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| It has been claimed that '''Internet operations by Russian secret police services''' include a variety of "]" to influence the world events, including ], ], dissemination of ] over the internet, ], internet ] using ] technology, and ]. According to investigative journalist ] <ref name="Soldatov"> , a talk show by ] at the ], January 22, 2006; interview with ] and others </ref>, some of these activities are coordinated by the Russian ], which is currently a part of the ] but has been formerly a part of 16th ] department, but others are directed by the ]. This point is, however, disputable (see below). | It has been claimed that '''Internet operations by Russian secret police services''' include a variety of "]" to influence the world events, including ], ], dissemination of ] over the internet, ], internet ] using ] technology, and ]. According to investigative journalist ] <ref name="Soldatov"> , a talk show by ] at the ], January 22, 2006; interview with ] and others </ref>, some of these activities are coordinated by the Russian ], which is currently a part of the ] but has been formerly a part of 16th ] department, but others are directed by the ]. This point is, however, disputable (see below). | ||
| ==Disinformation== | |||
| ==Alleged disinformation== | |||
| US author ] described his interviews with former senior ] officer ] who defected in the ] in 2000. According to him, | US author ] described his interviews with former senior ] officer ] who defected in the ] in 2000. According to him, | ||
| {{Quotation2|Sergei would send an officer to a branch of ] where he could get access to the Internet without anyone knowing his identity. The officer would post the propaganda on various websites and send it in emails to US publications and broadcasters. Some propaganda would be disguised as educational or scientific reports. ... The studies had been generated at the ]) by Russian experts. The reports would be 99% accurate but would always contain a ''kernel of disinformation'' that favored Russian foreign policy. ... "Our goal was to cause dissension and unrest inside the US and anti-American feelings abroad" <ref name="Comrade J">], "Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War", Penguin Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3, pages 194-195</ref>}}. | {{Quotation2|Sergei would send an officer to a branch of ] where he could get access to the Internet without anyone knowing his identity. The officer would post the propaganda on various websites and send it in emails to US publications and broadcasters. Some propaganda would be disguised as educational or scientific reports. ... The studies had been generated at the ]) by Russian experts. The reports would be 99% accurate but would always contain a ''kernel of disinformation'' that favored Russian foreign policy. ... "Our goal was to cause dissension and unrest inside the US and anti-American feelings abroad" <ref name="Comrade J">], "Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War", Penguin Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3, pages 194-195</ref>}}. | ||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
| According to Soldatov, one of the Russian teams, who called themselves ] officers, was actively involved in a disinformation campaign prior to ]<ref name="Soldatov"/>. | According to Soldatov, one of the Russian teams, who called themselves ] officers, was actively involved in a disinformation campaign prior to ]<ref name="Soldatov"/>. | ||
| ==Cyberattacks== | |||
| ==Alleged cyberattacks== | |||
| Some believe that Russian secret police services organized a number of ] as a part of their ] against other countries<ref> . Strategists must be aware that part of every political and military conflict will take place on the internet, says Kenneth Geers. </ref>, most notably ] and | Some believe that Russian secret police services organized a number of ] as a part of their ] against other countries<ref> . Strategists must be aware that part of every political and military conflict will take place on the internet, says Kenneth Geers. </ref>, most notably ] and | ||
| ] . One of young Russian hackers said that he was paid by the ] to lead the hacker attacks on ] computers. He was majoring computer sciences at the ''Department of the Defense of Information''. His tuition was paid by the FSB<ref> Andrew Meier, ''Black Earth.'' W.W. Norton & Company, 2003, ISBN 0-393-05178-1, pages 15-16. </ref> According to Soldatov, a hacker attack on his web site ] was apparently directed by the secret services in the middle of ]<ref name="Soldatov"/>. | ] . One of young Russian hackers said that he was paid by the ] to lead the hacker attacks on ] computers. He was majoring computer sciences at the ''Department of the Defense of Information''. His tuition was paid by the FSB<ref> Andrew Meier, ''Black Earth.'' W.W. Norton & Company, 2003, ISBN 0-393-05178-1, pages 15-16. </ref> According to Soldatov, a hacker attack on his web site ] was apparently directed by the secret services in the middle of ]<ref name="Soldatov"/>. | ||
| == |
==Russian state security teams== | ||
| Russian intelligence expert ] made the following points when asked by ] about "internet brigades"<ref> , a talk show by ] at the ], January 22, 2006; interview with ] and others </ref>: | Russian intelligence expert ] made the following points when asked by ] about "internet brigades"<ref> , a talk show by ] at the ], January 22, 2006; interview with ] and others </ref>: | ||
| *Russian state security teams actively disrupt work of certain political ]; | *Russian state security teams actively disrupt work of certain political ]; | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
| *There are also such teams from the ]. | *There are also such teams from the ]. | ||
| ==Persecution of ] by the FSB== | |||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| When Russian president ] called on his nation's women to have more children, journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov published a satiric article on the Internet calling Putin "''the nation's ]''". Rakhmankov was found guilty and fined by the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gdf.ru/digest/digest/digest298e.shtml#rus1|title=GLASNOST DEFENSE FOUNDATION'S DIGEST No. 298|date=]|accessdate=2007-05-11}}</ref><ref></ref><ref> </ref><ref> </ref> Journalist ] and director of ] Stanislav Dmitrievsky were convicted in ] for publishing articles on the internet. <ref> statement by ] </ref> <ref name="Novo"> - by Jamestown Foundation </ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Disruption of political blogs== | ||
| {{main|web brigades}} | {{main|web brigades}} | ||
| The appearance of Russian state security teams in ] was described in 2003 by ] Anna Polyanskaya <ref name=Pol1>, MAOF publishing group</ref> (a former assistant to assassinated ] politician ]<ref>{{ru icon}} , by Anna Polyanskaya</ref>), ] Andrey Krivov and political activist Ivan Lomako. They claimed the appearance of organized and fairly professional "brigades", composed of ideologically and methodologically identical personalities, who were working in practically every popular ] and pro-] Internet forums and Internet newspapers of RuNet.<ref name="Polyanskaya"> by Anna Polyanskaya, Andrei Krivov, and Ivan Lomko, Vestnik online, ], ] ()</ref>. | The appearance of Russian state security teams in ] was described in 2003 by ] Anna Polyanskaya <ref name=Pol1>, MAOF publishing group</ref> (a former assistant to assassinated ] politician ]<ref>{{ru icon}} , by Anna Polyanskaya</ref>), ] Andrey Krivov and political activist Ivan Lomako. They claimed the appearance of organized and fairly professional "brigades", composed of ideologically and methodologically identical personalities, who were working in practically every popular ] and pro-] Internet forums and Internet newspapers of RuNet.<ref name="Polyanskaya"> by Anna Polyanskaya, Andrei Krivov, and Ivan Lomko, Vestnik online, ], ] ()</ref>. | ||
| ===Behavior=== | |||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| According to Polyanskaya and her colleagues, the behavior of people from the Internet brigades has distinct features, some of which are the following:<ref name="Polyanskaya"/> <ref> , Anna Polyanskaya Andrei Krivov, Ivan Lomko, 19 - 03 - 2009, ]</ref> | |||
| *Propaganda of the ], and constant attempts to present in a positive light the entire history of Russia and the ], minimizing the number of people who died in repressions. | |||
| *Boundless loyalty to ] and his circle. | |||
| *Respect and admiration for the ] and ]. The key word which "will force them to reveal their true colors is ]"; the brigade will cry out in a choir about "bloody repressions by democratic murderers" and "witch hunts" after mentioning this word. | |||
| *Hatred of ] and ] organizations and activists, ]s and ]s, especially ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| *] and anti-Westernism. | |||
| *Accusation of ] against everyone who disagrees with them. | |||
| *Tendency to accuse their opponents of being ] during arguments. | |||
| *Round-the-clock presence on forums. At least one of the uniform members of the team can be found online at all times, always ready to repulse any “attack” by a ]. | |||
| ===Tactics=== | |||
| *'''Individual work on opponents.''' "As soon as an opposition-minded liberal arrives on a forum, expressing a position that makes them a clear "ideological enemy”, he is immediately cornered and subjected to “]” by the unified web-brigade. Without provocation, the opponent is piled on with abuse or vicious “arguments” of the sort that the average person cannot adequately react to. As a result, the liberal either answers sharply, causing a scandal and getting himself labeled a “boor” by the rest of the brigade, or else he starts to make arguments against the obvious absurdities, to which his opponents pay no attention, but simply ridicule him and put forth other similar arguments."<ref name="Polyanskaya"/> | |||
| *'''Accusations that opponents are working for “enemies”'''. The opponents are accused of taking money from ], the ], the ], ], the ], or the ] rebels. | |||
| *'''Making personally offensive comments''', especially of sexual nature. | |||
| *'''Remarkable ability to reveal personal information''' about their opponents and their quotes from old postings, sometimes more than a year old. | |||
| *'''Teamwork'''. "They unwaveringly support each other in discussions, ask each other leading questions, put fine points on each other’s answers, and even pretend not to know each other. If an opponent starts to be hounded, this hounding invariably becomes a team effort, involving all of the three to twenty nicknames that invariably are present on any political forum 24 hours a day."<ref name="Polyanskaya"/> | |||
| *'''Appealing to the Administration'''. The members of teams often "write mass collective complaints about their opponents to the editors, site administrators, or the electronic “complaints book”, demanding that one or another posting or whole discussion thread they don’t like be removed, or calling for the banning of individuals they find problematic."<ref name="Polyanskaya"/> | |||
| *'''Destruction of inconvenient forums'''. For example, on the site of the ], all critics of ] and the FSB "were suddenly and without any explanation banned from all discussions, despite their having broken none of the site’s rules of conduct. All the postings of this group of readers, going back a year and a half, were erased by the site administrator."<ref name="Polyanskaya"/> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Russian agents in Polish web sites== | ||
| According to claims of unnamed "Polish experts on Russian affairs", reported by the Polish newspaper ] in 2005, at least a dozen active Russian agents work in Poland, also investigating the Polish Internet. The source also claims that the agents scrutinize Polish websites (like those supporting ]ian opposition), and also perform such actions, as—for instance—contributing to Internet forums on large portals (like Gazeta.pl, Onet.pl, WP.pl). Labeled as Polish Internet users, they incite anti-Semitic or anti-Ukrainian discussions or disavow articles published on the web, according to the source.<ref name="Tygodnik"> , ], 13/2005</ref> | According to claims of unnamed "Polish experts on Russian affairs", reported by the Polish newspaper ] in 2005, at least a dozen active Russian agents work in Poland, also investigating the Polish Internet. The source also claims that the agents scrutinize Polish websites (like those supporting ]ian opposition), and also perform such actions, as—for instance—contributing to Internet forums on large portals (like Gazeta.pl, Onet.pl, WP.pl). Labeled as Polish Internet users, they incite anti-Semitic or anti-Ukrainian discussions or disavow articles published on the web, according to the source.<ref name="Tygodnik"> , ], 13/2005</ref> | ||
| == |
=="LiveJournal fighters"== | ||
| A member of ] Roman Sadykhov |
A member of ] Roman Sadykhov reported about "] fighters", directed and paid from the Kremlin and instructions given to them by ], a close aide of ] <ref>{{ru icon}} , grani.ru, ], ]</ref> Surkov allegedly called Livejournal "a very important sector of work" <ref name="Surkov">, '']'', ], ]</ref> and said that people's brains must be "]" . He instructed "LiveJournal fighters" that | ||
| :"We are losing in the Internet in that respect. It is always easier to break down things than to do something positive. What you are doing are jokes and minor infractions. Not only methods, but also goals must be radical. We must blow this romantics out of them . It is important not only to protect the authorities - this is understood, but we need to attract young people who can work creatively in the Internet. This is an important communication place of young people. Make them interested in conversations with you."<ref name="Surkov"/> | |||
| ==Comments by Russian government officials== | ==Comments by Russian government officials== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 63: | ||
| *Although Yusupovskiy himself has a list of claims against Russian security services and their presense in virtual world (as "according to statements of media every security service is busy in the Internet tracking terrorism, extremism, narcotic traffic, human trafficking and child pornography"), his claims are of different nature than those of Polyanskaya. | *Although Yusupovskiy himself has a list of claims against Russian security services and their presense in virtual world (as "according to statements of media every security service is busy in the Internet tracking terrorism, extremism, narcotic traffic, human trafficking and child pornography"), his claims are of different nature than those of Polyanskaya. | ||
| *Yusupovskiy himself didn't take Web brigades theory seriously, "naively" considering that officeers of GRU or FSB have more topical problems than "comparing virtual penises" with liberals and emigrants. His own experience at forums also did not give him a reason proving the theory.<ref name="Usup"/> | *Yusupovskiy himself didn't take Web brigades theory seriously, "naively" considering that officeers of GRU or FSB have more topical problems than "comparing virtual penises" with liberals and emigrants. His own experience at forums also did not give him a reason proving the theory.<ref name="Usup"/> | ||
| ==Agents in wikipedia== | |||
| A number of publications suggested that ] may have infiltrated Misplaced Pages to remove undesirable information and insert disinformation<ref> , by Ludwig De Braeckeleer, ], 2007-07-26. </ref><ref> by ]</ref> | |||
| <ref>, by Rhys Blakely, ], August 16, 2007 </ref> | |||
| <ref> By Jonathan Fildes, ] </ref> | |||
| <ref>, by ]</ref> | |||
| <ref> By Paul Willis</ref>. According to publication in Russian computer weekly ], anonymous editors have always "corrected" and continue "correcting" articles of ] in the interests of special services, although "this is nothing special since everyone knows about the special place of the secret services in the structure of Russian state" <ref> by Kivy Bird, ], 26 November 2008 </ref> | |||
| ==In popular culture== | |||
| The alleged ] activities on the Internet have been described in the short story "Anastasya" by Russian writer ], who was interested in the moral aspects of their work.<ref name="Svirsky>" ] </ref> He wrote: | |||
| {{Quotation|"It seems that offending, betraying, or even "murdering" people in the virtual space is easy. This is like killing an enemy in a video game: one does not see a disfigured body or the eyes of the person who is dying right in front of you. However, the human soul lives by its own basic laws that force it to pay the price for the virtual crime in his real life".<ref name="Bagryansky"> {{ru icon}} </ref>}} | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 00:42, 30 April 2009
It has been claimed that Internet operations by Russian secret police services include a variety of "active measures" to influence the world events, including denial of service attacks, hacker attacks, dissemination of disinformation over the internet, participation of state-sponsored teams in political blogs, internet surveillance using SORM technology, and persecution of cyber-dissidents. According to investigative journalist Andrei Soldatov , some of these activities are coordinated by the Russian signals intelligence, which is currently a part of the FSB but has been formerly a part of 16th KGB department, but others are directed by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. This point is, however, disputable (see below).
Disinformation
US author Pete Earley described his interviews with former senior Russian intelligence officer Sergei Tretyakov who defected in the United States in 2000. According to him,
Sergei would send an officer to a branch of New York Public Library where he could get access to the Internet without anyone knowing his identity. The officer would post the propaganda on various websites and send it in emails to US publications and broadcasters. Some propaganda would be disguised as educational or scientific reports. ... The studies had been generated at the Center) by Russian experts. The reports would be 99% accurate but would always contain a kernel of disinformation that favored Russian foreign policy. ... "Our goal was to cause dissension and unrest inside the US and anti-American feelings abroad"
.
Tretyakov did not specify the targeted web sites, but made clear they selected the sites which are most convenient for distributing the specific disinformation. During his work in New York in the end of 1990s, one of the most frequent disinformation subjects was War in Chechnya.
According to Soldatov, one of the Russian teams, who called themselves GRU officers, was actively involved in a disinformation campaign prior to US invasion of Iraq.
Cyberattacks
Some believe that Russian secret police services organized a number of denial of service attacks as a part of their Cyber-warfare against other countries, most notably 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia and 2008 cyberattacks on Georgia and Azerbaijan . One of young Russian hackers said that he was paid by the Russian state security services to lead the hacker attacks on NATO computers. He was majoring computer sciences at the Department of the Defense of Information. His tuition was paid by the FSB According to Soldatov, a hacker attack on his web site Agentura was apparently directed by the secret services in the middle of Moscow theater hostage crisis.
Russian state security teams
Russian intelligence expert Andrei Soldatov made the following points when asked by Yevgenia Albats about "internet brigades":
- Russian state security teams actively disrupt work of certain political blogs;
- One of the teams, who called themselves GRU officers, was actively involved in a disinformation campaign prior to US invasion of Iraq;
- The teams are also involved in hacker attacks, and they have probably attacked his own web site during the Moscow theater hostage crisis;
- Some of the "internet brigades" are coordinated by the Russian signals intelligence, which is currently a part of the FSB and has been formerly a part of 16th KGB department;
- There are also such teams from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Persecution of cyber-dissidents by the FSB
When Russian president Vladimir Putin called on his nation's women to have more children, journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov published a satiric article on the Internet calling Putin "the nation's phallic symbol". Rakhmankov was found guilty and fined by the court. Journalist Boris Stomakhin and director of Russian-Chechen Friendship Society Stanislav Dmitrievsky were convicted in 2006 for publishing articles on the internet.
Disruption of political blogs
Main article: web brigadesThe appearance of Russian state security teams in RuNet was described in 2003 by journalist Anna Polyanskaya (a former assistant to assassinated Russian politician Galina Starovoitova), historian Andrey Krivov and political activist Ivan Lomako. They claimed the appearance of organized and fairly professional "brigades", composed of ideologically and methodologically identical personalities, who were working in practically every popular liberal and pro-democracy Internet forums and Internet newspapers of RuNet..
Behavior
According to Polyanskaya and her colleagues, the behavior of people from the Internet brigades has distinct features, some of which are the following:
- Propaganda of the Communist ideology, and constant attempts to present in a positive light the entire history of Russia and the Soviet Union, minimizing the number of people who died in repressions.
- Boundless loyalty to Vladimir Putin and his circle.
- Respect and admiration for the KGB and FSB. The key word which "will force them to reveal their true colors is lustration"; the brigade will cry out in a choir about "bloody repressions by democratic murderers" and "witch hunts" after mentioning this word.
- Hatred of dissidents and human rights organizations and activists, political prisoners and journalists, especially Anna Politkovskaya, Sergei Kovalev, Elena Bonner, Grigory Pasko, Victor Shenderovich, and Valeria Novodvorskaya.
- Anti-Americanism and anti-Westernism.
- Accusation of Russophobia against everyone who disagrees with them.
- Tendency to accuse their opponents of being insane during arguments.
- Round-the-clock presence on forums. At least one of the uniform members of the team can be found online at all times, always ready to repulse any “attack” by a liberal.
Tactics
- Individual work on opponents. "As soon as an opposition-minded liberal arrives on a forum, expressing a position that makes them a clear "ideological enemy”, he is immediately cornered and subjected to “active measures” by the unified web-brigade. Without provocation, the opponent is piled on with abuse or vicious “arguments” of the sort that the average person cannot adequately react to. As a result, the liberal either answers sharply, causing a scandal and getting himself labeled a “boor” by the rest of the brigade, or else he starts to make arguments against the obvious absurdities, to which his opponents pay no attention, but simply ridicule him and put forth other similar arguments."
- Accusations that opponents are working for “enemies”. The opponents are accused of taking money from Berezovskiy, the CIA, the MOSSAD, Saudi Arabia, the Zionists, or the Chechen rebels.
- Making personally offensive comments, especially of sexual nature.
- Remarkable ability to reveal personal information about their opponents and their quotes from old postings, sometimes more than a year old.
- Teamwork. "They unwaveringly support each other in discussions, ask each other leading questions, put fine points on each other’s answers, and even pretend not to know each other. If an opponent starts to be hounded, this hounding invariably becomes a team effort, involving all of the three to twenty nicknames that invariably are present on any political forum 24 hours a day."
- Appealing to the Administration. The members of teams often "write mass collective complaints about their opponents to the editors, site administrators, or the electronic “complaints book”, demanding that one or another posting or whole discussion thread they don’t like be removed, or calling for the banning of individuals they find problematic."
- Destruction of inconvenient forums. For example, on the site of the Moscow News, all critics of Putin and the FSB "were suddenly and without any explanation banned from all discussions, despite their having broken none of the site’s rules of conduct. All the postings of this group of readers, going back a year and a half, were erased by the site administrator."
Russian agents in Polish web sites
According to claims of unnamed "Polish experts on Russian affairs", reported by the Polish newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny in 2005, at least a dozen active Russian agents work in Poland, also investigating the Polish Internet. The source also claims that the agents scrutinize Polish websites (like those supporting Belarusian opposition), and also perform such actions, as—for instance—contributing to Internet forums on large portals (like Gazeta.pl, Onet.pl, WP.pl). Labeled as Polish Internet users, they incite anti-Semitic or anti-Ukrainian discussions or disavow articles published on the web, according to the source.
"LiveJournal fighters"
A member of National Bolshevik Party Roman Sadykhov reported about "LiveJournal fighters", directed and paid from the Kremlin and instructions given to them by Vladislav Surkov, a close aide of Vladimir Putin Surkov allegedly called Livejournal "a very important sector of work" and said that people's brains must be "nationalized" . He instructed "LiveJournal fighters" that
- "We are losing in the Internet in that respect. It is always easier to break down things than to do something positive. What you are doing are jokes and minor infractions. Not only methods, but also goals must be radical. We must blow this romantics out of them . It is important not only to protect the authorities - this is understood, but we need to attract young people who can work creatively in the Internet. This is an important communication place of young people. Make them interested in conversations with you."
Comments by Russian government officials
Alexander Yusupovskiy, head of the analytical department of the Federation Council of Russia (Russian Parliament) published in 2003 an article "Conspiracy theory" in Russian Journal with criticism of theory of web brigades.
His points included:
- Authors exclude from their interpretation of events all other hypotheses, such as internet activity of a group of some "skinheads", nazbols or simply unliberal students; or hackers able to get IP addresses of their opponents.
- According to Yusupovskiy, authors treat "independence of public opinion" in spirit of irreconcilable antagonism with "positive image of Russia".
- Although Yusupovskiy himself has a list of claims against Russian security services and their presense in virtual world (as "according to statements of media every security service is busy in the Internet tracking terrorism, extremism, narcotic traffic, human trafficking and child pornography"), his claims are of different nature than those of Polyanskaya.
- Yusupovskiy himself didn't take Web brigades theory seriously, "naively" considering that officeers of GRU or FSB have more topical problems than "comparing virtual penises" with liberals and emigrants. His own experience at forums also did not give him a reason proving the theory.
Agents in wikipedia
A number of publications suggested that intelligence agents may have infiltrated Misplaced Pages to remove undesirable information and insert disinformation . According to publication in Russian computer weekly Computerra, anonymous editors have always "corrected" and continue "correcting" articles of Russian Misplaced Pages in the interests of special services, although "this is nothing special since everyone knows about the special place of the secret services in the structure of Russian state"
In popular culture
The alleged FSB activities on the Internet have been described in the short story "Anastasya" by Russian writer Grigory Svirsky, who was interested in the moral aspects of their work. He wrote:
"It seems that offending, betraying, or even "murdering" people in the virtual space is easy. This is like killing an enemy in a video game: one does not see a disfigured body or the eyes of the person who is dying right in front of you. However, the human soul lives by its own basic laws that force it to pay the price for the virtual crime in his real life".
See also
- Information warfare
- Harassment by computer
- Jingjing and Chacha
- Computer crime
- Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China
- Astroturfing
- Web brigades
- 50_Cent_Party
References
- ^ State control over the internet, a talk show by Yevgenia Albats at the Echo of Moscow, January 22, 2006; interview with Andrei Soldatov and others
- Pete Earley, "Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War", Penguin Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3, pages 194-195
- Cyberspace and the changing nature of warfare. Strategists must be aware that part of every political and military conflict will take place on the internet, says Kenneth Geers.
- Andrew Meier, Black Earth. W.W. Norton & Company, 2003, ISBN 0-393-05178-1, pages 15-16.
- State control over the internet, a talk show by Yevgenia Albats at the Echo of Moscow, January 22, 2006; interview with Andrei Soldatov and others
- "GLASNOST DEFENSE FOUNDATION'S DIGEST No. 298". 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Russia: 'Phallic' Case Threatens Internet Freedom
- U.S. Media Watchdog Criticizes Russia
- Media freedom watchdog condemns conviction of journalist in Russia
- Russia: Activist’s Conviction Hurts Freedom of Expression statement by Human Rights Watch
- KAVKAZ-CENTER WRITER APPEALS JAIL SENTENCE - by Jamestown Foundation
- Articles by Anna Polyanskaya, MAOF publishing group
- Template:Ru icon "They are killing Galina Starovoitova for the second time", by Anna Polyanskaya
- ^ Commissars of the Internet. The FSB at the Computer by Anna Polyanskaya, Andrei Krivov, and Ivan Lomko, Vestnik online, April 30, 2003 (English translation)
- The Kremlin's virtual squad, Anna Polyanskaya Andrei Krivov, Ivan Lomko, 19 - 03 - 2009, openDemocracy.net
- Operation "Disinformation" - The Russian Foreign Office vs "Tygodnik Powszechny", Tygodnik Powszechny, 13/2005
- Template:Ru icon Interview with Roman Sadykhov, grani.ru, 3 April, 2007
- ^ Military wing of Kremlin (Russian), The New Times, 19 March, 2007
- ^ Conspiracy theory, by Alexander Yusupovskiy, Russian Journal, 25 April, 2003
- Misplaced Pages and the Intelligence Services, by Ludwig De Braeckeleer, OhmyNews, 2007-07-26.
- CIA, FBI computers used for Misplaced Pages edits by Reuters
- Wal-Mart, CIA, ExxonMobil Changed Misplaced Pages Entries, by Rhys Blakely, The Times, August 16, 2007
- Misplaced Pages 'shows CIA page edits' By Jonathan Fildes, BBC News
- See Who's Editing Misplaced Pages - Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign, by Wired
- CIA and Labour Party 'edit' Misplaced Pages entries By Paul Willis
- Is there only one truth? by Kivy Bird, Computerra, 26 November 2008
- " Grigory Svirsky Anastasya. A story on-line (Full text in Russian)
- Template:Ru icon Eye for an eye