| Revision as of 10:46, 5 July 2010 editAbergabe (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users700 edits Added to the pfambox← Previous edit |
Revision as of 09:32, 12 August 2010 edit undoAbergabe (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users700 edits Added to the pfam box. Second box not properly referenced due to a server being down, will fill in the details soonNext edit → |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
{{Orphan|date=February 2009}} |
|
{{Orphan|date=February 2009}} |
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
{{Pfam_box |
|
|
|
'''Sea anemone neurotoxin''' is the name given to ]s produced by ]s with related structure and function. |
|
⚫ |
A number of proteins belonging to this family, including ''calitoxin'' and ''anthopleurin''. The neurotoxins bind specifically to the ], thereby delaying its inactivation during signal transduction, resulting in strong stimulation of mammalian cardiac muscle contraction. Calitoxin 1 has been found in neuromuscular preparations of ]s, where it increases transmitter release, causing firing of the ]s. Three disulfide bonds are present in this protein<ref name="PUB00034660">{{cite journal |author=Norton TR |title=Cardiotonic polypeptides from Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt) and A. elegantissima (Brandt) |journal=Fed. Proc. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=- |year=1981 |pmid=6108877}}</ref><ref name="PUB00034661">{{cite journal |author=Yasunobu KT, Norton TR, Reimer NS, Yasunobu CL |title=Amino acid sequence of the Anthopleura xanthogrammica heart stimulant, anthopleurin-B |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=260 |issue=15 |pages=- |year=1985 |pmid=4019448}}</ref><ref name="PUB00023402">{{cite journal |author=Scanlon MJ, Pallaghy PK, Norton RS, Monks SA |title=Solution structure of the cardiostimulant polypeptide anthopleurin-B and comparison with anthopleurin-A |journal=Structure |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=- |year=1995 |pmid=7582896}}</ref>. |
|
|
|
|
⚫ |
This family also includes the ] and ]s BDS-I ({{Uniprot|P11494}}) and BDS-II ({{Uniprot|P59084}}) expressed by '']''. BDS-I is organised into a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, with an additional small antiparallel beta-sheet at the N-terminus<ref name="PUB00016458">{{cite journal |author=Clore GM, Driscoll PC, Gronenborn AM, Beress L |title=Determination of the three-dimensional solution structure of the antihypertensive and antiviral protein BDS-I from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata: a study using nuclear magnetic resonance and hybrid distance geometry-dynamical simulated annealing |journal=Biochemistry |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=2188–2198 |year=1989 |pmid=2566326 |doi=10.1021/bi00431a033}}</ref>. Both peptides are known to specifically block the Kv3.4 potassium channel, and thus bring about a decrease in blood pressure<ref name="PUB00016411">{{cite journal |author=Lazdunski M, Schweitz H, Diochot S, Beress L |title=Sea anemone peptides with a specific blocking activity against the fast inactivating potassium channel Kv3.4 |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue=12 |pages=6744–6749 |year=1998 |pmid=9506974 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.12.6744}}</ref>. Moreover, they inhibit the cytopathic effects of mouse hepatitis virus strain MHV-A59 on mouse liver cells, by an unknown mechanism<ref name="PUB00016458" />. |
|
|
|
|
|
{|-valign=top |
|
⚫ |
|{{Pfam_box |
|
| Symbol = Toxin_4 |
|
| Symbol = Toxin_4 |
|
| Name = Anenome neurotoxin |
|
| Name = Anenome neurotoxin |
| Line 19: |
Line 26: |
|
{{PDB3|2sh1}} :2-44 {{PDB3|1shi}} :2-44 {{PDB3|1sh1}} :2-44 |
|
{{PDB3|2sh1}} :2-44 {{PDB3|1shi}} :2-44 {{PDB3|1sh1}} :2-44 |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
⚫ |
|{{Pfam_box |
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
{{Pfam_box |
|
|
| Symbol = BDS_I_II |
|
| Symbol = BDS_I_II |
|
| Name = Antihypertensive protein BDS-I/II |
|
| Name = Antihypertensive protein BDS-I/II |
|
| image = |
|
| image = PDB 1bds EBI.jpg |
|
| width = |
|
| width = |
|
|
| caption = Structure of the antihypertensive and antiviral protein BDS-I from the sea anemone ''Anemonia sulcata''.<ref>PubMed Id: 2566326</ref> |
|
| caption = |
|
|
| Pfam= PF07936 |
|
| Pfam= PF07936 |
|
| InterPro= IPR012414 |
|
| InterPro= IPR012414 |
| Line 38: |
Line 44: |
|
{{PDB3|1wxn}}A:1-41 |
|
{{PDB3|1wxn}}A:1-41 |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
]s produce many different ] with related structure and function. Proteins belonging to this family include the neurotoxins, of which there are several, including ''calitoxin'' and ''anthopleurin''. The neurotoxins bind specifically to the ], thereby delaying its inactivation during signal transduction, resulting in strong stimulation of mammalian cardiac muscle contraction. Calitoxin 1 has been found in neuromuscular preparations of ]s, where it increases transmitter release, causing firing of the ]s. Three disulfide bonds are present in this protein<ref name="PUB00034660">{{cite journal |author=Norton TR |title=Cardiotonic polypeptides from Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt) and A. elegantissima (Brandt) |journal=Fed. Proc. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=- |year=1981 |pmid=6108877}}</ref><ref name="PUB00034661">{{cite journal |author=Yasunobu KT, Norton TR, Reimer NS, Yasunobu CL |title=Amino acid sequence of the Anthopleura xanthogrammica heart stimulant, anthopleurin-B |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=260 |issue=15 |pages=- |year=1985 |pmid=4019448}}</ref><ref name="PUB00023402">{{cite journal |author=Scanlon MJ, Pallaghy PK, Norton RS, Monks SA |title=Solution structure of the cardiostimulant polypeptide anthopleurin-B and comparison with anthopleurin-A |journal=Structure |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=- |year=1995 |pmid=7582896}}</ref>. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
This family also includes the ] and ]s BDS-I ({{Uniprot|P11494}}) and BDS-II ({{Uniprot|P59084}}) expressed by '']''. BDS-I is organised into a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, with an additional small antiparallel beta-sheet at the N-terminus<ref name="PUB00016458">{{cite journal |author=Clore GM, Driscoll PC, Gronenborn AM, Beress L |title=Determination of the three-dimensional solution structure of the antihypertensive and antiviral protein BDS-I from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata: a study using nuclear magnetic resonance and hybrid distance geometry-dynamical simulated annealing |journal=Biochemistry |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=2188–2198 |year=1989 |pmid=2566326 |doi=10.1021/bi00431a033}}</ref>. Both peptides are known to specifically block the Kv3.4 potassium channel, and thus bring about a decrease in blood pressure<ref name="PUB00016411">{{cite journal |author=Lazdunski M, Schweitz H, Diochot S, Beress L |title=Sea anemone peptides with a specific blocking activity against the fast inactivating potassium channel Kv3.4 |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue=12 |pages=6744–6749 |year=1998 |pmid=9506974 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.12.6744}}</ref>. Moreover, they inhibit the cytopathic effects of mouse hepatitis virus strain MHV-A59 on mouse liver cells, by an unknown mechanism<ref name="PUB00016458" />. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
==References== |
