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Ngô Sĩ Liên (Hán tự: 吳士連, ?–?) was an historian of the Lê Dynasty. He is best-known for being the principal compiler of the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, a comprehensive chronicle of the history of Vietnam and the oldest official historical record of a Vietnamese dynasty that remains today. In Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên is appreciated not only for the precision of his records but also for the innovative method of compilation, he was the first writer who extracted information for historical book from collections of myths and legends such as Lĩnh Nam chính quái or Việt điện u linh tập. Until now, Ngô Sĩ Liên is always considered one of the most important figures of the historiography of Vietnam.

History

The exact dates of Ngô Sĩ Liên's birth and date are unknown but it was said that he was born in the Chúc Lý village, Ngọc Sơn commune of Chương Đức district, Sơn Nam (now Chương Mỹ, Hanoi). In his youth, Ngô Sĩ Liên participated in the Lam Sơn uprising of Lê Lợi that led to the retreat of the Ming Dynasty and the foundation of the Lê Dynasty in Vietnam. In the 1442 imperial examination under the rule of Lê Thái Tông, Ngô Sĩ Liên gained the title Doctorate (Tiến sĩ) and thus became an official in the royal court of three successive emperors Lê Thái Tông (1434–1442), Lê Nhân Tông (1442–1459) and Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497), during the latter's reign, Ngô Sĩ Liên was appointed Director of the National Bureau for Historical Record (Viện Quốc sử) in 1473. According to some sources, Ngô Sĩ Liên lived up to the age of 99, therefore he was likely born around 1400 and died during the late period of Lê Thánh Tông's reign. Ngô Sĩ Liên was born and grew up during a turbulent period of Vietnam with the collapse of the Trần Dynasty, the Fourth Chinese domination by the Ming Dynasty, the Lam Sơn uprising, the coronation of Lê Lợi and several struggles in the royal family of the Lê Dynasty. Besides, Ngô Sĩ Liên also witnessed the gradual predomination of the Confucianism over the Buddhism in the royal court, especially during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông, it was the context in which Ngô Sĩ Liên wrote his Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư.

Works

Ngô Sĩ Liên's major work is the historical record Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, a 15-volume (quyển) book that he compiled in revising Đại Việt sử ký of Lê Văn Hưu and Đại Việt sử ký tục biên of Phan Phu Tiên. During the reign of Lê Thánh Tông, the emperor had commissioned his historians to write an official chronicle for the dynasty in the Quang Thuận period (1460–1469), this work was later lost but after Thánh Tông's order, Ngô Sĩ Liên, a member of the board of compilation, wrote his own version in 1479 which was finally resulted in the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư. The fact that Ngô Sĩ Liên decided to write his own national history despite the existence of the official records might be explained by Ngô Sĩ Liên's intention of expressing his opinions in the book just as Lê Văn Hưu did with his Đại Việt sử ký instead of satisfying with only an objective narration of the official records. Some reasoned that Ngô Sĩ Liên compiled the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư because he felt the need to promote Cofucian ideology in the Lê Dynasty.

Ngô Sĩ Liên's style of compilation showed an important influence from Sima Guang, the author of the Zizhi Tongjian. Different than his predecessors, Ngô Sĩ Liên did not limit his references in official documents related to history but he also extracted information from Việt điện u linh tập (Compilation of the potent spirits in the Realm of Việt) and Lĩnh Nam chính quái (Extraordinary stories of Lĩnh Nam) which were collections of folk legend and myth but considered by the historian having some credibility about history. Another innovation of Ngô Sĩ Liên is his division of history of Vietnam into two principal periods, he placed all events that happened before the establishment of the Đinh Dynasty in Peripheral Records (Ngoại kỷ) while the independent time from the Đinh Dynasty (10th century) to the creation of the Lê Dynasty in 1482 was narrated in Basic Records (Bản kỷ). In addition, Ngô Sĩ Liên also compiled another three records for the reigns of Lê Thái Tổ, Lê Thái Tông and Lê Nhân Tông (1428–1459) in a separate volume named Tam triều bản kỷ (Records of the Three Reigns).

From his extensive 72 comments in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên appeared to be a Neo-Confucianist scholar. He often quoted from Cofucian literature in criticizing an event or a decision of the previous dynasties that, according to Ngô Sĩ Liên, did not follow the Confucian codes for an appropriate ruling institution. According to O. W. Wolters, Ngô Sĩ Liên respected the Confucianist perspective to the extend that the highest praise he could lavish on a Vietnamese ruler was that his achievements could not be bettered by even the most famous Chinese emperors in antiquity. However, the criticism and often harsh remarks of Ngô Sĩ Liên towards previous dynasties, especially the Trần Dynasty, could be understood as the historian's concern for the current dynasty, because the Lê Dynasty would fall into collapse unless it could avoid the mistakes that were committed by its predecessors like the Trần Dynasty. Besides, the historian paid attention in defining the identity of the nation, a typical example of this intention was the existence of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Peripheral Records, Ngô Sĩ Liên's introduction of this dynasty was challenged by several historians for the lack of information and the real motive of the historian in writing about Hùng Kings. Some remarked that Ngô Sĩ Liên made Hồng Bàng Dynasty the first dynasty of Vietnam only because he wanted to emphasize the identity and the independence of Vietnam from China.

Legacy

Today, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư is the oldest official historical record of a Vietnamese dynasty that remains in its original form while Ngô Sĩ Liên is is always considered one of the most important figures of the historiography of Vietnam. He is worshipped in his native village where people, during the reign of Tự Đức, erected a stele to praise the achievements of the historian. Several streets, schools and other places in Vietnam are named in honour of Ngô Sĩ Liên.

References

Notes

1. ^ Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid 2006, p. 56
2. ^ Taylor 1991, p. 358
3. ^ "Ngô Sĩ Liên" (in Vietnamese). Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
4. ^ Trần Bá Chí (1997). "Bia sự tích Ngô Sĩ Liên". Hán Nôm Magazine (in Vietnamese) (4/1997). Hanoi: Institute of Hán Nôm.
5. Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid 2006, pp. 56–57
6. ^ Anthony Reid, Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers 2001, p. 94 Cite error: The named reference "Rodgers94" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
7. Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid 2006, p. 57
8. Keith Weller Taylor, John K. Whitmore 1995, p. 125
9. Anthony Reid, Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers 2001, p. 95
10. Keith Weller Taylor, John K. Whitmore 1995, p. 126
11. Georg G. Iggers, Q. Edward Wang, Supriya Mukherjee (2008). A global history of modern historiography. Pearson Education. p. 57. ISBN 0582096065.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid 2006, p. 61
13. Wolters, O. W. (1999). History, culture, and region in Southeast Asian perspectives. SEAP Publications. p. 144. ISBN 0877277257.
14. Gisèle Luce Bousquet, Pierre Brocheux (2002). Viêt Nam exposé: French scholarship on twentieth-century Vietnamese society. University of Michigan Press. p. 103. ISBN 0472068059.
15. Pelley, Patricia M. (2002). Postcolonial Vietnam: new histories of the national past. Duke University Press. p. 65.
16. "Students voice education concerns". Vietnamnet.vn. 2007-05-15.
17. "Phan Thiet set for three-day festival". Vietnamnet.vn. 2008-08-15.
18. "UNICEF Ambassador talks child HIV/AIDS in VN". Vietnamnet.vn. 2005-10-06.

Bibliography

• National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313296227 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |link= ignored (help)
• Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Anthony Reid, Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers (2001), Sojourners and settlers: histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0824824466 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Taylor, Keith Weller (1991), The Birth of Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 0520074173 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid (2006), Việt Nam Borderless Histories, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-21770-9 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Keith Weller Taylor, John K. Whitmore (1995), Essays into Vietnamese pasts, Volume 19, SEAP Publications, ISBN 0877277184 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Vietnamese writers
• Vietnamese historians
• Lê Dynasty officials