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| {{Infobox World Heritage Site | {{Infobox World Heritage Site | ||
| | WHS = |
| WHS = Megalithic Temples of Malta: ], ], ], ], ], Tarxien. | ||
| | Image = ] | | Image = ] | ||
| | State Party = {{MLT}} | | State Party = {{MLT}} | ||
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| The '''Tarxien Temples''' ({{IPA2| |
The '''Tarxien Temples''' ({{IPA2|ˈtarʃi.ɛn|Maltese pronunciation:}}) are an archaeological complex in ], ]. They date back to approximately 2800 BC. The site was accepted as a ] in 1980 along with ] on the island of Malta. | ||
| ==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| The Tarxien |
The Tarxien consist of three separate, but attached, temple structures. The main entrance is a reconstruction dating from 1956, when the whole site was restored. At the same time, many of the decorated slabs discovered on site were relocated indoors for protection at the Museum of Archaeology in ]. The first temple has been dated to approximately 3100 BC and is the most elaborately decorated of the temples of Malta. The middle temple dates to about 3000 BC, and is unique in that, unlike the rest of the Maltese temples, it has three pairs of ]s instead of the usual two. The east temple is dated at around 3100 BC. The remains of another temple, smaller, and older, having been dated to 3250 BC, are visible further towards the east.<ref name="desc">{{cite web | last =Cilia | first =Daniel | title =Tarxien | work =The Megalithic temples of Malta | date =]-] | url =http://web.infinito.it/utenti/m/malta_mega_temples/tarxien/tarxien.html | accessdate =2007-07-07}}</ref> | ||
| Of particular interest at the temple site |
Of particular interest at the temple site is the rich and intricate ], which includes depictions of domestic animals carved in ], ]s, and screens decorated with spiral designs and other patterns. Demonstrative of the skill of the builders is a chamber set into the thickness of the wall between the South and Central temples and containing a relief showing a bull and a sow.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web | title =Tarxien Temples | publisher =The National Agency for Museums, Conservation Practice and Cultural Heritage | date =2003 | url =http://www.heritagemalta.org/tarxientemples.html | accessdate =2007-07-07}}</ref> | ||
| ===Function in prehistory=== | ===Function in prehistory=== | ||
| Excavation of the site reveals that it was used extensively for rituals, which probably involved ]. Especially interesting is that Tarxien provides rare insight into how the megaliths were constructed: stone rollers were left outside the South temple. Additionally, evidence of ] has been found at the center of the South temple, which is an indicator that the site was reused as a ] cremation cemetery.<ref name="heritage"/> | Excavation of the site reveals that it was used extensively for rituals, which probably involved ]. Especially interesting is that Tarxien provides rare insight into how the megaliths were constructed: stone rollers were left outside the South temple. Additionally, evidence of ] has been found at the center of the South temple, which is an indicator that the site was reused as a ] cremation cemetery.<ref name="heritage"/> | ||
| ==Discovery== | ==Discovery and history== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The large stone blocks were discovered in 1914 by local farmers ploughing a field.<ref name="heritage"/> After the accidental discovery of the nearby ] in 1913, the proprietor of the land underneath which the temples were buried figured that the large stones that were continually struck by workers' ploughs may also have some archaeological value. On that notion, he contacted the director of the National Museum, ], who began to dig even on his first inspection of the site, where he discovered the center of the temple compound. It was not long before Zammit found himself standing in what appeared to be an apse formed by a |
The large stone blocks were discovered in 1914 by local farmers ploughing a field.<ref name="heritage"/> After the accidental discovery of the nearby ] in 1913, the proprietor of the land underneath which the temples were buried figured that the large stones that were continually struck by workers' ploughs may also have had some archaeological value. On that notion, he contacted the director of the National Museum, ], who began to dig even on his first inspection of the site, where he discovered the center of the temple compound. It was not long before Zammit found himself standing in what appeared to be an apse formed by a semicircle of enormous hewn stones. Over the course of three years, Zammit enlisted the help of local farmers and townspeople for an excavation project of unprecedented scale in Malta. By 1920, Zammit had identified and carried out restoration work on five separate but interconnected temples, all yielding a remarkable collection of artifacts, including the famous "fat lady" statue (a representation of a ] or a ] charm), and several unique examples of prehistoric relief.<ref name="temi">{{cite web | title = Themistocles Zammit | publisher =allmalta.com | work= Maltese History and Folklore | url =http://www.allmalta.com/folklore/p_039.html | accessdate =2007-07-07}}</ref> Further excavations at the temples were conducted in the post-World War II period under the directorship of Dr. ]. | ||
| ==Significance== | ==Significance== | ||
| The discovery of the complex did much to further Malta's national identity, solidly confirming the existence of a thriving ancient culture on the island. Also, the general interest aroused by the finds engendered for the first time a public concern for the protection of Malta's historical treasures, including a need for management of the sites, the promulgation of laws, and other measures to protect and preserve monuments. At the same time, Sir Zammit's thorough method in excavating the site paved the way for a new scientific approach to ].<ref name="temi"/> | The discovery of the complex did much to further Malta's national identity, solidly confirming the existence of a thriving ancient culture on the island. Also, the general interest aroused by the finds engendered for the first time a public concern for the protection of Malta's historical treasures, including a need for management of the sites, the promulgation of laws, and other measures to protect and preserve monuments. At the same time, Sir Zammit's thorough method in excavating the site paved the way for a new scientific approach to ].<ref name="temi"/> | ||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commons cat|Tarxien Temples}} | |||
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| ]: {{coord|35|52|15.6|N|14|30|45.4|E|type:landmark}} | |||
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| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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Revision as of 13:40, 20 October 2009
UNESCO World Heritage Site| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Criteria | Cultural: iv |
| Reference | 132 |
| Inscription | 1980 (4th Session) |
The Tarxien Temples (Maltese pronunciation: [ˈtarʃi.ɛn]) are an archaeological complex in Tarxien, Malta. They date back to approximately 2800 BC. The site was accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 along with the other Megalithic temples on the island of Malta.
Description
The Tarxien consist of three separate, but attached, temple structures. The main entrance is a reconstruction dating from 1956, when the whole site was restored. At the same time, many of the decorated slabs discovered on site were relocated indoors for protection at the Museum of Archaeology in Valletta. The first temple has been dated to approximately 3100 BC and is the most elaborately decorated of the temples of Malta. The middle temple dates to about 3000 BC, and is unique in that, unlike the rest of the Maltese temples, it has three pairs of apses instead of the usual two. The east temple is dated at around 3100 BC. The remains of another temple, smaller, and older, having been dated to 3250 BC, are visible further towards the east.
Of particular interest at the temple site is the rich and intricate stonework, which includes depictions of domestic animals carved in relief, altars, and screens decorated with spiral designs and other patterns. Demonstrative of the skill of the builders is a chamber set into the thickness of the wall between the South and Central temples and containing a relief showing a bull and a sow.
Function in prehistory
Excavation of the site reveals that it was used extensively for rituals, which probably involved animal sacrifice. Especially interesting is that Tarxien provides rare insight into how the megaliths were constructed: stone rollers were left outside the South temple. Additionally, evidence of cremation has been found at the center of the South temple, which is an indicator that the site was reused as a Bronze Age cremation cemetery.
Discovery and history
The large stone blocks were discovered in 1914 by local farmers ploughing a field. After the accidental discovery of the nearby Hypogeum in 1913, the proprietor of the land underneath which the temples were buried figured that the large stones that were continually struck by workers' ploughs may also have had some archaeological value. On that notion, he contacted the director of the National Museum, Sir Themistocles Zammit, who began to dig even on his first inspection of the site, where he discovered the center of the temple compound. It was not long before Zammit found himself standing in what appeared to be an apse formed by a semicircle of enormous hewn stones. Over the course of three years, Zammit enlisted the help of local farmers and townspeople for an excavation project of unprecedented scale in Malta. By 1920, Zammit had identified and carried out restoration work on five separate but interconnected temples, all yielding a remarkable collection of artifacts, including the famous "fat lady" statue (a representation of a Mother Goddess or a fertility charm), and several unique examples of prehistoric relief. Further excavations at the temples were conducted in the post-World War II period under the directorship of Dr. J.G. Baldacchino.
Significance
The discovery of the complex did much to further Malta's national identity, solidly confirming the existence of a thriving ancient culture on the island. Also, the general interest aroused by the finds engendered for the first time a public concern for the protection of Malta's historical treasures, including a need for management of the sites, the promulgation of laws, and other measures to protect and preserve monuments. At the same time, Sir Zammit's thorough method in excavating the site paved the way for a new scientific approach to archaeology.
External links
- Listing at UNESCO World Heritage Center
- Official Tourist information
- Site information from Heritage Malta select from the drop-down menu
- An article on the Tarxien Temples
Coordinates: 35°52′15.6″N 14°30′45.4″E / 35.871000°N 14.512611°E / 35.871000; 14.512611
See also
References
- Cilia, Daniel (2004-04-08). "Tarxien". The Megalithic temples of Malta. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Tarxien Temples". The National Agency for Museums, Conservation Practice and Cultural Heritage. 2003. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
- ^ "Themistocles Zammit". Maltese History and Folklore. allmalta.com. Retrieved 2007-07-07.