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Hamburger

A fast food hamburger within a traditional "hamburger bun".
Course	Main Course
Place of origin	United States
Created by	Louis' Lunch
Serving temperature	Hot
Main ingredients	Ground Beef and Bread
Variations	Many
Cookbook: Hamburger   Media: Hamburger

A hamburger (or burger) is a sandwich consisting of a cooked ground meat patty, usually beef, placed in a sliced bun or between pieces of bread or toast. Hamburgers are often served with various condiments, such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish etc. as well as lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, and cheese.

American origins

The hamburger had its beginning on Athens,Texas interesting courthouse square in the l880s when Fletcher Davis, who owned a downtown cafe, invented the sandwich. The delicacy was so popular that in l904 a group of Athens businessmen raised enough money to send the inventor to the St. Louis World's Fair, where the hamburger was introduced to the world.

The following American restaurants have either played a part in the creation of the hamburger sandwich, developed a unique cooking method or were first to sell them nationwide:

• Louis' Lunch, 1900, New Haven, Connecticut. Louis' Lunch has been selling steak and hamburger since 1895 when Louis Lassen opened his lunch wagon . This small establishment, which advertises itself as the oldest hamburger restaurant in the U.S., is credited by some with having invented the classic American hamburger when Louis sandwiched a pattie between two pieces of white toast for a busy office worker in 1900 . Louis' Lunch flame broils the hamburgers in the original 1898 Bridge & Beach vertical cast iron gas stoves using locally patented steel wire gridirons to hold the hamburgers in place during cooking U.S. Patent #2,148,879 . In 1974, The New York Times published a story about Louis' Lunch claiming to have invented the hamburger. The U.S. Library of Congress American Folklife Center Local Legacies Project website credits Louis' Lunch as the maker of America's first hamburger and steak sandwich. The hamburger is still served today on two pieces of toast and not a bun .
• Dyer's Burgers, 1912, Memphis, Tennessee, deep-fried burgers using a cast-iron skillet.
• White Castle, 1921, Wichita, Kansas. Due to widely prevalent anti-German sentiment in the U.S. during World War I, an alternative name for hamburgers was salisbury steak. Following the war, hamburgers became unpopular until the White Castle restaurant chain marketed and sold large numbers of small 2.5 inch square hamburgers (known as slyders). They started to punch 5 holes in each patty which help them cook evenly and eliminates the need to flip the burger. The burger first sold for 5 cents. White Castle holds a U.S trademark on the word "slyders." The White Castle building was modeled after the water tower building in Chicago with the turrets and fortress like walls. White Castle was the first to sell their hamburgers in grocery stores and vending machines. They also created the industrial strength spatula and first to mass produce the paper hat. Today there are more than 400 restaurants around the country. They sell over 550 million hamburgers per year. "What you crave" has become the White Castle slogan.
• Ted's Restaurant, 1959; Meriden, Connecticut. Ted's Restaurant uses steam to cook their cheeseburgers.

Hamburgers today

Hamburgers are usually a feature of fast food restaurants. The hamburgers served in major fast food establishments are mass-produced in factories and frozen for delivery to the site. These hamburgers are thin and of uniform thickness, differing from the traditional American hamburger prepared in homes and conventional restaurants, which is thicker and prepared by hand from ground beef. Generally most American hamburgers are round, but some fast-food chains, such as Wendy's, sell square-cut hamburgers. Hamburgers in fast food restaurants are usually fried, but some firms, such as Burger King use a grilling process. At conventional American restaurants, hamburgers may be ordered "rare", but normally are served well-done for food safety reasons. Fast food restaurants do not offer this option.

The McDonald's fast-food chain sells a sandwich called the Big Mac, one of the world's top selling hamburgers. Other major fast-food chains – including Burger King (also known as Hungry Jack's in Australia), A&W, Culver's ,Whataburger, Carl's Jr./Hardee's chain, Wendy's (known for their square patties), Jack in the Box, Cook Out, Harvey's, In-N-Out Burger, Five Guys, Fatburger, Burgerville, Back Yard Burgers, Lick's Homeburger, Roy Rogers, and Sonic – also rely heavily on hamburger sales. Fuddruckers and Red Robin are popular hamburger chains that specialize in mid-tier "restaurant-style" variety of hamburgers. The "slider" style of mini hamburger is still popular regionally in the White Castle and Krystal chains.

Some American establishments offer a unique take on the hamburger beyond what is offered in fast food restaurants, using upscale ingredients such as sirloin or other steak along with a variety of different cheeses, toppings, and sauces.

Hamburgers are often served as a picnic and party food, cooked outdoors on barbecue grills. Raw hamburger may contain harmful bacteria that can produce food-borne illness such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, so caution is needed when handling them. Hamburger patties can be cooked rare, medium rare, medium, medium well, or well done. These terms refer to how thoroughly the meat is cooked, ranging from having a little bit of pink coloring to being dark brown, cooked almost to a crisp. However because of the potential for food-borne illness, it is recommended that hamburgers should be cooked to an internal temperature of 170°F (80°C). If cooked to this temperature, they will be well done.

Ingredients and variations

A high-quality hamburger patty is made entirely of ground beef and seasonings; this may be described as an "all-beef hamburger" or "all-beef patties" to distinguish them from inexpensive hamburgers made with added flour, texturized vegetable protein or other fillers to decrease their cost. In the 1930s ground liver was sometimes added to the patties. Some cooks prepare their patties with binders, such as eggs or bread crumbs, and seasonings, such as, parsley, onions, soy sauce, Thousand Island dressing, onion soup mix, or Worcestershire sauce.

There is an increasing popularity of new types of burgers which use alternatives to ground beef as the primary ingredient. For example, a turkey burger uses ground turkey meat, a chicken burger uses either ground chicken meat or chicken filets. A buffalo burger uses ground meat from a bison and some mix cow and buffalo meat, thus creating a "Beefalo burger" and an ostrich burger is made from ground seasoned ostrich meat. A deer burger uses ground venison from deer.

A veggie burger, garden burger, or tofu burger uses a meat analogue, a meat substitute such as tofu, TVP, seitan (wheat gluten), quorn, beans, grains or an assortment of vegetables, ground up and mashed into patties. Burgers can also be made by mixing seafood or lamb with beef.

Regional variations

The ingedients used in hamburgers may vary depending upon location.

North America

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In North America, burgers may be classified as two main types: fast food hamburgers and individually prepared burgers made in homes and restaurants. The latter are traditionally prepared "with everything" (or "all the way," "deluxe," "the works," "through the garden," or in some regions "all dressed"), which includes lettuce, tomato, onion, and often sliced pickles (or pickle relish). Cheese (usually processed cheese slices but often cheddar, Swiss, or blue, either melted on the meat patty or crumbled on top, is generally an option.

Condiments are usually added to the hamburger or may be offered separately "on the side"; the two most common are mustard and tomato ketchup. However, mayonnaise, other salad dressings, and barbecue sauce are also popular. Traditional "Texas" hamburgers and cheeseburgers usually omit other liquid condiments besides mustard.

Other popular toppings include bacon, avocado or guacamole, sliced sautéed mushrooms, cheese sauce and/or chili (usually without beans). Heinz 57 sauce is popular among burger enthusiasts. Somewhat less common ingredients include fried egg, scrambled egg, feta cheese, blue cheese, salsa, Jalapenos and other kinds of chile peppers, anchovies, slices of ham or bologna, pastrami or teriyaki-seasoned beef, tartar sauce, french fries or potato chips.

Standard toppings on hamburgers may depend upon location, particularly at restaurants that are not national or regional franchises. In the Upper Midwest, particularly Wisconsin, burgers are often made with a buttered bun, butter as one of the ingredients of the patty or with a pat of butter on top of the burger patty. This is called a "Butter Burger." In the Carolinas, for instance, a Carolina-style hamburger "with everything" may be served with cheese, chili, onions, mustard, and coleslaw. National chain Wendy's sells a "Carolina Classic" burger with these toppings in these areas. In Hawaii hamburgers are often topped with teriyaki sauce, derived from the Japanese-American culture, and locally grown pineapple. Waffle House claims on its menus and website to offer 70,778,880 different ways of serving a hamburger. In portions of the Midwest and East coast, a hamburger served with lettuce, tomato, and onion is called a "California burger." This usage is sufficiently widespread to appear on the menus of fast-food restaurants, most notably in locations of the Dairy Queen franchise. In the Western U.S., a "California" burger often means a normal cheeseburger, with guacamole and bacon added.

A hamburger with two patties is called a "double decker" or simply a "double". The Big Boy claims to have been the first to sell these. A hamburger with three patties is called a "triple"; Wendy's restaurant chain was one of the first to offer this as a regular product. Doubles and triples are often combined with cheese and sometimes with bacon, yielding a "double cheeseburger" or a "triple bacon cheeseburger," or alternatively, a "bacon double or triple cheeseburger". A hamburger with one patty, bacon, and cheese is a "bacon cheeseburger" or a "Banquet Burger"; hamburgers with bacon but no cheese are often called "bacon-burger"s.

The Hardee's restaurant chain gained extensive publicity within the United States following its introduction of the Monster Thickburger, containing two meat patties, three slices of cheese, six strips of bacon, 1,420 calories and 107 grams of fat. Other restaurants, such as In-N-Out, offer multiple patties and cheese on a burger; a "4 X 4" is four meat patties and four slices of cheese. One could order as many meat patties as desired. The largest ordered was a "100X100", which cost $US100.

A patty melt consists of a patty, sautéed onions and cheese between two slices of rye bread. The sandwich is then grilled.

To decrease cooking and serving time, fast food hamburgers have thinner patties than those used in restaurants. The Carl's Jr. restaurant chain acknowledged this with the introduction of the "Six Dollar Burger," featuring a patty the same size as those served by sit-down restaurants for a lower price.

Hamburgers may be described by their combined uncooked weight, with a single uncooked burger a nominal four ounces or 113.5 grams is a "quarter pounder" . Instead of a "double hamburger", one might encounter a third- or half-pounder, weighing eight ounces or 227 grams. Burger patties are nearly always specified in fractions of a pound.

Another variety of hamburger is the "slider", which is a very small square hamburger patty sprinkled with diced onions and served on an equally small bun, popularized by White Castle. The name comes from their size, whereby they are considered to "slide" right down your throat in one or two bites. Another purveyor of the slider is Krystal. Burger King has sold pull-apart mini-burgers, first under the name "Burger Buddies" and later as "Burger Shots". In the late 2000s, the "slider" has gained in popularity and has been featured on the menu even at more formal restaurants such as T.G.I. Fridays. Jack-in-the-box also now serves sliders marketed as "Mini Sirloin Burgers."

In the continental U.S. it is uncommon to hear a chicken patty or breast on a hamburger bun referred to as a "chicken burger". This is almost always called a chicken sandwich except for rare exceptions, such as with the Red Robin chain of restaurants. In Canada, chicken burgers generally refer to patties and when using a chicken breast, to chicken sandwiches. In Hawaii, small (usually marinated) pieces of chicken piled on a bun can be found, referred to as a teriyaki chicken burger, for example. This is similar to what is found in Japan, but is a local variation.

In Alberta, Canada a kubie burger is a hamburger made with a pressed Ukrainian sausage (kubasa).

In Toronto the local eatery Dangerous Dan's Diner offers the Colossal Colon Clogger (or Quad C) 24oz burger served with a quarter pound of cheese, a quarter pound of bacon, and 2 fried eggs.

In Mexico, a hamburger usually consists of actual "ham" with the meat patty along with avacado, cheese, and bacon.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Hamburgers in the UK are very similar to their US cousins, and the high street is dominated by the same big two chains as in the US - McDonald's and Burger King. The menus offered to both countries are virtually identical, although portion sizes tend to be smaller in the UK.

An original and indigenous rival to the big two US giants was the quintessentially British fast-food chain Wimpy, originally known as Wimpy Bar, which served its hamburgers on a plate with British-style chips, accompanied by cutlery and delivered to the customer's table. In the late 1970s, to compete with McDonald's, Wimpy began to open US style counter-service restaurants and the brand disappeared from many UK high streets when those restaurants were rebranded as Burger Kings in 1989/90 by the then owner of both brands, Grand Metropolitan. A management buyout in 1990 split the brands again and now Wimpy table-service restaurants can still found in many town centers whilst new counter-service Wimpys are now often found at motorway service stations.

Hamburgers are also available from mobile kiosks, particularly at outdoor events such as football matches. Burgers from this type of outlet are usually served without any form of salad - only fried onions and a choice of tomato ketchup, mustard or brown sauce.

Chip shops, particularly in the West Midlands, North-East and Scotland, serve battered hamburgers. This is where the burger patty, by itself, is deep-fat-fried in batter and is usually served with chips.

Hamburgers and veggie burgers served with chips and salad, are standard pub grub menu items. Many pubs specialize in "gourmet" burgers. These are usually high quality minced steak patties, topped with items such as blue cheese, brie, avocado et cetera. Some British pubs serve burger patties made from more exotic meats including venison burgers (sometimes nicknamed Bambi Burgers), bison burgers, ostrich burgers and in some Australian themed pubs even kangaroo burgers can be purchased. These burgers are served in a similar way to the traditional hamburger but are sometimes served with a different sauce; redcurrant sauce, mint sauce and plum sauce being common examples.

In the early 21st century "premium" hamburger chain and independent restaurants have arisen, selling burgers produced from meat stated to be of high quality and often organic, usually served to eat on the premises rather than to take away. Chains include Gourmet Burger Kitchen, Ultimate Burger, and Hamburger Union.

In recent years Rustlers has sold pre-cooked hamburgers re-heatable in a microwave oven in the United Kingdom.

Australia and New Zealand

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Fast food franchises sell American style fast food hamburgers in both Australia and New Zealand. The traditional Australasian hamburgers are usually bought from fish and chip shops or milk bars. The hamburger meat is almost always ground beef, or "mince" as it is more commonly referred to in Australia and New Zealand. They almost always include tomato, lettuce, grilled onion, beetroot (canned slices), and meat as minimum, and can optionally include cheese, pineapple, a fried egg (usually with a hard yolk) and bacon. If all these optional ingredients are included it is known as a "Hamburger with the lot". Many fish and chip shops in Australia and New Zealand also offer pineapple as an optional extra. The only variance between the two countries' hamburgers is that New Zealand's "Hamburger with the lot" often contains a steak (beef) as well. The only condiments regularly used are tomato sauce, which is similar to ketchup but has less vinegar and more sugar, or BBQ sauce. Hamburgers in Australia and New Zealand tend to be less oily and fatty than their US counterparts, and are more likely to include a full salad. The McDonald's "McOz" Burger is partway between American and Australian style burgers, having beetroot and tomato in an otherwise typical American burger. Likewise McDonald's in New Zealand created a Kiwiburger which is similar to a Quarter Pounder, but features salad, beetroot and a fried egg. The Hungry Jack's (Burger King) "Aussie Burger" has tomato, lettuce, onion, cheese, bacon, beetroot, egg, ketchup and a meat patty. There is debate over whether this burger (with beetroot being the defining factor) is, in fact, an Australian or a New Zealand creation, but the answer remains unclear.

China

In China, restaurants such as McDonald's and KFC have been proliferating all across the country. In many parts of China, small hamburger chains have opened up to capitalize on the popularity of hamburgers with children. Restaurants such as Peter Burger attempt to copy McDonald's.

In supermarkets and corner stores, customers can buy "hamburgers" (hanbao) off the bread shelf. These unrefrigerated so-called "hamburgers" are nothing more than ultra-sweet buns cut open with a thin slice of pork or ham placed inside without any condiments or vegetables. These hanbao are a half-westernised form of the traditional Cantonese "hamburgers" called "char siu Bao" (BBQ Pork Bun). The Chinese word for hamburger (hanbao) often refers to all sandwiches containing cooked meat, regardless of the meat's origin. This includes chicken burgers, as KFC is very popular in China.

Japan

In Japan, hamburgers can be served in a bun, called hanbāgā (ハンバーガー), or just the patties served without a bun, known as hanbāgu (ハンバーグ) or "hamburg", short for "hamburg steak".

Hamburg steaks (served without buns) are similar to what is known as Salisbury steaks in the USA. They are made from minced beef, pork or a blend of the two, mixed with minced onions, egg, breadcrumbs and spices. They are served with brown sauce (or demi-glace in restaurants) with vegetable or salad sides, or occasionally in Japanese curries. It is a popular item at home, and in casual, western style suburban restaurant chains known in Japan as "family restaurants". It became popular in the 1960s.

Hamburgers in buns, on the other hand, are predominantly the domain of fast food chains. As well as American chains such as McDonald's and Wendy's, Japan has a few home grown hamburger chain restaurants such as MOS Burger and First Kitchen. Local varieties of burgers served in Japan include teriyaki burgers, katsu burgers (containing tonkatsu) and burgers containing shrimp korokke. Some of the more unusual examples include the "Rice Burger", where the bun is made of rice, and the luxury 1000-yen (US $10) "Takumi Burger" (meaning "artisan taste"), featuring avocados, freshly grated wasabi, and other rare seasonal ingredients. In terms of the actual patty, there are burgers made with the famous Kobe beef, butchered from cows that are fed with beer and massaged daily. McDonald's Japan also recently launched a McPork burger, made with U.S. pork. McDonald's has been gradually losing market share in Japan to these local hamburger chains, due in part to the preference of Japanese diners for fresh ingredients and more refined, "upscale" hamburger offerings. Burger King once retreated from Japan, but re-entered the market in Summer 2007 in a cooperation with the Japanese/Korean fast-food chain Lotteria.

Other countries

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Rice burgers, mentioned above, are also available in several East Asian countries such as Taiwan and South Korea. Lotteria is a big hamburger franchise in Japan owned by the South Korean Lotte group, with outlets also in China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. In addition to selling beef hamburgers, they also have hamburgers made from squid, pork, tofu, and shrimp. Variations available in Korea include bulgogi burgers and kimchi burgers.

Not surprisingly, the Philippines, with American culinary influences going back to US political influence of the islands at the beginning of the 20th century, retains a strong bond with American trends. A wide range of major US fast-food franchises are well represented, together with local imitators, often amended to the local palate. The famous chain McDonald's (locally nicknamed "McDo"), which is immensely popular with Filipinos, have a range of burger and chicken dishes often accompanied by plain steamed rice and/or french fries. Most popular of all with locals, the Philippines boasts its own burger-chain called Jollibee—which offers burger meals and chicken, including a signature burger called "The Big Champ". Jollibee now has a number of outlets in the United States.

In India, burgers are usually made from chicken or a vegetable patties due to cultural taboos against eating beef, which stem from Hindu religious practice and pork, which stems from Islamic religious practice. Because of this, the majority of fast food chains and restaurants in India do not serve beef. McDonald's in India, for instance, do not serve beef, offering the "Maharaja Mac" instead of the Big Mac, substituting the beef patties with chicken.

Another version of the Indian vegetarian burger is the Wada Pav consisting deep-fried potato patty dipped in gramflour batter. It is usually served with mint chutney and fried green chili.

In Pakistan apart from American fast food chains, burgers can be found on stalls near shopping areas, the best known being the "shami burger". This is made from "shami kebab", made by mixing lentil and minced lamb. Onions, scrambled egg and ketchup are the most common toppings.

In Malaysia there are 300 McDonald's restaurants. The menu in Malaysia also includes eggs and fried chicken on top of the regular burgers. Burgers are also easily found at nearby mobile kiosks, especially Ramly Burger.

In South Africa a mixture of hot mustard and mayonnaise is a standard burger topping. Usually the mixture will be available already mixed for people who want it.

In Turkey along with global chains McDonald's and Burger King a different variation of the hamburger called Islak Hamburger can be found in many small shops around the country. Islak Hamburger has originated from Turkish fast food retailer Kizilkayalar. Hamburger shops have also adopted a pizza store like approach when it comes to delivering and almost all major fastfood chains deliver.

In Mexico, burgers are often accompanied by ham and avocado. They also usually have shredded lettuce, onions, tomatoes, and bacon, which can be fried or grilled along with the meat patty, cheese, and condiments. Some restaurant's burgers also have barbecue sauce, and others also replace the ground patty with sirloin, meat "al pastor", barbacoa, and other "guisados". A fried chicken breast is also common. In the city of Puebla, the hamburger is often served without the bun, accompanied by corn tortillas. Many burger chains from the United States can be found all over Mexico, including Carl's Jr, Sonic, as well as global chains such as McDonald's and Burger King.

Cultural associations

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Oprah Winfrey was sued for saying she would stop eating hamburgers when there was a mad cow disease scare, on the grounds that it was unsafe.

Alternative meanings for "hamburger"

• $100 hamburger is Aviation slang for a private general aviation flight for the sole purpose of dining at a non-local airport. It is most often used by pilots who are looking for any excuse to fly. A $100 hamburger trip usually involves flying a short distance (less than two hours), eating at an airport restaurant, and flying home.

See also

• Back-formation (linguistics, etymology)
• Kofta
• Bun Kabab - Pakistan's burger
• Luther Burger
• Meat grinder
• Pljeskavica - traditional Serbian meal
• Salisbury steak
• Veggie burger
• Naan burger

Notes

1. Cooking wizardry for kids, Margaret Kenda, Kenda & Williams, Phyllis S. Williams, Contributor Phyllis S. Williams, Barron's Educational Series, 1990 ISBN 0812044096, 9780812044096 page 113
2. Library of Congress website retrieved on 2009-05-04
3. State of Connecticut official website list of firsts retrieved on 2009-05-20
4. Price & Lee's New Haven (New Haven County, Conn.) City Directory, 1899, page 375
5. New York Magazine, May 16, 1977 page 42
6. U.S. Patent #2,148,879
7. US Library of Congress Folklife Center Local Legacies Project retrieved on 2009-04-13Louis' Lunch A Local Legacy
8. Hamburger America George Motz, 2008 page 52 .
9. See for example the literature review in US Patent 5484625 for references.
10. Highland schools get Bambi burgers | UK news | The Guardian
11. Orange Coast Magazine May 2007
12. Teriyaki Chicken Sandwich recipe - teriyaki chicken burger - Japanese recipes
13. The Canadian Oxford Dictionary has headwords for the Canadianisms kubasa, kubie (as a hot dog), and kubie burger, the latter two being specific to Alberta.
14. http://www.wimpy.uk.com/moments.htm
16. http://www.mad-cow.org/~tom/oprah.html "Cattlemen Condemn False and Misleading Oprah Show"
17. http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/television/oprah_transcript.html "Oprah's report on Mad Cow Disease"
18. http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Oprah_Winfrey_and_mad_cows "Oprah Winfrey and mad cows"
19. Portland Hamburgers: Burger Skills: Hamburger Slang

References

• Barber, Katherine, editor (2004). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, second edition. Toronto, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541816-6.
• Edge, John T. (2005). Hamburgers & Fries : an American Story. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-15274-1. - History and origins of the hamburger
• Trage, (1997). The Food Chronology: A Food Lover's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes, From Prehistory to the Present. Owl Books. ISBN 0-805-05247-x. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Allen, Beth (2004). Great American classics Cookbook. Hearst Books. ISBN 1-588-16280-X.
• Smith, Andrew (2008). Hamburger: A Global History. Reaktion Books. p. 128. ISBN 9781861893901.

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