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| '''Anatomically modern human''' (AMH) or '''early modern human''' (EMH) refers to early individuals of '']'' that are like modern humans, in distinction to more archaic forms homo sapiens ("]"), that are physically distinct from modern humans. | |||
| '''Anatomically modern human''' (AMH) refers to early individuals of '']'' with an appearance similar to that of modern humans. | |||
| Anatomically modern humans evolved from |
Anatomically modern humans evolved from ] in the ], about 200,000 years ago. The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies '']'', i.e. the subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'' that includes all modern humans. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans are the ] that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include '']'' from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150kya and remains from ] in Israel that are 90kya. | ||
| ⚫ | ==Anatomy== | ||
| ⚫ | ] ]] | ||
| ⚫ | Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their immediate ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features. Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more ] frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent ]s (protruding layers of bone above the ]). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens. | ||
| ⚫ | AMH also have a vertical ] whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.<ref></ref> According to ], the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through ] movements and forehead skin wrinkling.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body|chapter=The Brow|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA22,M1|last=Desmond Morris|authorlink=Desmond Morris|year=2007|isbn=0312338538}}</ref> | ||
| ==Early modern humans== | ==Early modern humans== | ||
| ] exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits]] | ] exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits]] | ||
| The ], ], ] and ] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" |
The ], ], ] and ] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" because their skeletal remains exhibit a mix of ] and modern traits. Skhul V for example, has prominent brow ridges and a projecting face. However the brain case of Skhul V is distinct from that of the Neanderthals and is similar to the brain case of modern humans. | ||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| 34 elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 in ], ]. ] dated 42-39 ka ''Tianyuan 1'' ] are oldest, directly dated EMH bones in in eastern Eurasia. Tianyuan 1 exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features and few archaic ]s. Late archaic human traits, such as a large ] length, anterior to posterior dental proportions and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis ] pattern imply ].<ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0702169104 | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | month = Apr | |||
| | author = Shang, H; Tong, H; Zhang, S; Chen, F; Trinkaus, E | |||
| | title = An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China | |||
| | volume = 104 | |||
| | issue = 16 | |||
| | pages = 6573–8 | |||
| | issn = 0027-8424 | |||
| | pmid = 17416672 | |||
| | pmc = 1871827 | |||
| | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | |||
| | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17416672 | |||
| | format = Free full text | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| In Europe, the early modern humans were the ]. | |||
| The oldest European EMH remains are from ] near the ] in the ]. ''Oase 1'' ] revealed specific traits combining a variety of archaic ''Homo'', derived early modern humans]], and possibly ] features. Modern human attributes , placing it close to European early modern humans among ] samples. The fossil belongs to the few findings in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen <sup>14</sup>C averaging to 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P.<ref name=Trinkhaus2>{{Cite journal | |||
| | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2035108100 | |||
| | year = 2003 | |||
| | month = Sep | |||
| | author = Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J | |||
| | title = An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania | |||
| | volume = 100 | |||
| | issue = 20 | |||
| | pages = 11231–6 | |||
| | issn = 0027-8424 | |||
| | pmid = 14504393 | |||
| | pmc = 208740 | |||
| | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | |||
| | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14504393 | |||
| | format = Free full text | |||
| | quote = "When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P." | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Origins of modern humans== | ||
| ] dated 32,000 c14 years, but my be older and related to older continuous culture. | |||
| {{Main|Recent African origin|Multiregional evolution}} | |||
| There are two competing models that describe the origin of contemporary and recent humans. The mainstream view, known as the ] model, holds that all existing human populations are descended from anatomically modern humans who lived in Africa 50-60]. This model is supported by multiple and independent lines of evidence, such as the fossil record and genetics. The other theory known as the ], is held by a minority of scientists. According to the multiregional model, the various human populations around the world evolved from local archaic hominids such as ]. The multiregional model posits that human populations achieved anatomical modernity independently, by ]. | |||
| ===African EMH=== | |||
| The human remains ''Nazlet Khater 2'' (NK2) was the earliest modern human skeleton from Egypt around 32,000 years old.<ref>http://wysinger.homestead.com/badarians.html</ref><ref>Étude anthropologique du squelette du Paléolithique supérieur de Nazlet Khater 2 (Égypte) | |||
| ISBN 9789058677051 </ref><ref>The Oxford history of ancient Egypt | |||
| By ] </ref> by the Belgian Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project. Statistical analysis on a dataset of mandible dimensions of 220 specimens suggest that variability between African populations during the early periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations and the results indicate a strong association between the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible.<ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| | doi = 10.1006/jhev.2000.0421 | |||
| | year = 2000 | |||
| | month = Sep | |||
| | author = Pinhasi, R; Semal, P | |||
| | title = The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations | |||
| | volume = 39 | |||
| | issue = 3 | |||
| | pages = 269–88 | |||
| | issn = 0047-2484 | |||
| | pmid = 10964529 | |||
| | journal = Journal of human evolution | |||
| }}</ref> The African EMH differ greatly from earliest European EMH; however, they are dated to a similar period. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| | doi = 10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913 | |||
| | title = Early Modern Humans | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | author = Trinkaus, Erik | |||
| | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | |||
| | volume = 34 | |||
| | pages = 207 | |||
| }}</ref> Comparing ''Nazlet Khater 2'' and ''Oase 1'' I. Crevecoeur conclude: "both specimens exhibit distinctly archaic morphological aspects in their mandibles and/or molars, and their expressions of these archaic features vary. These specimens therefore emphasize both the persistence of non-modern morphological aspects in these early "modern" humans, and the variable natures of the mosaics of derived modern human and retained archaic human features..."<ref>From the nile to the danube : A comparison of the Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 early modern human mandibles; Anthropologie; Crevecoeur I; ISSN 0323-1119; 2004, vol. 42, no3, pp. 203-213 (1 p.3/4)</ref> NK2 Skeleton is early exmple of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis. The multiple lesions of NK 2 express a coercive life style during previous works on mining ] in perhaps world oldest Nazlet Khater mine.<ref>Paleoanthropology Society Abstracts 2007 Meetings Version Crearted: Wed 07 Mar 2007 11:07:29</ref> | |||
| ] is dated to calendar 36,200 +-3,200 years south specimen. Morphometrically similar to EEMH. Younger date and uniqueness among African specimens suggest that EEMH population/geno/phenotype spread rapidly reaching afters 39k Phalagian episode to southern end of Africa in just 3000 years.<ref>sources: ]</ref> Hoverer due to lack of the context to earth other specimen implementations reasons should be considered with caution. | |||
| ==Origins of or evolution to modern humans== | |||
| There are two major competing models on this subject: ] and ]. | |||
| ⚫ | ==Anatomy== | ||
| ⚫ | ] and |
||
| Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features, but the differences are fuzzy. | |||
| ⚫ | Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more ] frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent ]s (protruding layers of bone above the ]). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens. | ||
| ⚫ | AMH also have a vertical ] whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.<ref></ref> |
||
| ==Modern human behavior== | ==Modern human behavior== | ||
| See: | |||
| {{Main|Behavioral modernity}} | {{Main|Behavioral modernity}} | ||
| There is considerable debate regarding whether the earliest anatomically modern humans behaved similarly to recent or existing humans. Modern human behaviors characteristic of recent humans include fully modern language, the capacity for abstract thought and the use of symbolism to express cultural creativity. There are two opposing hypothesis regarding the origins of modern behavior. Some scholars argue that humans achieved anatomical modernity first, around 200kya, and only later did they adopt modern behaviors around 50kya. This hypothesis is based on the limited record of fossils from periods before 50kya and the abundance of human artifacts found after 50kya. Proponents of this view distinguish "anatomically modern humans" from "behaviorally modern humans".<ref name="mellars">{{cite journal|authorlink=Paul Mellars|last=Mellars |first=Paul|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0510792103v1|title=Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago?|year=2006|doi=10.1073/pnas.0510792103|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|pages=9381|pmid=16772383}}</ref> | |||
| The opposing view is that humans achieved anatomical and behavioral modernity simultaneously. For example, proponents of this view argue that humans had evolved a lightly built skeleton during the transition to anatomical modernity, and this could have only occurred through increased human cooperation and the increased use of technology, traits characteristic of modern behavior. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{ |
{{reflist}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
Revision as of 06:58, 4 September 2009
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Anatomically modern human (AMH) refers to early individuals of Homo sapiens with an appearance similar to that of modern humans. Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago. The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, i.e. the subspecies of Homo sapiens that includes all modern humans. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans are the Omo remains that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include Homo sapiens idaltu from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150kya and remains from Skhul in Israel that are 90kya.
Anatomy
Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their immediate ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features. Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more gracile frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent brow ridges (protruding layers of bone above the eye socket). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens.
AMH also have a vertical forehead whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards. According to Desmond Morris, the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through eyebrow movements and forehead skin wrinkling.
Early modern humans
The Omo, Hertho, Skhul and Jebel Qafzeh remains are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" because their skeletal remains exhibit a mix of archaic and modern traits. Skhul V for example, has prominent brow ridges and a projecting face. However the brain case of Skhul V is distinct from that of the Neanderthals and is similar to the brain case of modern humans.
In Europe, the early modern humans were the Cro-Magnon.
Origins of modern humans
Main articles: Recent African origin and Multiregional evolutionThere are two competing models that describe the origin of contemporary and recent humans. The mainstream view, known as the recent African origin model, holds that all existing human populations are descended from anatomically modern humans who lived in Africa 50-60kya. This model is supported by multiple and independent lines of evidence, such as the fossil record and genetics. The other theory known as the multiregional hypothesis, is held by a minority of scientists. According to the multiregional model, the various human populations around the world evolved from local archaic hominids such as homo erectus. The multiregional model posits that human populations achieved anatomical modernity independently, by convergent evolution.
Modern human behavior
Main article: Behavioral modernityThere is considerable debate regarding whether the earliest anatomically modern humans behaved similarly to recent or existing humans. Modern human behaviors characteristic of recent humans include fully modern language, the capacity for abstract thought and the use of symbolism to express cultural creativity. There are two opposing hypothesis regarding the origins of modern behavior. Some scholars argue that humans achieved anatomical modernity first, around 200kya, and only later did they adopt modern behaviors around 50kya. This hypothesis is based on the limited record of fossils from periods before 50kya and the abundance of human artifacts found after 50kya. Proponents of this view distinguish "anatomically modern humans" from "behaviorally modern humans".
The opposing view is that humans achieved anatomical and behavioral modernity simultaneously. For example, proponents of this view argue that humans had evolved a lightly built skeleton during the transition to anatomical modernity, and this could have only occurred through increased human cooperation and the increased use of technology, traits characteristic of modern behavior.
See also
References
- Encarta, Human Evolution
- Desmond Morris (2007). "The Brow". The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body. ISBN 0312338538.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Mellars, Paul (2006). "Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103: 9381. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510792103. PMID 16772383.
External links
- EARLY AND LATE “ARCHAIC“HOMO SAPIENS AND “ANATOMICALLY MODERN” HOMO SAPIENS
- Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?
- Homo sapiens, Museum of Natural History
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