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| ]. ]] | |||
| Oil used to make oil ]s comes from several sources; the most common used is ] oil, made by boiling the ] of the ] ]. The oil is then mixed with ]s to attain ]. Art paints use the same form of linseed oil as a basic house-paint or general-use paint. General-use oil paints, by the addition of ]s, are made to dry very quickly, and with varying ]. | |||
| '''Oil paint''' is a type of slow-drying ] consisting of small ] particles suspended in any light carrier other than water. Oil paints have been used in ] as early as the ] for simple decoration{{ref|early_use}}, but were not widely adopted for artisic purposes until the ]. The most common modern application of oil paint is domestic, where its hard-wearing properties and luminous colours make it desirable both interior and exterior use. | |||
| == History == | |||
| Common pigment types include ], ], and ]. In recent times, ] pigments have become popular; many are tested well for their lightfastness. | |||
| The slow-drying properties of organic oils were commonly known to early painters. However, the difficulty in aquiring and working the materials meant that they were rarely used. As the public preferance for realism increased however, the quick-drying ] paints became insufficient. ] artists used mixed tempura and oil painting during the ], but by the ] easel painting in pure oils was common, using much the same techniques and materials found today. | |||
| == Carrier == | |||
| Many older paints are now being less used in favor of these newer pigments. It is now much less possible to buy true lead white oil paint, which used to be the main choice for white. Flake White is made from white lead. '''Zinc white''' and '''titanium white''' are now much more popular, however both are slightly more brittle than flake white. All white pigments and many of the lighter yellows are mixed with ] oil or ] oil which are slower drying than linseed oil, and do not yellow as much when dry. | |||
| When exposed to air, vegetable oils do not undergo the save ] process that water does. Instead, they ] into into a dry solid. Depending upon the source, this process can be very slow, and it this property which gives oil paints their unique characteristics. | |||
| This earliest and still most commonly used vehicle is ], made from the ] of the ] plant. The seeds are crushed and the oil extracted. Modern processes use heat or steam in order to produce a larger volume of oil, but cold-pressed oils are generally considered superior for artistic use{{ref|cold_oil}}. Other sources of carrier oils exist. ], ], and ], are often used as a substitute for the relatively expensive linseed. | |||
| ==Notes for usage of oil paints== | |||
| Once the oil is extracted ]s are sometimes used improve its chemical porperties. in this manner the paint can be made to dry more quickly if that is desired, or to have varying levels ]. Modern oils paints can have vey complex chemical structures due to this, for effects such resistance to ] or a ] like appearance. | |||
| #Many oil paints contain ] ]s. Lead is known to cause ] with prolonged exposure and cadmium can cause cancer with prolonged inhalation. | |||
| #Wash your hands well and avoid unventilated rooms when painting. | |||
| == Pigment == | |||
| #Paper or rags soaked in pure linseed oil are known to ]. Be sure to soak the rag in ] or seal it in a bag of water or metal can. | |||
| The colour of oil paint derives from the small particles mixed with the carrier. Common pigment types include ], ], and ]. ] pigments are also now available. Natural pigments have the advantage of being well understood through centuries of use but synthetics have a greatly increased the spectrum available, and many are tested well for their lightfastness. | |||
| #Although synthetic pigments are popular, there are no good synthetic pigments to replace the cadmium colors. | |||
| #As with all oils, linseed oil is highly resistant to water and requires some sort of paint thinner (soap, ], ]-based thinners) to clean up. | |||
| == Usage == | |||
| #It is now much less possible to buy true lead white oil paint. Flake White is made from white lead. It is only available as art paint. Caution when using is recommended. | |||
| The main disadvantage of oils paints is the relative complexity of use when compared to ] or tempera. The carrier is usually highly resistant to water and requires some sort of solvent such as ] or ] to clean up. These are toxic must be handled with care. The pigments may also be dangerous. Lead is known to cause ] with prolonged exposure and ] can cause cancer with prolonged inhalation. Both the carriers and the materials used to clean them are also highly flammable. Paper or rags soaked in pure linseed oil are known to ]. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| '''General''' | |||
| *Mayer, Ralph. ''The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques'' Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0670837016 | |||
| <!-- How to add a footnote: | |||
| NOTE: Footnotes in this article use names, not numbers. Please see ] for details. | |||
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| 4) Add #{{Note|TheSun_Dec9}} to the footnote numbered-list, immediately below the footnote you noted in step 3. No need to re-number anything! | |||
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| '''Footnotes''' | |||
| #{{Note|early_use}} Charles Eastlake, ''Materials for a History of Oil Painting'', Longman, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1847. | |||
| #{{Note|cold_oil}} H. Gluck, The Imprermanences of Painting is Relation to Artist's Materials, ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', Volume CXII 1964 | |||
Revision as of 06:28, 11 January 2006
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint consisting of small pigment particles suspended in any light carrier other than water. Oil paints have been used in England as early as the 13th century for simple decoration, but were not widely adopted for artisic purposes until the 15th century. The most common modern application of oil paint is domestic, where its hard-wearing properties and luminous colours make it desirable both interior and exterior use.
History
The slow-drying properties of organic oils were commonly known to early painters. However, the difficulty in aquiring and working the materials meant that they were rarely used. As the public preferance for realism increased however, the quick-drying tempera paints became insufficient. Flemish artists used mixed tempura and oil painting during the 1400s, but by the 1600s easel painting in pure oils was common, using much the same techniques and materials found today.
Carrier
When exposed to air, vegetable oils do not undergo the save evaporative process that water does. Instead, they oxidize into into a dry solid. Depending upon the source, this process can be very slow, and it this property which gives oil paints their unique characteristics.
This earliest and still most commonly used vehicle is linseed oil, made from the seed of the flax plant. The seeds are crushed and the oil extracted. Modern processes use heat or steam in order to produce a larger volume of oil, but cold-pressed oils are generally considered superior for artistic use. Other sources of carrier oils exist. poppies, walnuts, and soya beans, are often used as a substitute for the relatively expensive linseed.
Once the oil is extracted additives are sometimes used improve its chemical porperties. in this manner the paint can be made to dry more quickly if that is desired, or to have varying levels gloss. Modern oils paints can have vey complex chemical structures due to this, for effects such resistance to UV or a suede like appearance.
Pigment
The colour of oil paint derives from the small particles mixed with the carrier. Common pigment types include lead, cadmium, and earth types. Synthetic pigments are also now available. Natural pigments have the advantage of being well understood through centuries of use but synthetics have a greatly increased the spectrum available, and many are tested well for their lightfastness.
Usage
The main disadvantage of oils paints is the relative complexity of use when compared to acrylic paint or tempera. The carrier is usually highly resistant to water and requires some sort of solvent such as turpentine or benzene to clean up. These are toxic must be handled with care. The pigments may also be dangerous. Lead is known to cause cancer with prolonged exposure and cadmium can cause cancer with prolonged inhalation. Both the carriers and the materials used to clean them are also highly flammable. Paper or rags soaked in pure linseed oil are known to spontaneously ignite.
References
General
- Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0670837016
Footnotes
- Charles Eastlake, Materials for a History of Oil Painting, Longman, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1847.
- H. Gluck, The Imprermanences of Painting is Relation to Artist's Materials, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Volume CXII 1964