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| In the early days of ], Bulgaria was neutral, but powerful groups in the country swayed its politics toward ] (whom they had also allied with in ]), which had gained initial sympathies by forcing Romania to cede southern ] back to Bulgaria. In 1941, Boris reluctantly allied himself with the ] in an attempt to recover Macedonia from ] and ], which had been gained by Bulgaria in the ] and lost again in the ]. For the temporary restoration of those territories he was styled Boris III Unifier at the time, though this is controversial. | In the early days of ], Bulgaria was neutral, but powerful groups in the country swayed its politics toward ] (whom they had also allied with in ]), which had gained initial sympathies by forcing Romania to cede southern ] back to Bulgaria. In 1941, Boris reluctantly allied himself with the ] in an attempt to recover Macedonia from ] and ], which had been gained by Bulgaria in the ] and lost again in the ]. For the temporary restoration of those territories he was styled Boris III Unifier at the time<ref>R. J. Crampton - "Bulgaria", Oxford University Press, 2007, page 258 '''''most Bulgarians rejoiced at what they saw as the reunification of their historical lands and Boris himself was dubbed, 'King Unifier''''''</ref>, though this is controversial. | ||
| However, in spite of this loose alliance, Boris was not willing to render full and unconditional cooperation with Germany, and the only German presence in Bulgaria was along the railway line which passed through it to Greece. | However, in spite of this loose alliance, Boris was not willing to render full and unconditional cooperation with Germany, and the only German presence in Bulgaria was along the railway line which passed through it to Greece. | ||
Revision as of 07:18, 22 April 2010
Tsar of Bulgaria| Boris III | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsar of Bulgaria | |||||
 | |||||
| Reign | 3 October 1918 – 28 August 1943 (24 years, 329 days) | ||||
| Predecessor | Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, Prince Regnant & Tsar of Bulgaria | ||||
| Successor | Simeon II of Bulgaria, Tsar of Bulgaria | ||||
| Tsaritsa consort of Bulgaria | Giovanna of Italy | ||||
| Issue | Marie Louise of Bulgaria Simeon II of Bulgaria | ||||
| |||||
| House | House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
| Father | Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | ||||
| Mother | Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma | ||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria (30 January 1894 – 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier), son of Ferdinand I, came to the throne in 1918 upon the abdication of his father, following the defeat of the Kingdom of Bulgaria during World War I. This was the country's second major defeat in only five years, after the disastrous Second Balkan War (1913). Under the Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria was forced to cede new territories and pay crippling reparations to its neighbors, thereby threatening political and economic stability. Two political forces, the Agrarian Union and the Communist Party, were calling for the overthrowing of the monarchy and the change of the government. It was in these circumstances that Boris succeeded to the throne.
Early reign
One year after Boris's accession, Aleksandar Stamboliyski (or Stambolijski) of the Bulgarian People's Agrarian Union was elected prime minister. Though popular with the large peasant class, Stambolijski earned the animosity of the middle class and military, which led to his toppling in a military coup on 9 June 1923. In 1925, there was a short border war, known as the Incident at Petrich, with Greece which was resolved with the help of the League of Nations. Also in 1925, there were two attempts on Boris's life perpetrated by leftist extremists. After the second attempt, the military in power exterminated in reprisals several thousand communists and agrarians including representatives of the intelligentsia.
In the coup on 19 May 1934, the Zveno military organisation established a dictatorship and abolished the political parties in Bulgaria. King Boris was reduced to the status of a puppet king as a result of the coup. The following year, he staged a counter-coup and assumed control of the country by establishing a regime loyal to him. The political process was controlled by the Tsar, but a form of parliamentary rule was re-introduced, without the restoration of the political parties.
Boris married Giovanna of Italy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, first in Assisi in October 1930 (attended by Benito Mussolini), and then at an Orthodox ceremony in Sofia. The marriage produced a daughter, Maria Louisa, in January 1933, and a son and heir to the throne, Simeon, in 1937. Tsar Boris was on the cover of Time Magazine on 20 January 1941 wearing a full military uniform.
World War II
In the early days of World War II, Bulgaria was neutral, but powerful groups in the country swayed its politics toward Germany (whom they had also allied with in World War I), which had gained initial sympathies by forcing Romania to cede southern Dobrudja back to Bulgaria. In 1941, Boris reluctantly allied himself with the Axis Powers in an attempt to recover Macedonia from Greece and Yugoslavia, which had been gained by Bulgaria in the First Balkan War and lost again in the Second. For the temporary restoration of those territories he was styled Boris III Unifier at the time, though this is controversial.
However, in spite of this loose alliance, Boris was not willing to render full and unconditional cooperation with Germany, and the only German presence in Bulgaria was along the railway line which passed through it to Greece.
| Bulgarian Royalty House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
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| Ferdinand I |
| Boris III |
| Simeon II |
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In early 1943, Nazi officials requested that Bulgaria send its Jewish population to German occupied Poland. The request caused a public outcry, and a campaign whose most prominent leaders were Parliament Vice-Chairman Dimitar Peshev and the head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Archbishop Stefan, was organized. Following this campaign, Boris refused to permit the extradition of Bulgaria's 50,000 Jews. Initially, the Bulgarian government, which he controlled, utilized Swiss diplomatic channels to inquire whether possible deportations of the Jews can happen to British-controlled Palestine by ships rather than to concentration camps in Poland by trains, for which the Germans requested a significant amount of money. However, this attempt was blocked by the British Foreign Minister, Anthony Eden (see A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time by Howard M. Sachar, Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y., 2007). Eventually, Boris did succumb to the German demand for the extradition of 11,343 Jews from those territories re-occupied by Bulgaria, but the extradition of the Jews from pre-war Bulgaria was stopped. These two decisions have led to a position today where a large number of people regard Boris as a hero for saving Bulgaria's Jews, and a large number revile him for condemning those from the occupied territories. The extent to which the Tsar was able to influence events in either case remains a matter of debate.
Most irritating for Hitler, however, was the Tsar's refusal to declare war on the Soviet Union or send Bulgarian troops to the Eastern front. On August 9, 1943, Hitler summoned Boris to a stormy meeting at Rastenburg, East Prussia, where Tsar Boris arrived by plane from Vrazhdebna on Saturday, August 14. While Bulgaria had declared a 'symbolic' war on the distant United Kingdom and the United States, at that meeting Boris once again refused to get involved in the war against the Soviet Union, giving two major reasons for his unwillingness to send troops to Russia — first, that many ordinary Bulgarians had strong Russophile sentiments; and second, that the political and military position of Turkey remained unclear. The 'symbolic' war against the Western Allies, however, turned into a disaster for the citizens of Sofia as the city was heavily bombarded by the US and the British Royal Air Force in 1943 and 1944. Nevertheless, the bombardments started only after Boris' death.
Death
Shortly after returning to Sofia, Boris died of apparent heart failure on 28 August 1943. Conspiracy theories instantly sprang up, many choosing to believe that he was poisoned by Hitler in an attempt to put a more obedient government in place. The evening before the illness occurred, Boris had an official dinner in the Italian embassy. Others suggest that his death was a Communist plot to destabilize the monarchy, and that Boris was poisoned while visiting the Rila Monastery before getting ill. The question has never been settled and many people remain of the belief that Boris was murdered, in spite of no evidence being available. An autopsy of Boris's heart conducted in the early 1990s revealed the cause of his death to be an infarction of the left ventricle, which for many laid to rest any speculation of foul play. Boris was succeeded by his six-year-old son Simeon II under a Regency Council headed by his brother, Prince Kyril of Bulgaria.
Following a large and impressive State Funeral at the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, where the streets were lined with weeping crowds, the coffin of Tsar Boris III was taken by train to the mountains and buried in Bulgaria's largest and most important monastery, the Rila Monastery. After taking power in September 1944, the Communist-dominated government had his body exhumed and secretly buried in the courtyard of the Vrana Palace near Sofia. At a later time the Communist authorities removed the zinc coffin from Vrana and moved it to a secret location, which remains unknown to this day. After the fall of communism, an excavation attempt was made at the Vrana Palace, in which only Boris's heart was found, as it had been put in a glass cylinder outside the coffin. The heart was taken by his widow in 1993 to Rila Monastery where it was reinterred.
A wood-carving is placed on the left side of his grave in the Rila monastery, made on 10 October 1943 by inhabitants of the village of Osoi, Debar district. The wood-carving has the following inscription:
To its Tsar Liberator Boris III, from grateful Macedonia.
Ancestors
See also
References
- Tsar's Coup Time Magazine 4 February 1935. retrieved 10 August 2008
- Balkans and World War I SofiaEcho.com
- King Boris III Time Magazine 20 January 1941. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- World War: Lowlands of 1941 Time Magazine 20 January 1941. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- R. J. Crampton - "Bulgaria", Oxford University Press, 2007, page 258 most Bulgarians rejoiced at what they saw as the reunification of their historical lands and Boris himself was dubbed, 'King Unifier'
- NOTES FROM HISTORY: 'The man who saved the Jews' The Sofia Echo 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- Balkans into Southeastern Europe, pg. 154
- BULGARIA United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- King Boris III: A Hero or a Villain of the Holocaust? iSurvived.org Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ADL HONORS BULGARIA FOR SAVING JEWS FROM HOLOCAUST ADL.org 13 February 1998. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- "Bulgarian Rule Goes to Son, 6. Reports on 5-day Illness Conflict", United Press dispatch in a cutting from an unknown newspaper in the collection of historian James L. Cabot, Ludington, Michigan.
- Bulgaria in the Second World War by Marshall Lee Miller, Stanford University Press, 1975.
- Boris III of Bulgaria 1894-1943, by Pashanko Dimitroff, London, 1986, ISBN 0-86332-140-2
- Crown of Thorns by Stephane Groueff, Lanham MD., and London, 1987, ISBN 0-8191-5778-3
- The Betrayal of Bulgaria by Gregory Lauder-Frost, Monarchist League Policy Paper, London, 1989.
- The Daily Telegraph, Obituary for "HM Queen Ioanna of the Bulgarians", London, 28 February 2000.
- Balkans into Southeastern Europe by John R. Lampe, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006.
- A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time by Howard M. Sachar, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0394485645
External links
| Boris III of Bulgaria House of Saxe-Coburg and GothaCadet branch of the House of WettinBorn: 30 January 1894 Died: 28 August 1943 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byFerdinand I | Tsar of Bulgaria 3 October 1918 – 28 August 1943 |
Succeeded bySimeon II |
| Bulgarian monarchs | |
|---|---|
| First Empire (680–1018) | |
| Rebels against the Byzantines | |
| Second Empire (1185–1422) |
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| Rebels against the Ottomans | |
| Principality (1878–1908) and Kingdom (1908–1946) | |
- 1894 births
- 1943 deaths
- 20th-century Bulgarian monarchs
- Eastern Orthodox Christians from Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Orthodox Christians
- History of Bulgaria
- House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Bulgaria)
- People from Sofia
- World War II political leaders
- Kohary family
- Recipients of the Order of Bravery
- Recipients of the Order of St Alexander
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
- Burials in the Rila Monastery
- Orthodox monarchs
- The Holocaust in Bulgaria
- Recipients of the Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called