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{{Infobox Military Conflict {{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Hill 776 |conflict=Battle of Hill 776
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|partof=] |partof=]
|place=Hill 776, ], ] |place=Hill 776, ], ]
|date=]-] (or ]) ] |date=February 29–March 1 (or March 3), 2000
|result= Russian airborne troops victory |result=Chechen separatist victory
|combatant1=] ] and ] |combatant1=] ] and ]
|combatant2=] ]<br>] ] |combatant2=] ]<br>] ]
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|commander2=] ]{{Fact|date=December 2008}} |commander2=] ]{{Fact|date=December 2008}}
|strength1=91<ref name="miracle"/> |strength1=91<ref name="miracle"/>
|strength2=At least 2500<ref name=kc/><ref name=kavkaz>] (22 February 2008): </ref> |strength2=At least 70-75<ref name=kc/><ref name=kavkaz>] (22 February 2008): </ref> (attacking the height 776)
|casualties1=84 killed<ref name="miracle"/> |casualties1=84 killed<ref name="miracle"/>
|casualties2=At least 600<ref name=kc/> |casualties2=At least 12 killed;<ref name=kc/> avout 200 or more killed according to the Russian side (varying estimates)
|campaign= |campaign=
}} }}
{{Campaignbox Second Chechen War}} {{Campaignbox Second Chechen War}}


The '''Battle for Height 776''', the best known part of the larger '''Battle of Ulus-Kert''' <ref>There was also fighting over the town of ], the village of ], Hill 705.6, Hill 787 and elsewhere in area)</ref>, was a controversial engagement in the ] during fierce fighting over control of the ] ] in the ] of ], where Russian forces attempted to surround and destroy a large Chechen rebel force ] from ] to ] and ] following the 1999-2000 ].<ref name=bbc>] (6 March, 2000) </ref> The '''Battle for Height 776''', the best known part of the larger '''Battle of Ulus-Kert''' (there was also fighting over the town of ], the village of ], Hill 705.6, Hill 787 and elsewhere in area), was a controversial engagement in the ] during fierce fighting over control of the ] ] in the ] of ].


On ], ], just hours after the Russian Defense Minister ] had assured his government that the war was over,<ref name="nation">'']'' (March 15 2000) ,</ref> an isolated Russian force based out of the 6th ] of the ] from the city of ] found itself cut off in the Chechen mountains; after heavy close quarters fighting, the Russians dug in on the hill were overrun and almost entirely wiped out. The incident inspired several ] pieces widely publicized in Russia, and fascinated Russian leader ].<ref name=independent/> Russian military forces attempted to surround and destroy a large Chechen rebel force ] from ] to ] and ] following the 1999-2000 ].<ref name=bbc>] (6 March, 2000) </ref> On ], ], just hours after the Russian Defense Minister ] had assured his government that the war was over,<ref name="nation">'']'' (March 15 2000) ,</ref> an isolated Russian force based out of the 6th ] of the ] from ] found itself cut off in the Chechen mountains. After heavy close-quarters fighting, the Russians dug in on the hill were overrun and almost entirely wiped-out. The incident inspired several ] pieces widely publicized in Russia, and fascinated Russian leader ].<ref name=independent/>


Uncertainty continues to surround many aspects of the engagement, including how many people were engaged in the battle on both sides, how many casualties the Russians suffered and inflicted, how much ] and ] were provided, and how long fighting for the hill raged (with time spans ranging, according to conflicting Russian official statements, from a six-hour overnight battle to four days).<ref name=claims>'']'' (10 March 2000): </ref> Uncertainty continues to surround many aspects of the engagement, including how many people were engaged in the battle on both sides, how many casualties the Russians suffered and inflicted, how much ] and ] were provided, and even how long fighting for the hill raged (with time spans ranging, according to conflicting Russian official statements, from a six-hour overnight fighting to a four-day battle).<ref name=claims>'']'' (10 March 2000): </ref>


==The events== ==The battle==
The goal of one of the ]al ]s ] (VDV) tactical group in the area, based out of the 104th ] ] Regiment of the 76th Division (including ] ] subunits and elite ] (] ]) groups), was to block a gorge while other Russian forces ] a large Chechen force that was dislodged from Ulus Kert. The 6th Company was part of the 2nd ] ] belonging to this blocking force. The company (whose nominal commander was ] Sergey Molodov) was led in the field by the 2nd Battalion commander ] Mark Yevtyukhin. Attached were two reconnaissance ]s and a ] team (led by ] Viktor Romanov).<ref name=laststand/> The goal of one of the ]al ]s ] (VDV) tactical group in the area, based out of the 104th ] ] Regiment of the 76th Division (including army's ] ] subunits and the velite ] (] ]) groups), was to block a gorge while other Russian forces ] a large Chechen force which had been dislodged from Ulus Kert. The 6th Company was part of the 2nd ] ] which participated in this blocking force. The company, whose nominal commander was ] Sergey Molodov, was actually led in the field by the 2nd Battalion's commanding officer, ] Mark Yevtyukhin. Attached to it were two also reconnaissance ]s and a ] team (led by ] Viktor Romanov).<ref name=laststand/>


The Russians were caught by surprise by a large scale Chechen breakthrough. The only Russian force that made it to Hill 776 - in the thick of the battle - was the third ] of the 4th Company led by Major Aleksandr Dostovalov (the 2d Battalion deputy commander). Desperate attempts from other Russian units to rescue them were unsuccessful and the troops resorted to calling in support fire on their own positions. According to official data, 84 soldiers of the 6th Company (presumably including members of the other units) were killed in the fighting, including all officers on site. Only six (or five according to some sources) Russian soldiers on the hill survived the battle, including four injured; the highest ranking survivor was ] Andrey Proshev.<ref name=laststand>] (July 2001) </ref> On February 29, the Russians were caught by surprise by a large-scale Chechen breakthrough. The only Russian force that made it to Hill 776 in the thick of the battle was the third ] of the 4th Company, personally led by Major Aleksandr Dostovalov (deputy commander of the 2d Battalion). Desperate attempts from other Russian units to rescue them were unsuccessful and the troops eventually resorted to calling in support fire on their own positions. According to official Russian data, 84 soldiers (presumably including members of the units other than the 6th Company) were killed in the fighting on the hill, including all officers on site. Only seven (or six, according to some sources) Russian soldiers survived the clash, four of them injured (the highest ranking survivor was ] Andrey Proshev).<ref name=laststand>] (July 2001) </ref>


⚫ The battle caused embarrassment for Russian military officials who attempted to conceal their loss of an entire unit. Russia's high commanders, including ] ],<ref name="nation"/> VDV commander ] ],<ref name=bbc/><ref name="conflicting">] (7 March 2000) </ref> and the commander of federal forces in Chechnya, General ],<ref name="cbc">] (], ]) </ref> initially insisted that only 31 of their men died in the battle and denied the unofficial reports claiming 86 soldiers were killed; the Russian President ]'s spokesman on Chechnya, ], also claimed the 31 dead were "the total losses of that company for several days".<ref>] (6 March 2000) </ref> After days of government denials, top Russian officials eventually admitted that 84 paratroopers died, some of them apparently from ].<ref>'']'' (March 12, 2000): </ref> Russian newspapers reported that Sergeyev had ordered the losses to be covered up,<ref>'']'' (11 March 2000): </ref> as the loss of this unit came just a week after 25 men from the 76th Division were killed in another battle in Chechnya.<ref>] (May 11 2006) </ref> According to a pro-government Russian source, "unofficially the losses sustained by Russian ]s on March 1 are blamed on the decision of the Eastern group's commander Gen. ] and the VDV tactical group's commander ]."<ref>] (March 7, 2000) </ref>
==Losses by sides==
] at the ceremony unveiling a memorial stone erected on the site of a future monument to paratroopers of the 6th company, 76th guards airborne division]]
⚫ The battle caused embarrassment for Russian military officials who attempted to conceal their loss of an entire unit. Russia's high commanders, including ] ],<ref name="nation"/> VDV commander ] ],<ref name=bbc/><ref name="conflicting">] (7 March 2000) </ref> and the commander of federal forces in Chechnya, General ],<ref name="cbc">] (], ]) </ref>, initially insisted that only 31 of their men died in the battle and denied the unofficial reports claiming 86 soldiers were killed; the Russian President ]'s spokesman on Chechnya, ], also claimed the 31 dead were "the total losses of that company for several days".<ref>] (6 March 2000) </ref> After days of government denials, top Russian officials eventually admitted that 84 paratroopers died, some of them apparently from ].<ref>'']'' (March 12, 2000): </ref> Russian newspapers reported that Sergeyev had ordered the losses to be covered up;<ref>'']'' (11 March 2000): </ref> the loss of this unit came just a week after 25 men from the 76th Division were killed in another battle in Chechnya.<ref>] (May 11 2006) </ref> According to a pro-government Russian source, "unofficially the losses sustained by Russian ]s on March 1 are blamed on the decision of the Eastern group's commander Gen. ] and the VDV tactical group's commander ]."<ref>] (March 7, 2000) </ref>


The total Russian strength and the losses among the other Russian units and subunits operating in the area of Ulus-Kert were never officially disclosed. In the first days after the battle, Troshev said 1,000 rebel fighters were involved.<ref name="cbc"/> This figure was soon revised to 1,500-2,000 by Yastrzhembsky,<ref name=bbc/> raised to 2,500 by Troshev later.<ref name=claims/> At the same time, ] ], first deputy chief of the ], claimed there were only 2,500 to 3,500 rebels in all of Chechnya.<ref>] (10 March, 2000): </ref> According to Yastrzhembsky at the time when the fighting in the area was going on, 70 rebels surrendered at what he called a "pocket" at Selmentausen, while "up to 1,000 might have succeeded in escaping".<ref name=bbc/> According to 2001 the article in '']'' (]), the official newspaper of the ], Chechen casualties in the area were approximately 400 dead, including 200 found on Hill 776.<ref name=laststand/> However, as of 2008, the official federal estimate rose to about 500 enemy dead according to the government website,<ref>Russian embassy to ]: </ref> while the Russian state ] referred to over 700.<ref name="miracle"/> The total Russian strength and the losses among the other Russian units and subunits operating in the area of Ulus-Kert were never officially disclosed. In the first days after the battle, Troshev said 1,000 rebel fighters were involved.<ref name="cbc"/> This figure was soon revised to 1,500-2,000 by Yastrzhembsky,<ref name=bbc/> and raised to 2,500 by Troshev later.<ref name=claims/> (At the same time, ] ], first deputy chief of the ], claimed there were only 2,500 to 3,500 rebels in all of Chechnya.<ref>] (10 March, 2000): </ref>) According to Yastrzhembsky's statement, 70 rebels surrendered at what he called a "pocket" at Selmentausen, while "up to 1,000 might have succeeded in escaping".<ref name=bbc/> According to 2001 the article in '']'' (]), the official newspaper of the ], Chechen casualties in the area totaled approximately 400 dead, including 200 bodies found on Hill 776.<ref name=laststand/> However, as of 2008, the official federal estimate rose to about 500 enemy dead according to the government website,<ref>Russian embassy to ]: </ref> while the Russian state-controlled ] referred to even over 700 rebels killed there.<ref name="miracle"/>


According to a Russian interview with a separatist fighter, there were 1,600 fighters in the slow-moving column, weighed down by heavy weapons, ammunition and wounded they were transporting.<ref>] (March 26, 2002) </ref> On their ] website, the rebels admitted losing 12 men on Hill 776, 13 more in other fighting in the area between Ulus-Kert and ] at that time, and about 50 combat dead during the march from Shatoi to Vedeno three weeks later. In addition to these losses, 30 wounded left behind at Selmentausen were said to be captured by Russians, after being turned in by a traitor and allegedly executed.<ref name=kc>] (29 February 2004) </ref> Among the fighters killed while storming Hill 776 were three ].<ref>] (7 April 2005) </ref> The Chechen rebels estimated Russian losses at up to 200 killed, including about 100 "so-called Pskov ]s."<ref>] (8 March 2005) </ref> According to a Russian interview with a separatist fighter, there were some 1,600 fighters in the slow-moving column (weighed down by heavy weapons, ammunition and wounded they were transporting).<ref>] (March 26, 2002) </ref> On their ] website, the rebels admitted losing 12 men on Hill 776, 13 more in other fighting in the area between Ulus-Kert and ] at that time, and about 50 combat dead during the march from Shatoi to Vedeno three weeks later. (In addition to these losses, 30 wounded left behind at Selmentausen were claimed to be captured by Russians, after being turned in by a traitor and allegedly executed.<ref name=kc>] (29 February 2004) </ref>) Among the fighters killed while storming Hill 776 were three ].<ref>] (7 April 2005) </ref> The Chechen rebels also estimated Russian losses at up to 200 killed, including about 100 "so-called Pskov ]s."<ref>] (8 March 2005) </ref>


==Aftermath== ==Aftermath==
] ] at a speech in ] at the ceremony unveiling a memorial stone erected on the site of a future monument to paratroopers of the 6th Company]]
] ] in Pskov in honor of the 6th Company]]

The battle is viewed in Russia in two ways: firstly, as a defeat for the Russian military, and secondly, as a glorious ] made by the paratroopers, confirming the VDV's reputation in the same way that the ] did for the ], and the events have been quickly enshrined in ]. Even though some in the Russian army view it as a shameful defeat that could have been avoided, it is officially seen in Russia as an example of bravery and sacrifice.<ref name=independent/> 22 Russian soldiers (all 13 ] and nine enlisted men) were awarded the highest ] of the ] (in comparison, only 65 medals of the ] were awarded for the entire duration of the 10-year ], in which more than 14,000 ] soldiers died), while another 63 received the ].<ref name="fairy">'']'' (19 March 2008) </ref> In 2001, Putin flew to Chechnya to personally visit the former battlefield.<ref>'']'' (16 April 2001) </ref> In 2008, a day before Russia's ], a street in the Chechen capital ] was officially renamed as "84 Pskov Paratroopers Street",<ref name="miracle">] (23 February 2008) </ref> a move that sparked further controversy in Chechnya.<ref name="fairy"/><ref>] (29 January 2008) </ref><ref>] (22 February 2008) </ref> The battle is viewed in Russia in two ways: firstly, as a defeat for the Russian military, and secondly, as a glorious ] made by the paratroopers, confirming the VDV's reputation in the same way that the ] did for the ], and the events have been quickly enshrined in ]. Even though some in the Russian army view it as a shameful defeat that could have been avoided, it is officially seen in Russia as an example of bravery and sacrifice.<ref name=independent/> 22 Russian soldiers (all 13 ] and nine enlisted men) were awarded the highest ] of the ] (in comparison, only 65 medals of the ] were awarded for the entire duration of the 10-year ], in which more than 14,000 ] soldiers died).<ref name="fairy">'']'' (19 March 2008) </ref>

In 2001, Putin flew to Chechnya to personally visit the former battlefield.<ref>'']'' (16 April 2001) </ref> In 2008, a day before Russia's ], a street in the Chechen capital ] was officially renamed as "84 Pskov Paratroopers Street",<ref name="miracle">] (23 February 2008) </ref> a move that sparked further controversy in Chechnya.<ref name="fairy"/><ref>] (29 January 2008) </ref><ref>] (22 February 2008) </ref>


===Awards=== ===Awards===
On 12 March 2000, Vladimir Putin signed an ] conferring ] upon members of the 6th company.<ref name="fairy"/> Twenty-two ''desantniki'' received the title ], as follows:<ref></ref> On 12 March 2000, Vladimir Putin signed an ] conferring ] upon members of the 6th Company.<ref name="fairy"/> Twenty-two ''desantniki'' received the title ], as follows:<ref></ref>
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* ]{{KIA}} * ]{{KIA}}
Line 71: Line 74:
</div> </div>


Sixty-three soldiers also received the ].
⚫ ==Popular culture==

⚫ ==In popular culture==
The Russian government sponsored a series of productions loosely based on these events, including the 2004 ] show,<ref>] (18 June 2004) </ref> the 2004 television series ("I have the Honour"), the 2006 four-part ] ("The Storm Gate")<ref>] (21 February 2006) </ref> and the 2006 movie ''Proriv'' ("Breakthrough").<ref name=independent>'']'' (15 May 2006) </ref> The Russian government sponsored a series of productions loosely based on these events, including the 2004 ] show,<ref>] (18 June 2004) </ref> the 2004 television series ("I have the Honour"), the 2006 four-part ] ("The Storm Gate")<ref>] (21 February 2006) </ref> and the 2006 movie ''Proriv'' ("Breakthrough").<ref name=independent>'']'' (15 May 2006) </ref>

==See also==
*]


==References== ==References==
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] ]
] ]
]


] ]
] ]

Revision as of 02:43, 22 August 2009

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Battle of Hill 776
Part of Second Chechen War
File:Ulus-Kert.jpg
A Chechen fighter stands over Russian paratroopers killed in action on Hill 776
DateFebruary 29–March 1 (or March 3), 2000
LocationHill 776, Argun Gorge, Chechnya
Result Chechen separatist victory
Belligerents
VDV and Spetsnaz Chechen separatists
Foreign fighters
Commanders and leaders
Mark Yevtyukhin † Abu al-Walid
Strength
91 At least 70-75 (attacking the height 776)
Casualties and losses
84 killed At least 12 killed; avout 200 or more killed according to the Russian side (varying estimates)
Second Chechen War
Russian offensive (1999–2000)

Guerrilla phase (2000–2009)

The Battle for Height 776, the best known part of the larger Battle of Ulus-Kert (there was also fighting over the town of Ulus Kert, the village of Selmentausen, Hill 705.6, Hill 787 and elsewhere in area), was a controversial engagement in the Second Chechen War during fierce fighting over control of the Argun River gorge in the Shatoysky District of Chechnya.

Russian military forces attempted to surround and destroy a large Chechen rebel force withdrawing from Grozny to Shatoy and Vedeno following the 1999-2000 siege and capture of Grozny. On February 29, 2000, just hours after the Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev had assured his government that the war was over, an isolated Russian force based out of the 6th Company of the 76th Airborne Division from Pskov found itself cut off in the Chechen mountains. After heavy close-quarters fighting, the Russians dug in on the hill were overrun and almost entirely wiped-out. The incident inspired several propaganda pieces widely publicized in Russia, and fascinated Russian leader Vladimir Putin.

Uncertainty continues to surround many aspects of the engagement, including how many people were engaged in the battle on both sides, how many casualties the Russians suffered and inflicted, how much artillery and close air support were provided, and even how long fighting for the hill raged (with time spans ranging, according to conflicting Russian official statements, from a six-hour overnight fighting to a four-day battle).

The battle

The goal of one of the regimental task forces Russian Airborne Troops (VDV) tactical group in the area, based out of the 104th Guards Parachute Regiment of the 76th Division (including army's Spetsnaz reconnaissance subunits and the velite Vympel (FSB OSNAZ) groups), was to block a gorge while other Russian forces encircled a large Chechen force which had been dislodged from Ulus Kert. The 6th Company was part of the 2nd Airborne Battalion which participated in this blocking force. The company, whose nominal commander was Major Sergey Molodov, was actually led in the field by the 2nd Battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Mark Yevtyukhin. Attached to it were two also reconnaissance teams and a forward observer team (led by Captain Viktor Romanov).

On February 29, the Russians were caught by surprise by a large-scale Chechen breakthrough. The only Russian force that made it to Hill 776 in the thick of the battle was the third platoon of the 4th Company, personally led by Major Aleksandr Dostovalov (deputy commander of the 2d Battalion). Desperate attempts from other Russian units to rescue them were unsuccessful and the troops eventually resorted to calling in support fire on their own positions. According to official Russian data, 84 soldiers (presumably including members of the units other than the 6th Company) were killed in the fighting on the hill, including all officers on site. Only seven (or six, according to some sources) Russian soldiers survived the clash, four of them injured (the highest ranking survivor was Sergeant Andrey Proshev).

The battle caused embarrassment for Russian military officials who attempted to conceal their loss of an entire unit. Russia's high commanders, including Marshal Sergeyev, VDV commander General Georgy Shpak, and the commander of federal forces in Chechnya, General Gennady Troshev, initially insisted that only 31 of their men died in the battle and denied the unofficial reports claiming 86 soldiers were killed; the Russian President Vladimir Putin's spokesman on Chechnya, Sergey Yastrzhembsky, also claimed the 31 dead were "the total losses of that company for several days". After days of government denials, top Russian officials eventually admitted that 84 paratroopers died, some of them apparently from friendly fire. Russian newspapers reported that Sergeyev had ordered the losses to be covered up, as the loss of this unit came just a week after 25 men from the 76th Division were killed in another battle in Chechnya. According to a pro-government Russian source, "unofficially the losses sustained by Russian paratroopers on March 1 are blamed on the decision of the Eastern group's commander Gen. Sergey Makarov and the VDV tactical group's commander Aleksandr Lentsov."

The total Russian strength and the losses among the other Russian units and subunits operating in the area of Ulus-Kert were never officially disclosed. In the first days after the battle, Troshev said 1,000 rebel fighters were involved. This figure was soon revised to 1,500-2,000 by Yastrzhembsky, and raised to 2,500 by Troshev later. (At the same time, Colonel-General Valery Manilov, first deputy chief of the Russian General Staff, claimed there were only 2,500 to 3,500 rebels in all of Chechnya.) According to Yastrzhembsky's statement, 70 rebels surrendered at what he called a "pocket" at Selmentausen, while "up to 1,000 might have succeeded in escaping". According to 2001 the article in Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), the official newspaper of the Russian Ministry of Defense, Chechen casualties in the area totaled approximately 400 dead, including 200 bodies found on Hill 776. However, as of 2008, the official federal estimate rose to about 500 enemy dead according to the government website, while the Russian state-controlled mass media referred to even over 700 rebels killed there.

According to a Russian interview with a separatist fighter, there were some 1,600 fighters in the slow-moving column (weighed down by heavy weapons, ammunition and wounded they were transporting). On their Kavkaz Center website, the rebels admitted losing 12 men on Hill 776, 13 more in other fighting in the area between Ulus-Kert and Duba-Yurt at that time, and about 50 combat dead during the march from Shatoi to Vedeno three weeks later. (In addition to these losses, 30 wounded left behind at Selmentausen were claimed to be captured by Russians, after being turned in by a traitor and allegedly executed.) Among the fighters killed while storming Hill 776 were three Turks. The Chechen rebels also estimated Russian losses at up to 200 killed, including about 100 "so-called Pskov commandos."

Aftermath

Russian president Vladimir Putin at a speech in Pskov at the ceremony unveiling a memorial stone erected on the site of a future monument to paratroopers of the 6th Company
Milestone in Pskov in honor of the 6th Company

The battle is viewed in Russia in two ways: firstly, as a defeat for the Russian military, and secondly, as a glorious last stand made by the paratroopers, confirming the VDV's reputation in the same way that the Battle of Camarón did for the French Foreign Legion, and the events have been quickly enshrined in heroic myth. Even though some in the Russian army view it as a shameful defeat that could have been avoided, it is officially seen in Russia as an example of bravery and sacrifice. 22 Russian soldiers (all 13 officers and nine enlisted men) were awarded the highest medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation (in comparison, only 65 medals of the Hero of the Soviet Union were awarded for the entire duration of the 10-year Soviet War in Afghanistan, in which more than 14,000 Red Army soldiers died).

In 2001, Putin flew to Chechnya to personally visit the former battlefield. In 2008, a day before Russia's Defender of the Fatherland Day, a street in the Chechen capital Grozny was officially renamed as "84 Pskov Paratroopers Street", a move that sparked further controversy in Chechnya.

Awards

On 12 March 2000, Vladimir Putin signed an ukaz conferring Russian state awards upon members of the 6th Company. Twenty-two desantniki received the title Hero of the Russian Federation, as follows:

Sixty-three soldiers also received the Order of Courage.

In popular culture

The Russian government sponsored a series of productions loosely based on these events, including the 2004 theatrical musical show, the 2004 television series Chest imeyu ("I have the Honour"), the 2006 four-part television film Grozovye vorota ("The Storm Gate") and the 2006 movie Proriv ("Breakthrough").

See also

References

  1. ^ U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (July 2001) ULUS-KERT: An Airborne Company's Last Stand
  2. ^ Russia Today TV (23 February 2008) 'Miracle resistance' remembered in Chechnya
  3. ^ Kavkaz Center (29 February 2004) Kremlin's lies about Battle of Ulus-Kert
  4. Kavkaz Center (22 February 2008): Murtadin ringleader again showed faithfulness to the murderers of Chechen people
  5. ^ BBC News (6 March, 2000) Chechen rebels besieged
  6. ^ The Independent (March 15 2000) Nation grieves for lost paratroops of Pskov,
  7. ^ The Independent (15 May 2006) Kremlin film makes heroes out of paratroops it left to be massacred
  8. ^ The Independent (10 March 2000): Russia claims rout of rebels in mountain area, but fighting continues
  9. RFE/RL (7 March 2000) Chechnya: Russia Provides Conflicting Reports On Casualties
  10. ^ CBC News (March 07, 2000) 31 Russian soldiers killed in Chechnya battles
  11. GlobalSecurity.org (6 March 2000) On The Situation in the North Caucasus
  12. Chicago Sun-Times (March 12, 2000): Russians confirm troop deaths 84 fatalities in worst battle of war with Chechen rebels
  13. The Guardian (11 March 2000): No way back: Refugees stranded as Chechnya declares all-out war
  14. The Jamestown Foundation (May 11 2006) Putin address conceals challenges in the North Caucasus
  15. Venik's Aviation (March 7, 2000) War in Chechnya - 1999
  16. BBC News (10 March, 2000): Russia admits heavy losses
  17. Russian embassy to Thailand: CHECHNYA: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
  18. Grani.Ru (March 26, 2002) "We don't consider ourselves conquered and we never will."
  19. The Jamestown Foundation (7 April 2005) Turkish Volunteers in Chechnya
  20. Chechenpress (8 March 2005) The battle of Ulus-Kert gives no rest to Moscow
  21. ^ The Moscow Times (19 March 2008) Fairy Tales of Glorious Battles in Chechnya
  22. The Moscow Times (16 April 2001) Putin Takes Quick Trip to Chechnya
  23. Prague Watchdog (29 January 2008) Enemy Street
  24. Prague Watchdog (22 February 2008) Grozny street renamed in honour of Pskov paratroopers
  25. Евтюхин Марк Николаевич
  26. Gazeta.ru (18 June 2004) Bizarre Chechen War Musical Hits Moscow Stage
  27. AFP (21 February 2006) Russians see 'realistic' Chechnya war film, minus the reality

External links

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