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| '''Helmuth Hübener''' (] ] in ] – ] ] in ]) was the youngest ] of the ] to be sentenced to death by the '']'' and executed. | '''Helmuth Hübener''' (] ] in ] – ] ] in ]) was the youngest ] of the ] to be sentenced to death by the '']'' and executed. | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Helmuth Hübener came from an unpolitical family. Like his mother and grandparents, he belonged to the ] (the Mormons). His adoptive father, |
Helmuth Hübener came from an unpolitical family. Like his mother and grandparents, he belonged to the ] (the Mormons). His adoptive father, an SS officer, gave him the name Hübener. | ||
| Helmuth Hübener was once a ], but after the organization was suppressed by the ], he belonged to the ], although he was not always comfortable with its drilling, nor did he find '']'' to his liking. When the church congregation to which he belonged undertook to bar ]s from its religious services, Hübener found himself repelled by the new policy. | Helmuth Hübener was once a ], but after the organization was suppressed by the ], he belonged to the ], although he was not always comfortable with its drilling, nor did he find '']'' to his liking. When the church congregation to which he belonged undertook to bar ]s from its religious services, Hübener found himself repelled by the new policy. | ||
Revision as of 22:08, 16 January 2006
Helmuth Hübener (8 January 1925 in Hamburg – 27 October 1942 in Berlin) was the youngest opponent of the Third Reich to be sentenced to death by the Volksgerichtshof and executed.
Helmuth Hübener came from an unpolitical family. Like his mother and grandparents, he belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the Mormons). His adoptive father, an SS officer, gave him the name Hübener.
Helmuth Hübener was once a Boy Scout, but after the organization was suppressed by the Nazis, he belonged to the Hitler Youth, although he was not always comfortable with its drilling, nor did he find Kristallnacht to his liking. When the church congregation to which he belonged undertook to bar Jews from its religious services, Hübener found himself repelled by the new policy.
After Hübener finished middle school in 1941, he began an apprenticeship in administration at the Hamburg Social Authority (Sozialbehörde). He met other apprentices there, some of them with a communist family background, and they got him listening to enemy radio broadcasts, which was strictly forbidden in Nazi Germany, being considered a form of treason. In the summer of that same year, Hübener began listening to the BBC by himself, and used what he had heard to compose various anti-fascist texts and anti-war leaflets, of which he also made many copies. The leaflets were designed to bring to people's attention how skewed the official reports about the war from Berlin were, and also to point out Adolf Hitler's, Joseph Goebbels's, and other leading Nazis' criminal behaviour. Other themes covered by Hübener's writings were the war's futility, and Germany's looming defeat. He even mentioned the mistreatment sometimes meted out in the Hitler Youth.
In the autumn of 1941, he managed to involve three of his friends in his unlawful listening, Karl-Heinz Schnibbe and Rudolf Wobbe, who were later also co-workers, and later Gerhard Düwer as well. Hübener also had them help him distribute about 60 different pamphlets, all containing material from the British broadcasts, and all consisting of typewritten copies. They distributed them all over Hamburg, using such methods as surreptitiously pinning them on bulletin boards, sticking them through letterboxes, and stuffing them in coat pockets.
In early February 1942, Helmuth Hübener was arrested by the Gestapo at his workplace at the Hamburger Bieberhaus. While trying to translate the pamphlets into French, and trying to have them distributed among prisoners of war, he had been noticed by a Party member, Heinrich Mohn, who had denounced him. (Mohn was jailed after the war, but freed by the Bundesgerichtshof by the early 1950s).
On 11 August 1942, Hübener's case was tried at the Volksgerichtshof in Berlin, and on 27 October, at the age of 17, he was beheaded at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. His two friends, Schnibbe and Wobbe, who had also been arrested, were given lengthy prison sentences of 5 and 10 years respectively.
As it says in the proclamation (at right), Hübener was found guilty of conspiracy to commit high treason and treasonous furthering of the enemy's cause. He was sentenced not only to death, but also to permanent loss of his civil rights.
It was highly unusual, even for the Nazis, to try an underaged defendant, much less sentence him to death, but the court stated that Hübener had shown more than average intelligence for a boy his age. This, along with his general and political knowledge, and his behaviour before the court, made Hübener, in the court's eyes, a boy with a far more developed mind than was usually to be found in someone of his age. For this reason, the court stated, Hübener was to be punished as an adult.
It was not at all surprising that Hübener's lawyers and his mother appealed for clemency in his case, hoping to have his sentence commuted to life imprisonment, but truly astonishing was that the Berlin Gestapo also did. In their eyes, the fact that Hübener had confessed fully and shown himself to be still morally uncorrupted were points in Hübener's favour. The Reich Youth Leadership (Reichsjugendführung) would have none of it, however. They said that the danger posed by Hübener's activities to the German people's war effort made the death penalty necessary. On 15 October 1942, the Nazi Ministry of Justice upheld the Volksgerichtshof's verdict. Hübener was only told of the Ministry's decision at 1:05 p.m. on the scheduled day of execution and beheaded at 8:13 p.m.
Owing to his political activities, Hübener was excommunicated by his own church, but posthumously reinstated some years after the war.
A youth centre and a pathway in Hamburg are nowadays named for Helmuth Hübener. The latter runs between Greifswalder Straße and Kirchenweg in Sankt Georg.
Quotation
"German boys! Do you know the country without freedom, the country of terror and tyranny? Yes, you know it well, but are afraid to talk about it. They have intimidated you to such and extent that you don't dare talk for fear of reprisals. Yes you are right; it is Germany — Hitler Germany! Through their unscrupulous terror tactics against young and old, men and women, they have succeeded in making you spineless puppets to do their bidding." — from one of Helmuth Hübener's many pamphlets, subsequently also published in When Truth Was Treason: German Youth against Hitler, Editors Blair R. Holmes and Alan F. Keele.
Sources
- The linked German Misplaced Pages article
- Protecting the National Community From Juvenile Delinquency: Nazification of Juvenile Criminal Law in the Third Reich, by Wayne Geerling (Melbourne University)
- Gedenkstätte Plötzensee (Brigitte Oleschinski, published by the Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, and also listed in the German article).
- Lights in the Darkness: Resisters of the Nazi Regime — Youth Dissent
- Review of Ulrich Sander's book Jugendwiderstand im Krieg. Die Helmuth-Hübener-Gruppe