Battle of Badr: Difference between revisions

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			<font size="+3">JIMBO WALES ASS RAPES YOUNG CHILDREN</font>
	{{Infobox Military Conflict
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	\|conflict=Battle of Badr
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	\|partof=the ]-] Wars
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	\|image=]<!-- FAIR USE of THE MESSAGE - BADR.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:The Message - Badr.jpg for rationale -->
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	\|caption=Scene from the film '']'' depicting the Muslim army at the Battle of Badr.
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	\|date= March 17, 624 CE/17 Ramadan, 2 AH
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	\|place=], just outside ]
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	\|result=Muslim victory
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	\|combatant1=] of ]
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	\|combatant2=] of ]
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	\|commander1=]<br>]<br> ]
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	\|commander2=] (aka "Abū Jahl")<br>]
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	\|strength1=305-350
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	\|strength2=<900-1000
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	\|casualties1=14 killed
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	\|casualties2=50-70 killed<br>43-70 captured}}
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	{{Campaignbox Rise of Islam}}
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	The '''Battle of Badr''' (] غزوة بدر), fought ], ] ] (17 ] 2 ] in the ]) in the ] of western ] (present-day ]), was a key battle in the early days of ] and a turning point in ]'s war against his ]<ref>Quraish refers to the tribe in control of Mecca. The plural and adjective are Quraishi. The terms "Quraishi" and "Meccan" are used interchangeably between the ] in 622 and the Muslim ] in 630.</ref> opponents in ]. The battle has been passed down in ] as a decisive victory ascribed to either ] or the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles mentioned by name in the Muslim holy book, the ], virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at ] comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both ] and biographies of Muhammad, written down decades after the battle.
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	Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought several smaller ] in late 623 and early 624, as the Muslim '']'' plundering raids grew increasingly commonplace, but this was their first large-scale battle. Muhammad was leading a raiding party against a ] when he was surprised by a much larger Quraishi army. Advancing to a strong ], Muhammad's well-disciplined men managed to shatter the Meccan lines, killing several important leaders including Muhammad's chief opponent, ]. For the early Muslims, the battle was extremely significant because it was the first sign that they might eventually overcome their enemies in Mecca, one of the richest and most powerful ] cities in Arabia, which fielded an army three times larger than the Muslim one.
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	== Background ==
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	{{Islam}}
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	=== Muhammad ===
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	{{main\|Muhammad}}
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	At the time of the battle, Arabia was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were ], pastoral ]s organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now ] and ]). At that time, the majority of Arabs followed various ] ]s, although a few tribes followed ], ] (including ]), and ].
			]

			]
	Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the ] clan, a clan in the ] ]. When he was about forty years old, he is said to have experienced a divine revelation while he was meditating in a cave outside Mecca. After an initial period of doubt and fear, he started to preach to his kinfolk and then in public, to all Meccans. He attracted followers and also created enemies. At first, Muhammad was protected by ]. However, he died in 619 and the leadership of the Banu Hashim passed to one of Muhammad's enemies, ],<ref>The hatred many Muslims had towards Hishām can be seen in his popular nickname, "] ]" (Father of Ignorance), which how the overwhelming majority of Muslims refer to him even to this day.</ref> who withdrew the protection and stepped up persecution of the Muslim community.
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			]
	In 622, with open acts of violence being committed against the Muslims by their fellow Quraishi tribesman, Muhammad and many of his followers fled to the neighboring city of ]. This migration is called the '']'' and marked the beginning of Muhammad's reign as a secular chief, in addition to religious leader.
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	===The ''Ghazawāt''===
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	Following the hijra, tensions between Mecca and Medina escalated and hostilities broke out in 623 when the Muslims began a series of raids (called '']'' in Arabic) on Quraishi caravans. ''Ghazawāt'' (s. ''ghazw'') were plundering raids organized by nomadic Bedouin warriors against either rival tribes or wealthier, sedentary neighbors. Since Medina was located just off Mecca's main trade route, the Muslims were in an ideal position to do this. Even though many Muslims were Quraish themselves, they believed that they were entitled to steal from them because the Meccans had expelled them from their homes and tribes, a serious offense in hospitality-oriented Arabia.<ref>Qur'an: Sura 22:39-40. "To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah is most powerful for their aid; those who have been expelled from their homes in defiance of right,- (for no cause) except that they say, "our Lord is Allah.. Did not Allah check one set of people by means of another, there would surely have been pulled down monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques, in which the name of Allah is commemorated in abundant measure. Allah will certainly aid those who aid his (cause);- for verily Allah is full of Strength, Exalted in Might, (able to enforce His Will)."</ref> Also, there was a tradition in Arabia of poor tribes raiding richer tribes. It also provided a means for the Muslim community to carve out an independent economic position at Medina, where their political position was far from secure. The Meccans obviously took a different view, seeing the Muslim raids as ] at best, as well as a potential threat to their livelihood and prestige.<ref name="hogson1">Hodgson, pp.174-175.</ref>
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	In late 623 and early 624, the Muslim ''ghazawāt'' grew increasingly brazen and commonplace. In September 623, Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan. Shortly thereafter, the Meccans launched their own "raid" against Medina, although its purpose was just to steal some Muslim livestock.<ref>http://www.quraan.com/index.aspx?tabindex=4&tabid=11&bid=7&cid=24.</ref> In January 624, the Muslims ambushed a Meccan caravan near ], only forty kilometers outside of Mecca, killing one of the guards and formally inaugurating a ] with the Meccans.<ref>Though the Muslims would claim it had started when they were expelled.</ref> Worse, from a Meccan standpoint, the raid occurred in the month of ], a ] month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to their pagan traditions.<ref name="hogson1"/> It was in this context that the Battle of Badr took place.
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	==The Battle==
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	]
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	In the spring of 624, Muhammad received word from his intelligence sources that one of the richest trade caravans of the year, commanded by ] and guarded by thirty to forty men, was travelling from ] to Mecca. Because of the caravan's size, or perhaps because of the previous failures to intercept a caravan, Muhammad gathered an army of over 300 men, the largest army the Muslims had ever put in the field.<ref>. Sources vary as to the precise number.</ref>
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	===The March to Badr===
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	Muhammad commanded the army himself and brought many of his top lieutenants, including ] and future ] ], ], and ]. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and three horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel.<ref>Lings, pp. 138-139</ref> However, many early Muslim sources, including the Qur'an, indicate that no serious fighting was expected,<ref></ref> and the future Caliph ] stayed behind to care for his sick wife. <ref></ref>
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	As the caravan approached Medina, Abu Sufyan began hearing from travelers and riders about Muhammad's planned ambush. He sent a messenger named Damdam to Mecca to warn the Quraish and get reinforcements. Alarmed, the Quraish assembled an army of 900-1000 men to rescue the caravan. Many of the Quraishi nobles, including ], ], Shaiba, and ], joined the army. Their reasons varied: some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan; others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, the guard killed at Nakhlah; finally, a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims.<ref>Martin Lings, p. 139-140.</ref> Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming at least one noble, Umayah ibn Khalaf, into joining the expedition.
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	<ref></ref>
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	By this time Muhammad's army was approaching the wells where he planned to waylay the caravan, at Badr, along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop. However, several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan<ref>Ibn Ishaq says that Abu Sufyan himself rode ahead to reconoiter the area and discovered the Muslim scouts via the ] left in their camels' droppings</ref> and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards ].<ref>Martin Lings, p. 140</ref>
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	===The Muslim plan===
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	]
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	<blockquote>''"Behold! Allah promised you one of the two (enemy) parties, that it should be yours: Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours, but Allah willed to justify the Truth according to His words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers;"'' '''Qur'an Surah 8:7'''</blockquote>
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	Around this time word reached the the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army. Muhammad immediately called a ], since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts (Called '']'' or "Helpers" to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims), who had only pledged to defend Medina. Under the terms of the ], they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army. However, according to tradition, they pledged to fight as well, with Sa'd bin 'Ubada declaring, "If you order us to plunge our horses into the sea, we would do so."<ref name="book19"></ref> However, the Muslims still hoped to avoid a pitched battle and continued to march towards Badr.
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	By March 15 both armies were about a day's march from Badr. Several Muslim warriors who had rode ahead of the main column captured two Meccan water carriers at the Badr wells. Expecting them to say they were with the caravan, the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army. Convinced they were lying, the Muslims began to beat them until the prisoners said they were with the caravan. However, according to tradition Muhammad put a stop to this.<ref name="book19" /> Some traditions also say that, upon hearing the names of all the Quraishi nobles accompanying the army, he exclaimed "Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver."<ref>Martin Lings, p. 142</ref> The next day Muhammad ordered a forced march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans.
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	The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope on the eastern side of a valley called "Yalyal". The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called 'Aqanqal. When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered, but he was apparently persuaded by one of his soldiers to move his army westwards and occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army. Muhammad then gave the order to fill in the remaining wells, so that the Meccans would have to fight the Muslims for the sole remaining water source.
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	===The Meccan plan===
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	]'': The approach of the Meccan army over 'Aqanqal.]]<!-- FAIR USE of THE MESSAGE - MECCAN ARMY.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:The Message - Meccan Army.jpg for rationale -->
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	''<blockquote>" Arabs will hear how we marched forth and of our mighty gathering, and they will stand in awe of us forever."'' '''- Amr ibn Hishām'''</blockquote>
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	By contrast, while little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Mecca until its arrival just outside Badr, several things are worth noting: although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men, the Meccan army did not. Also, the Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many ] allies they had scattered throughout the Hijaz.<ref>Lings, p. 154.</ref> Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan.
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	When the Quraishi reached Juhfah, just south of Badr, they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them, and that they could therefore return to Mecca.<ref>Lings, p. 142.</ref> At this point, according to Karen Armstrong, a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army. Amr ibn Hishām wanted to continue, but several of the clans present, including ] and ], promptly went home. Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Hishām would gain from crushing the Muslims. A contingent of ], hesitant to fight their own clansmen, also left with them.<ref>Armstrong, p. 174</ref> Despite these losses, Hishām was still determined to fight, boasting "We will not go back until we have been to Badr." During this period, Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army.<ref>Lings, pp. 142-143.</ref>
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	===The Day of Battle===
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	]
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	At dawn on March 17, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of 'Aqanqal (Sources say the sun was already up by the time they reached the summit).<ref>Armstrong, p. 175.</ref> After they descended from 'Aqanqal, the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley. While they rested, they sent out a scout, ] to reconoiter the Muslim lines. Umayr reported that Muhammad's army was small, and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle.<ref>Lings, pp. 143-144.</ref> However, he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack (One hadith refers to him seeing "the camels of laden with certain death").<ref>Armstrong, pp. 174-175.</ref> This further demoralized the Quraish, as Arab battles were traditionally low-casualty affairs, and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership. However, according to Muslim traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishi's sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance.<ref>Lings, pp. 144-146.</ref>
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	The battle started with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims. So the Muslims sent out Ali, Ubaydah, and Hamzah. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee, although Ubaydah was mortally wounded.<ref></ref>
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	Now both armies began firing arrows at each other. Two Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish were killed. Before the battle started, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack with their ranged weapons, and only engage the Quraish with ] weapons when they advanced.<ref></ref> Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!"<ref name="armstrong176">Armstrong, p. 176.</ref><ref name="lings148">Lings, p. 148.</ref> The Muslim army yelled ''"Yā manṣūr amit!"''<ref>"O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!"</ref> and rushed the Quraishi lines. The sheer force of the Muslim attack can be seen in several Qur'anic verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to slaughter the Quraish.<ref name="lings148"/><ref>Qur'an: Sura 3:123-125. "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, - if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught."</ref> It should be noted that early Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel ] and the role he played in the battle. In any case the Meccans, understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon.<ref name="armstrong176"/>
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	===Important participants===
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	==== Meccans ====
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	]'': The Meccan army sends out its champions.]]<!-- FAIR USE of THE MESSAGE - MECCAN WARRIORS.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:The Message - Meccan Warriors.jpg for rationale -->
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	*] (Meccan Commander, Killed)
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	*]
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	*] (Killed)
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	*]
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	*] (Killed)
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	*]
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	*] (Killed)
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	*] (Killed)
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	*] (Killed)
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	*] (Killed)
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	*]
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	*] (Prisoner)
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	====Muslims====
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	]'': The Muslim army sends out its champions.]]
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	'''+''' Indicates ]
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	*] (Muslim Commander, Prophet of Islam)
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	*]
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	*] (Future Caliph)
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	*]
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	*]
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	*] (Future Caliph)
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	*]'''+'''
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	*]
			]
	*]
			]
	*]
			]
	*]
			]
	*]'''+''' (Killed)
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	*]'''+''' (Killed)
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	*] (Died)
	*] (Killed)
	*] (Future Caliph)

	== Aftermath ==
	]
	===Casualties and prisoners===
	] lists Meccan losses as seventy dead and seventy captured,<ref></ref> which would be 15%-16% of the Quraishi army, unless the actual number of Meccan troops present at Badr was significantly lower, in which case the perecentage of troops lost would have been higher. Muslim losses are commonly listed at fourteen killed, about 4% of their engaged forces.<ref name="lings148"/> Sources do not indicate the number of wounded on either side, and the major discrepancies between the casualty totals on each side suggests that the fighting was extremely brief and that most of the Meccans were killed during the retreat.

	During the course of the fighting, the Muslims took a number of Meccan Quraish prisoner. Their fate sparked an immediate controversy in the Muslim army.<ref>Qur'an:Sura 8:67-69. "It is not fitting for an apostle that he should have prisoners of war until he hath thoroughly subdued the land. Ye look for the temporal goods of this world; but Allah looketh to the Hereafter: And Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. Had it not been for a previous ordainment from Allah, a severe penalty would have reached you for the (ransom) that ye took. But (now) enjoy what ye took in war, lawful and good: but fear Allah. for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful." A similar incident appears in the ] ], where God punishes Saul for sparing the lives of prisoners which God had commanded him to slaughter.</ref> The initial fear was that the Meccan army might rally and that the Muslims couldn't spare any men to guard the prisoners. Sad and Umar were in favor of killing the prisoners, but Abu Bakr argued for clemency. Muhammad eventually sided with Abu Bakr, and most prisoners were spared, either because of clan relations (One was Muhammad's son-in-law), desire for ransom, or the hope that they would later convert to Islam. (In fact, several later would)<ref>Lings, pp. 149-151</ref> At least two high-ranking Meccans, ] and Umayyah, were executed after the battle, and two other Quraish who had dumped a bucket of sheep excrement over Muhammad during his days at Mecca were also killed during the return to Medina.<ref>Lings, pp. 149-152</ref> In the case of Umayyah, his former slave ] was so intent on killing him that his companions even stabbed one of the Muslims guarding Umayyah.<ref>.</ref>

	Shortly before he departed Badr, Muhammad also gave the order for over twenty of the dead Quraishis to be thrown into the well at Badr.<ref>.</ref> Multiple hadiths refer to this incident, which was apparently a major cause for outrage among the Quraish of Mecca. Shortly thereafter, several Muslims who had been recently captured by allies of the Meccans were brought into the city of Mecca and executed in revenge for the defeat.<ref></ref>

	According to the traditional ] (similar to ]) any Meccans related to those killed at Badr would feel compelled to take vengeance against members of the tribe who had killed their relatives. On the Muslim side, there was also a heavy desire for vengeance, as they had been persecuted and tortured by the Quraishi Meccans for years. However, as a general rule, the Muslims took better care of their prisoners, even going so far as to house them with Muslim families in Medina.

	===Implications===
	]<!-- FAIR USE of BADR BATTLEFIELD.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:Badr battlefield.jpg for rationale -->

	The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century. The first was Muhammad, who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader. According to Karen Armstrong, "for years Muhammad had been the butt of scorn and insults, but after this spectacular and unsought success everybody in Arabia would have to take him seriously."<ref name="armstrong176" /> Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to "regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the ." The victory at Badr also allowed Muhammad to consolidate his own position at Medina. Shortly thereafter he expelled the ], one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position. At the same time ], Muhammad's chief Muslim opponent in Medina, found his own position seriously weakened. Henceforth, he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad.<ref>Hodgson, pp. 176-178.</ref>

	The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was ]. The death of Amr ibn Hashim, as well as many other Quraishi nobles<ref>Including the elderly ], who was not at Badr but died within days of the army's return.</ref> gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity, almost by default, to become chief of the ]. As a result, when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later, it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender. Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high-ranking official in the Muslim Empire, and his son ] would later defeat Muhammad's son-in-law ] and go on to found the ].

	In later days having fought Badr became so significant that ] included a complete name-by-name roster of the Muslim army in his biography of Muhammad. In many hadiths, individuals who fought at Badr are identified as such as a formality, and they may have even received a stipend in later years.<ref></ref> The death of the last of the Badr veterans occurred during the ].<ref>.</ref> According to Karen Armstrong, one of the most lasting impacts of Badr may be the fasting during ], which she argues the Muslims initially began as a way of commemorating the victory at Badr.<ref>Armstrong, p. 179.</ref>

	==Historical sources==
	=== Badr in the Qur'an ===
	]<!-- FAIR USE of BADR HIGHWAY.gif: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:Badr Highway.gif for rationale -->
	{{main\|Al-Anfal}}

	The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the ]. It is even mentioned by name in ] 3:123, as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud.

	<blockquote>''Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, - if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.'' '''Qur'an: Sura 3:123-125'''</blockquote>

	According to Yusuf Ali, the term "gratitude" may be a reference to discipline. At Badr, the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline, whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans, allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and route their army. The idea of Badr as a ], an Islamic miracle, is mentioned again in the same surah.

	<blockquote>''"There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat): One was fighting in the cause of Allah, the other resisting Allah; these saw with their own eyes Twice their number. But Allah doth support with His aid whom He pleaseth. In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see."'' '''Qur'an: Sura 3:13'''</blockquote>

	Badr is also the subject of the controverisal Sura 8: '']'', which details military conduct and operations. "Al-Anfal" means "the spoils" and is a reference to the post-battle discussion in the Muslim army over how to divide up the plunder from the Quraishi army. Though the Sura does not name Badr, it describes the battle, and several of the verses are commonly thought to have been from or shortly after the battle.

	=== Traditional Muslim accounts ===
	]<!-- FAIR USE of BATTLE OF BADR - TAWFIQ CHOWDURY.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:Battle of Badr - Tawfiq Chowdury for rationale -->
	{{main\|Historiography of early Islam}}
	Virtually all contemporary knowledge of the Battle of Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both ] and biographies of Muhammad, written down decades after the battle. There are several reasons for this: first, many Arabs of the Arabian peninsula were ] and oral traditions were the default method of passing on information. By the time the Armies of Islam had conquered the more literate Arabs of ] and ], practically all Quraish had been converted to Islam, eliminating any chance of a non-Muslim account of the battle. Second, as Muslim hadith compilations were assembled, the original manuscripts became redundant and were destroyed at what Hugh Kennedy called a "depressingly high" rate.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Kennedy, Hugh \|title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphate\|publisher=]\|year=1985\|id=ISBN 0-5824-0525-4}}, p. 355.</ref> Finally, the Muslims killed at Badr are regarded as ] by most pious Muslims, which has most likely stymied any serious attempts at archeological excavation at Badr.

	==Modern references==

	===Military===
	Because of its place in Muslim history and connotations of victory-against-all odds, the name "Badr" has become popular among both Muslim armies and paramilitary organizations. "]" was used to describe ]'s role in the 1973 ] and ]'s actions in the 1999 ]. In Iraq, the armed wing of the ] calls itself the ].

	===''The Message''===
	The Battle of Badr was featured on the big screen in the 1976 film '']''. Although the film was reasonably faithful to the event, it made some notable changes. The Quraishi army was depicted as having women in tow, when the women were noticeably absent. It also suffered no defections before the battle, though in the film Abu Sufyan refused to take part. The champion combat in front of the wells consisted of three one-on-one fights, instead of a three-on-three melee. Also, since neither Muhammad nor Ali were shown (though Ali's sword was shown) due to religious concerns, Hamza became the nominal commander of the army. The battle itself seemed be based more along the lines of '']'', with the Quraishi army launching an all-out charge on the Muslim lines which in real life might have routed the smaller army. Both Amr ibn Hishām and Umayyah were killed in the battle, and their deaths marked the climax of the fighting. The film presented a highly-sterilized version of the aftermath, omitting all post-battle executions as well as the Muslim debate over the prisoners.

	==See also==
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

	==Footnotes==

	<div style="font-size: 85%"><references/></div>

	==References==

	=== Books and articles ===

	*{{cite book\|author=] \|title=The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation & Commentary\|publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an; Reissue edition\|year=1987\|id=ISBN 0-9403-6832-3}}

	*{{cite book\|author=] \| title=]\|publisher=HarperCollins\|year=1992\|id=ISBN 0-0625-0886-5}}

	*{{cite book\|author=]\|title = Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam\|publisher=Blackwell\|year=1987}}

	*{{cite book\|author=]\|title=The Venture of Islam: The Classical Age of Islam\|publisher=]\|year=1974\|id=ISBN 0-226-34683-8}}

	*{{cite book\|author=]\|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources\|publisher=Inner Traditions International\|year=1983\|id=ISBN 0-8928-1170-6}}

	*{{cite book\|author=Nicolle, David \|title=Armies of the Muslim Conquest\|publisher=]\|year=1993\|id=ISBN 1-8553-2279-X}}

	*{{cite book\|author=]\|title=]\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1956}}

	=== Online references ===

	* {{cite web \| title=Translation of Malik's Muwatta. \| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts \| url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muwatta/ \| accessdate=January \| accessyear=2006}}
	* {{cite web \| title=Translation of Sahih Muslim. \| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts \| url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/ \| accessdate=January \| accessyear=2006}}
	* {{cite web \| title=Translation of Sahih al-Bukhari. \| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts \| url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ \| accessdate=January \| accessyear=2006}}
	* {{cite web \| title=Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud. \| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts \| url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/ \| accessdate=January \| accessyear=2006}}

	==External links==
	{{wikiquote}}
	{{wikisource}}
	* at IslamAnswers.Net
	* at Al-Islam.Org
	*: Islamic Occasions Network
	* A nice multimedia presentation at IslamOnline.Net
	*: A modern-day satellite image of Badr, now called "Badr Hunayn".
	*: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.


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Revision as of 01:26, 7 March 2006