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Four Iowa-class battleships were built in the early 1940s in the United States. Two other Iowa-class battleships were laid down but were scrapped prior to completion. Built with cost as no object, "The Iowa class fast-battleships were arguably the ultimate capital ship in the evolution of the battleship." At the time the Iowa-class battleships were commissioned into the United States Navy it was believed that their only serious competition would be the British battleship HMS Vanguard, the two Japanese Yamato-class battleships, and the five battleships of the Montana-class, which at the time had been authorized but not laid down. Unfortunatly the Iowa-class had arrived at a time when battleships had been superseded by the aircraft carrier as the most important naval vessels during World War II naval battles.

The Iowa-class battleships were preceded by the South Dakota class, and would have been succeeded by the Montana class if the Montanas had not been cancelled prior to construction. The design of the Iowa class was based upon that of the South Dakota class but with more powerful engines, larger guns and an additional 200 feet (60 m) of length for improved seakeeping. The Iowas are widely considered to be amongst the most attractive battleships ever built, with a long, narrow, elegant bow and three powerful gun turrets. While excellent sea boats, the ships are quite wet forward due to the selfsame long bow, and the narrowness forward made armoring in the way of No. 1 turret difficult.

The Iowa class was the last battleship line built by the United States, as naval power had shifted to being primarily aircraft carrier-based. These ships were launched during World War II, and all of them saw action throughout the 20th century. All four of the completed ships were recommissioned in the 1980s, only to be decommissioned in the 1990s after the Cold War ended.

The Iowas were unique for several reasons. First, these ships were designed as "fast" battleships, able to rely on an even mix of speed and firepower. Secondly, they were designed to fit through the Panama Canal with less than a foot (30 cm) to spare on either side. Third, all four of the Iowa class battleships were recommissioned and refitted under the Reagan Administration as part of Navy Secretary John F. Lehman's "600-ship Navy" plan, particularly in response to the Soviet Navy commissioning the Kirov class. Fourth, these ships actively participated in the U.S. Navy throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Lastly, all four of the ships are still in existence, which is unusual because the US Navy typically scraps older, decommissioned ships or scuttles such ships in weapons tests.

Construction

The Iowa-class battleships were constructed at two Navy Yards: the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, and the Philadelphia Navy Yard. The New York Naval Yard handled construction of USS Iowa and USS Missouri, while the Philadelphia Navy Yard handled construction of USS New Jersey and USS Wisconsin. The last two ships, USS Illinois and USS Kentucky, were laid down in the Philadelphia Navy Yard and New York Navy Yard respectively, and construction on both continued until their cancellation in 1945 and 1947, respectively.

Armament

The Iowa-class ships were among the most heavily armed ships the United States ever put to sea. The main battery of guns were of considerable caliber and could fire a variety of artillery shells, from standard armor piercing to "Katies" (from kt for kiloton), shells containing small tactical nuclear charges, that could be fired nearly 40 km (24 miles) on land or sea targets. The secondary battery was of much smaller caliber and had shorter range, but could still inflict severe damage to smaller fighting ships. When the ships were constructed, a large array of 40 mm anti-aircraft guns was included, but with the advancement of aircraft design, these eventually became ineffective and were gradually replaced with a Phalanx-class Gatling gun system and various other platforms for fighting sea and land targets.

Main battery

The primary armament of the Iowa-class battleships are their nine 16-inch diameter, 50-caliber (406 mm) guns located in three 3-gun turrets—two forward and one aft. The guns are 66 feet (20 m) long each (50 times their 16 inch diameter). Approximately 43 feet (13 m) of that is protruding from the front of the gun house, and each gun weighs approximately 239,000 pounds (108 000 kg). For perspective, that is roughly the weight of a space shuttle; so the Iowa-class ships are carrying the weight of 9 space shuttles just in the guns. The gun fires projectiles weighing up to 2,700 pounds (1 200 kg) at a maximum speed of 2,690 ft/s (820 m/s). Maximum effective range is 24 miles (39 km). At that range the projectile spends almost one and a half minute in the air.

The gun house that is visible above deck is only the very top of the turret. The turret extends either four decks (Turrets 1 & 3) or five decks (Turret 2) beneath the main deck. The lower spaces contain projectile-handling rooms and a powder-handling room, where the powder bags used to fire the guns are stored. Each turret required a crew of between 77 and 110 men. One interesting fact about the turrets is that they are not actually attached to the ship. The gunhouses (the part most people think of as "the turret") are simply sitting on rollers, which means that if the ship were to capsize the turrets would fall out. For a good demonstration of this see the recent underwater photos of the Bismarck, which show her barbettes empty because her turrets fell out as the ship sank.

The turrets are three-gun turrets and not triple turrets because the guns can be elevated independently. The guns can also be fired independently if desired; the ship could fire any combination of its nine guns, including all nine at once, which is known as a broadside. Contrary to popular myth, the ship does not move sideways when a broadside is fired. The Iowa-class battleships displace 58,000 tons. It is too heavy to move sideways just by firing the guns. For a more scientific exploration of this subject, see the link below.

The guns can be elevated from −5 degrees to 45 degrees depending upon the range to the desired target and they elevate at 12 degrees per second. The turrets can be rotated through approximately 300 degrees at approximately four degrees per second and can even be fired back beyond the beam, which is sometimes called over the shoulder. The guns are never fired directly forward.

The main battery of the Iowa-class battleships were designed to fire the standard 16-inch (406 mm) artillery shells, but in later years the art and science of seaborne artillery improved greatly, resulting in several different types of shells, some of which are listed below:

• The Mk. 8 APC (Armor-Piercing, Capped) shell mentioned in the above text, which weighs in at 2,700 lb (1225 kg) and was designed to penetrate the hardened steel armor carried by foreign battleships. At 20,000 yards (18 km) the Mk. 8 could defeat (penetrate) 20 inch (500 mm) of steel armor plate. At the same range, the Mk. 8 was able to penetrate 21 feet (6.4 m) of reinforced concrete.
• For unarmored targets and shore bombardment the 1,900 lb (862 kg) Mk. 13 HC (High-Capacity—referring to the large bursting charge) shell was available. The Mk. 13 shell would create a crater 50 feet (15 m) wide and 20 feet (6 m) deep upon impact and detonation, and was capable of defoliating trees 400 yards (360 m) from the point of impact.
• Guided shells, which could offer a cost benefit ratio rivaling that of missile and aircraft strikes.
• "Katie" shells: In or about 1953, the United States Navy began a top-secret program to develop Mk. 23 nuclear naval shells with an estimated yield of 15 to 20 kilotons. These shells were designed to be launched from the best seaborne artillery platform available, which at the time were the four ships of the Iowa class. The shells were reportedly ready by 1956; however, it is not known whether they were ever actually deployed on the Iowa-class battleships because the United States Navy does not confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weapons aboard its ships.

Secondary battery and anti-aircraft batteries

The secondary battery of the ship consists of 5-inch (127 mm), 38-caliber guns in a series of twin mounts. Originally the secondary battery was intended to be part of the anti-aircraft defenses, but as aircraft became faster their effectiveness in that role decreased. By the time of the Gulf War the secondary battery was largely relegated to shore bombardment and littoral defense. Until the modernization in the 1980s there were ten twin mounts, five on each side of the ship. In the modernization the two mounts farthest aft on each side were removed to make room for missiles, leaving the ship with just six twin mounts. The guns have a effective range of nine miles (14 km) and can be fired as fast as the crew can load and fire them. A good crew could run 16 to 23 rounds per minute through them.

The British attack at Taranto and the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor made it clear that airpower was going to play a substantial role in the war. The Iowas were designed to be a fearsome anti-aircraft platform. When launched they carried twenty quad Bofors 40 mm gun mounts, and forty-nine Oerlikon 20 mm cannon single mounts. By the end of WWII, the single 20 mm had stopped being a very effective anti-aircraft weapon: it did not have enough punch to stop the bigger, heavier aircraft they were seeing, in particular the kamikazes. By 1950, almost all of the single 20 mm guns had been removed. In the modernization in the 1980s, the Navy realized that it is difficult to shoot down a jet with a 40 mm anti-aircraft gun, so all of the 40 mm gun mounts and the last of the 20 mm guns were removed in the modernization. In their place the Navy installed four of the Phalanx Close-In Weapons Systems.

Missiles

During the modernization in the 1980s three important weapons systems were added to the Iowa-class battleships. The first was the CIWS anti-aircraft/anti-missile system discussed immediately above. The other two were missile systems for use against both land and sea targets.

The Iowa class were fitted with an antiship cruise missile, the AGM-84 Harpoon, in 16 launch tubes. The tubes are located alongside the aft stack with eight on each side of the ship in two pods of four. The Harpoon has a range of up to approximately 85 nautical miles (157 km) depending upon how it is fired. For increased range and accuracy against land targets the Iowa class gained 32 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles located in eight Armored Box Launchers. The TLAM or Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile was used extensively in the Gulf War by USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin. During the war Wisconsin served as the TLAM strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Operation Desert Storm.

Aircraft

Reconnaissance and gunnery spotting are a crucial role on any battleship and most of the later classes of battleship utilize aircraft to facilitate those missions. The Iowa-class battleships use the fantail of the ship as their flight deck and over time their aircraft complement has varied and evolved.

The early aircraft were floatplanes launched from catapults on the fantail and recovered through a complicated process of landing on prepared water, taxiing up to the stern of the ship and then being recovered by a crane which lifts the aircraft out of the water and returns it to the catapult. Initially the Iowa class were equipped with Vought OS2U Kingfishers. The Kingfisher is a two-man aircraft which, despite having a light weapon package, was used exclusively for reconnaissance and gunnery spotting. Typically an Iowa-class battleship would carry three of these aircraft on board; two on the catapults and a spare on a trailer nearby. At the beginning of 1945 the Kingfisher was replaced by the Curtiss SC Seahawk, a single-seat floatplane which conducted the same missions as the Kingfisher.

Around 1949, the Iowa class no longer had to conduct the dangerous work of launching and recovering floatplanes, as helicopters were brought aboard for the reconnaissance and gunnery-spotting roles and also added the ability to carry out search and rescue missions as necessary. The first helicopters were operated from the top of Turret 2 as the fantail was still too crowded prior to the removal of the catapults. Later the helicopters operated from the fantail of the ships.

As the Iowa class entered the 1990s, they had a new tool available for the reconnaissance and gunnery-spotting missions; the RQ-2 Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or UAV. Sometimes referred to as a Remote Piloted Vehicle (RPV), these were unmanned drones that were piloted via remote control. Launched from the fantail using a rocket-assist booster, which was discarded shortly after takeoff, they used a push propeller engine located at the rear of the aircraft to achieve speeds of up to 90 mph (40 m/s) with a mission endurance of approximately four hours. The Pioneer carries a video camera in a pod under the belly of the aircraft, which transmits live video back to the ship so that the operators can observe enemy actions or fall of shot during naval gunnery.

Recovering the aircraft is an unusual maneuver. Though the Pioneer is equipped with wheeled "landing gear," it is rather difficult to land the aircraft on the ship without damaging the aircraft or the ship. Therefore a large net is employed for recovery. The net is strung up in a manner similar to a volleyball net, and the aircraft is flown into the net. As many as eight Pioneers would be carried by an Iowa-class battleship. The Pioneers saw extensive use by the USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin during the Gulf War, a conflict in which the Wisconsin became the first ship ever to have enemy forces surrender to a remotely controlled observation drone.

Engineering plant

The Iowa-class battleships are the fastest battleships ever launched by any nation, capable of sustained speeds of 33 knots (61 km/h) or better. This is made possible by her engineering plant which consists of 4 General Electric double-expansion steam turbine engines. Each engine feeds a single shaft which turns one of the ship's four screws. The two outboard screws on the Iowa class are four bladed and just over 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter. The two inboard screws are five bladed and approximately 17.5 feet (5.3 m) in diameter. The engines receive the steam that turns the turbines from eight Babcock and Wilcox M-Type boilers which heat the water in tubes to a temperature of more than 800 °F (430 °C), which produces 650 lbf/in² (4500 kPa) of steam pressure.

The double-expansion engines consist of a high-pressure (HP) turbine and a low-pressure (LP) turbine. The steam is first passed through the HP turbine which turns at up to 2100 rpm. The steam, largely depleted at this point, is then passed through a large conduit to the LP turbine. By the time it reaches the LP turbine it has no more than 50 lbf/in² (300 kPa) of pressure left. The LP turbine acts somewhat like a turbocharger, increasing the efficiency and power output of the engine by squeezing the last little bit of energy out of the steam.

After leaving the LP turbine the exhausted steam goes into a condenser where it is recondensed back into water and sent back to the boilers. There is some loss during the process, so the Iowa class requires its evaporators to continue making more fresh water to replenish the boilers. The Iowa class have three evaporators on board which make a combined total of 60,000 US gallons per day (3 liters per second) of fresh water. After the boilers have had their fill of water, the remaining fresh water from the evaporators is fed to the ship's potable water systems for crew drinking, showers, hand washing, cooking, etc. All of the urinals and all but one of the toilets on the Iowa class flush with saltwater in order to conserve fresh water.

The turbines, especially the HP turbine, turn at high speeds, much higher than one would want to try to feed back to the screws. In order to reduce those rpm to a more manageable rate, the shafts that come out of the turbines go into a set of reduction gears which reduce the 2000+ rpm speeds down into a more manageable rate, generally in the under-225 rpm rate—depending upon the desired speed of the ship.

Electricity

Modern warships are heavily dependent upon electricity and the Iowa class are no exception. Much of what happens on the ship, including rotating the turrets and elevating the guns, is done by electric motors. To generate electricity each of the four engine rooms has a pair of Ship's Service Turbine Generators (SSTGs) manufactured by Westinghouse. Each SSTG generates 1.25 MW of electrical power for a total of 10 MW of electricity. The SSTGs are steam powered and get their steam from the same boilers that feed the engines. For backup the ship also has a pair of 250-kW diesel generators.

During battle it is possible that electrical circuits could be damaged and so it is essential to be able to repair or work around that damage as quickly as possible in order to restore electrical power to crucial systems. To that end throughout the lower decks of the ship there is a Casualty Power System consisting of large 3-wire cables and wall outlets called biscuits which the cables plug into. By using these cables electrical power can be dynamically rerouted around damaged circuits and electrical power restored to the ship if necessary.

Reactivation potential

Although there are now no active battleships in any navy, the United States Navy still maintains two mothballed battleships—Iowa and Wisconsin—and could recommission one or both of them if needed. Since the 1950s the United States battle doctrine has called for air superiority, which clearly favors the aircraft carrier, but other weapons such as guided missile ships and destroyers also play a significant role. In addition, cannon-fired shells have become exceedingly accurate thanks to guided shells, as well as longer range due to improved shell technology (including rocket boosting) and better cannons. For targets within range of the ships' cannons, it is cheaper to fire and harder to stop shells than either missiles or aircraft strikes. The 16-inch (406 mm) guns of the Iowa—if equipped with guided shells—would offer a cost-benefit ratio potentially rivaling an aircraft strike for targets along the coast, and even firing the older shells would have similar accuracy to many types of aircraft bombing strikes.

The United States has not manufactured the 16-inch (406 mm) battleship shell ammunition since the 1950s and 1960s, because it has a reserve of nearly 15,000 of the 16-in (406 mm) shells in case the battleships are reactivated. Until the stocks are depleted below a certain level there will be no need to make more for the ships.

There are some serious issues regarding the reactivation of these battleships, namely the cost involved in reactivating and operating the battleships, which is high when compared to smaller warships, making them prime targets for budget cuts. Also, the Tomahawks carried by the Iowa class are now obsolete; modern U.S. Navy ships use a type of Tomahawk fired from a Vertical Launch System (VLS) launcher. The Iowa-class ships still carry the old Armored Box Launcher (ABL) system which is not compatible with the presently used Tomahawks. As a result, the older-style missiles would have to be used, VLS missiles retrofitted to work with the ABL system, or the ships would need to be refitted with the VLS system. The practicality of any these options would have to be determined by expert analysis.

USS Iowa and USS Wisconsin are maintained in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which includes the following battleship readiness requirements:

1. List and maintain at least two Iowa-class battleships on the Naval Vessel Register that are in good condition and able to provide adequate fire support for an amphibious assault;
2. Retain the existing logistical support necessary to keep at least two Iowa-class battleships in active service, including technical manuals, repair and replacement parts, and ordnance; and
3. Keep the two battleships on the register until the Navy certified that it has within the fleet an operational surface fire support capability that equals or exceeds the fire support capability that the Iowa-class battleships would be able to provide for the Marine Corps' amphibious assaults and operations ashore. (Section 1011)

Current plans in the United States Navy call for keeping the battleships on the register until its naval surface fire support gun and missile development programs achieve operational capability, which is expected to occur sometime between 2003 and 2008. If and when Iowa and Wisconsin are removed from the Naval Vessel Register, there is a high probability that interest groups will request that they be placed on donation hold and transferred for use as museums.

The longterm plan to remove Iowa and Wisconsin and donate them as museum ships is not without controversy; the United States Marine Corps has fought to get both battleships reinstated. The USMC believes that the naval surface fire support gun and missile programs will not be able to provide adequate fire support for an amphibious assault or onshore operations; additionally, the USMC does not think that the Navy's DD(X) destroyer program will be an acceptable replacement for the battleships.

Currently, three of the ships are on display at the following locations:

USS New Jersey

On October 14, 2001, USS New Jersey opened as a museum at Camden, New Jersey.

USS Missouri

Located 1,000 yards (about 1 km) from USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor, Missouri was opened as a museum 29 January 1999. The museum is operated by the USS Missouri Memorial Association, a nonprofit organization.

USS Wisconsin

Berthed in Norfolk, Virginia as a museum ship at the Nauticus National Maritime Center. Wisconsin was originally struck from the naval register, but her name was restored 12 February 1998. Her weather decks are currently open to the public; however, the ship is still owned and operated by the Navy, and maintained as part of the United States' mothball fleet.

The fourth ship of the class, USS Iowa, is currently part of the Naval Reserve Fleet and is currently berthed at Suisun Bay near San Francisco. In 2005, San Francisco's city council members, citing opposition to the Iraqi war and the Navy's policies regarding homosexuals, voted 8-3 against maintaining Iowa, paving the way for Stockton, California, to acquire the battleship. Currently, Iowa is the only ship of her class not open to the public as a museum.

See also

• List of broadsides of major World War II ships

External links

• Historic Naval Ships Association
• USS Wisconsin and Hampton Roads Naval Museum
• USS Missouri Memorial Association
• The 16" Mark 7 gun from NavWeaps.com
• Do battleships move sideways when they fire?
• Frequently Asked Questions about the USS Missouri at FactPlace
• Video: Inside one of Missouri’s 16" gun room, about 1955. (Windows Media File)
• Federation of American Scientists: Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV
• Videos: RQ-2 Pioneer Drones in action
• cnn.com Losing the Battleships

Notes

1. The Battleship, p. 120, "General Characteristics: USS Iowa"
2. Found on page 11 in the book The Battleships by Ian Johnston and Rob McAuley.
3. Ammunition data is taken from "Battleships: United States Battleships 1935–1992"
4. Additional info taken from Secret Weapons of the Cold War
5. Federation of American Scientist report
6. Federation of American Scientists Military Analysis Network: BB-61 IOWA-class

References

• Johnston, Ian and McAuley, Rob. The Battleships. Channel 4 Books, London ISBN 0752261886
• Naval Historical Foundation. The Navy. Barnes & Noble Inc, China ISBN 0767076218X
• Yenne, Bill. Secret Weapons of the Cold War Berkley Publishing Group ISBN 0-425-20149-X
• Keegan, John; Ellis, Chris, and Natkiel, Richard. World War II: A Visual Encyclopedia PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-878-9
• William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin, Jr. Battleships: United States Battleships 1935–1992
• The Floating Drydock. United States Naval Vessels, ONI 222-US, Kresgeville, PA 18333

• Iowa class battleships
• Ship classes