodge would be based. The Caliph of the Agapé Lodge in California, Karl Germer, disliked this new manifesto so much that he expelled Grant from the O.T.O. Grant responded by declaring himself the Outer Head of the Order, assuming the XII° degree, taking his supporters into schism against those few still following Germer. Grant's O.T.O. henceforth became informally known as the "Typhonian Ordo Templi Orientis," absorbing the New Isis Lodge in 1962, around the same time that Germer died without formally naming a successor to the original O.T.O.

Kenneth Grant's O.T.O.

O.T.O. is among the most well-known magical orders, primarily due to the publications of Kenneth Grant. In particular, O.T.O. has influenced Setianism and Dragon Rouge and was instrumental in the creation of Nema's Maat Magick movement.

While the group is known to still promote the Crowleyan Law of Thelema, it is said to also focus on exploration of foreign intelligence such as extraterrestrial life and demons, and on the darker aspects of occult existence, like the Cthulhu Mythos of H.P. Lovecraft.

For example, Simon Hinton, a self-described initiate of O.T.O., writes in The Typhonian Tradition:

"Some of you may have heard of the term praeter-human entity, and in the context of this discussion this phrase should be recognized as that which is beyond the human. In occult tradition it is accepted that there are spiritual beings in existence out of the general reaches of human manifestation, and therefore not subject to the same laws of space and time which operate on our dimension. History is replete with accounts of contact between such beings and humans. Examples which spring to mind are, Moses receiving the Ten commandments, the conversion of Saul on the road to Damascus, the seances of Dr John Dee and Sir Edward Kelly and Aleister Crowley's contact with Aiwass, Amalantrah and Abuldiz. Contact with such higher forces is usually considered to be beneficial, resulting in the communication of new knowledge and understanding."

Hinton continues, "There is one particular praeter-human intelligence of note, which has come to be associated with the Typhonian Tradition in recent years, and that is the entity known as Lam. A portrait of Lam was drawn by Aleister Crowley around 1917 in New York...The drawing was given to Kenneth Grant in 1945, and its hypnotic image bears an uncannily strong resemblance to the E.T. representation we see in modern films, although it was painted years before this archetype was stylised." Crowley's depiction of Lam does indeed presage descriptions and representations of extraterrestrial entities which have come to be known as "the Greys" in U.F.O. literature.

It must be emphasized that O.T.O. does not appear to interpret its alleged contacts with praetor-human intelligences in an overly literal fashion. Rather, Lam and entities from the Cthulhu Mythos are conventions of a sort which enable humans to interact with "something non-human, from a human perspective." As Hinton says, "categorisations tend to collapse on examination," noting that "Nuclear physicists face a similar dilemma on the sub-atomic level, being unsure of whether quantum material should be defined as a particle or an energy wave."

In Concerning the Cult of Lam: The Dikpala of the Way of Silence, Grant himself writes:

"The Cult has been founded because very strong intimations have been received by Aossic Aiwass 718'.' (a reference to Grant using his magical name) to the effect that the portrait of Lam...(which was given to Grant by Crowley)...is the present focus of an extra-terrestrial--and perhaps--trans-plutonic--Energy which the O.T.O. is required to communicate at this critical period, for we have now entered the Eighties mentioned in The Book of the Law. It is Our aim to obtain some insight not only into the nature of Lam, but also into the possibilities of using the Egg as an astral space-capsule for traveling to Lam's domain, or for exploring the Tunnels of Set in intra-cosmic and chthonian capsules."

In summary, Hinton states, "The Typhonian Tradition should be seen then as the transforming effect of contact, with those forces that lie beyond human awareness. The purpose of this is to transform human consciousness by widening, deepening and enriching it."

Organizationally, it is believed that O.T.O has shifted from a formal hierarchy to a less hierarchical structure. It is worth quoting Koenig at length to illustrate the organizational distinctions between Grant's O.T.O. and other branches of O.T.O.:

"The Typhonian O.T.O. functions as a cosmic network which does not operate through terrestrially based lodges, because its members are not - in a magical sense - centred on earth. Their zones of occult activity are located in spaces which both include and transcend astral levels of consciousness. The Typhonian O.T.O. is not, therefore, a corporate body in a mundane sense - it is controlled by inner-plane contacts focused today through a handful of individuals channelling currents outside the circles of time and space. Regarding Thelema, the Typhonian O.T.O. is considered to be the Machine, the A\A\ as the Operator. 
There is no comparison to other O.T.O. versions, essentially because there are no group rituals or ceremonies of initiation at any stage of the degree structure. The basis of initiation is the assimilation of direct magical and mystical working. It follows that all initiation is in effect self-initiation. There is a small amount of set gradework in the Typhonian O.T.O. However, the emphasis is on the initiate charting his or her own course. There is of course the experience of others to draw upon."