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| {{Infobox Ethnic group | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| |group=Torlaks | |||
| <!--|image=]:--> | |||
| |image = | |||
| |poptime = approx. 1,500,000 | |||
| |popplace = | |||
| |region1 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} | |||
| |region2 = {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} | |||
| |region3 = {{flagcountry|Macedonia}} | |||
| |region4 = {{flagcountry|Kosovo}} | |||
| |region5 = {{flagcountry|Albania}} | |||
| |region6 = {{flagcountry|Romania}} | |||
| |langs = Mother: ], being classified as dialect of ], ] and ] | |||
| |rels = ]<br> distinguished miniature groups- ] and ] are ] and ] ] | |||
| |related-c = Torlaks self-declare as ], ] and ]-] | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Torlaks''' (Торлаци, Турлаци, Torlaci, Turlaci) is a name for some inhabitants of western ],<ref>Istoricheski pregled, Том 40, Броеве 1–3, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoriia (Bŭlgarska akademiia na naukite) | |||
| Издател Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, 1984, стр. 15.</ref><ref>Bŭlgarska etnografiia, Автор Nikolaĭ Ivanov Kolev | |||
| Издател Nauka i izkustvo, 1987, стр. 69.</ref><ref>Problemi na bŭlgarskoto Vŭzrazhdane, Автор Khristo Gandev, Издател Nauka i izkustvo, 1976, стр. 197.</ref> south-eastern ]<ref>Posebna izdanja, Том 400, Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1966, стр. 395.</ref> and northern ]<ref>Bugarsko-jugoslovenskata kontroverza za Makedonija 1967-1982, Stefan Troebst, Превод Slobodanka Popovska, Institut za nacionalna istorija, 1997, стр. 18.</ref> who speak the ]. In each country the members of the group are considered and self-declare as ], ] or ] respectively. Some scientists describe the Torlaks as a distinct ] group.<ref>Bŭlgarska etnografiia, Nikolaĭ Ivanov Kolev, Izdatelstvo Nauka i izkustvo, 1987, p. 69.</ref><ref>Istoricheski pregled, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoriia (Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite), 1984, str. 16.</ref> | |||
| ==Origin of the name== | |||
| According to one theory, name ''Torlak'' derived from the ] word "tor" ("]" in ]), referring to the fact that Torlaks in the past were mainly ]s by occupation. Population of Belogradcik area in Bulgaria call themselves Turlaks (Турлаци) and do not agree with theory that the name is coming from the word "tor" (тор. More over the word "buniste" ("бунище") is more frequently used to describe "sheepfold". | |||
| ==Subgroups== | |||
| Excluding Bulgarians, Macedonians and Serbo-Croats the Torlak population also includes one miniature ethnic group- ] in ], ] and ] and more two distinguished miniature groups- the ] in ], and the ] in ]. The difference between these miniature three groups and the rest of Torlaks is the religion - while most of the Torlaks are ], the Gorani population is ] and the Krashovani and Janjevs populations are ]. The Krashovani are also somewhat remote from all other Torlaks and South Slavic groups in that they form a linguistic island within Romania, embedded by speakers of ]. | |||
| The ] of Kosovo are Roman Catholic by religion and have a separate identity. Declaring as ], they trace their arrival to their present homeland many centuries back and their presence too forms a part of the Torlakian community. | |||
| ==Connection with Shopi== | |||
| The Torlaks are sometimes classified to be part of the ] population. Some researchers even thought that names Torlaks and Shopi are only two names for the same population, but since Torlaks considered themselves different from the Shopi{{Fact|date=October 2009}}, more accurate definition is that Torlaks and Shopi are two cognate but different groups. In the 19th century, Torlaks were aware of the exact border between Torlak and Shopi settlements. | |||
| ==Cultural marginalization and ethnic affiliation== | |||
| The regional names once used by many people in the Torlakian-speaking region were ''Torlaci'' and ''Šopi''. The borders in the region frequently shifted before the ] conquest among ], ] and ] rulers. According to some authors during the Ottoman rule, the majority of native Torlakian Slavic population did not have national consciousness in ethnic sense. Therefore, both, Serbs and Bulgarians, considered local Slavs as part of their own people, while local population was also divided between sympathy for Bulgarians and Serbs. Other authors from the epoch, take a different view and maintain that the inhabitants of Torlakian area had begun to develop predominantly ] national consciousness.<ref>], (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of ]) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because ''they always feel that they are Bulgarians''. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)...And today (in the end of XIX century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia - its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)</ref><ref>], „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978-954-529-367-2.) The author describes the population of ] ] as ethnic Bulgarians, see: </ref> The first known literary monument, influenced by Torlakian dialects is the ] from 1762, in which its author, the Monk ] from ], considered his language as: "''simple ]''".<ref>Василев, В.П. Темският ръкопис – български езиков паметник от 1764 г, Paleobulgarica, IX (1986), кн. 1, с. 49-72</ref> In the 19th century the region was one of the centres of ] and was included at a whole in the ] (1870-1878). It was also stipulated the area to be ceded to ] according to the ] from 1876 and most of it according to the ] in 1878. | |||
| With Ottoman influence ever weakening, the increase of nationalist sentiment in the Balkans in late 19th and early 20th century, and the redrawing of national boundaries after the ], the ] and ], the traditional Torlakian-speaking region was split several times between Serbia and Bulgaria. After ], a ] national affiliation arose in the new ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Kosta V. Kostić, Prilog etnoistoriji Torlaka, II izdanje, Novi Sad, 1995. | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| {{euro-ethno-group-stub}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 04:58, 26 April 2011
Ethnic group| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Languages | |
| Mother: Torlakian dialect, being classified as dialect of Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian | |
| Religion | |
| Orthodox Christians distinguished miniature groups- Krashovani and Janjevs are Roman Catholic and Gorani Muslim | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Torlaks self-declare as Bulgarians, Macedonians and Serbo-Croats |
Torlaks (Торлаци, Турлаци, Torlaci, Turlaci) is a name for some inhabitants of western Bulgaria, south-eastern Serbia and northern Macedonia who speak the Torlakian dialect. In each country the members of the group are considered and self-declare as Serbs, Macedonians or Bulgarians respectively. Some scientists describe the Torlaks as a distinct ethnographic group.
Origin of the name
According to one theory, name Torlak derived from the South Slavic word "tor" ("sheepfold" in English), referring to the fact that Torlaks in the past were mainly shepherds by occupation. Population of Belogradcik area in Bulgaria call themselves Turlaks (Турлаци) and do not agree with theory that the name is coming from the word "tor" (тор. More over the word "buniste" ("бунище") is more frequently used to describe "sheepfold".
Subgroups
Excluding Bulgarians, Macedonians and Serbo-Croats the Torlak population also includes one miniature ethnic group- Gorani in Kosovo, Albania and Macedonia and more two distinguished miniature groups- the Janjevci in Kosovo, and the Krashovani in Romania. The difference between these miniature three groups and the rest of Torlaks is the religion - while most of the Torlaks are Orthodox Christians, the Gorani population is Muslim and the Krashovani and Janjevs populations are Roman Catholic. The Krashovani are also somewhat remote from all other Torlaks and South Slavic groups in that they form a linguistic island within Romania, embedded by speakers of Romanian.
The Janjevs of Kosovo are Roman Catholic by religion and have a separate identity. Declaring as Croats, they trace their arrival to their present homeland many centuries back and their presence too forms a part of the Torlakian community.
Connection with Shopi
The Torlaks are sometimes classified to be part of the Shopi population. Some researchers even thought that names Torlaks and Shopi are only two names for the same population, but since Torlaks considered themselves different from the Shopi, more accurate definition is that Torlaks and Shopi are two cognate but different groups. In the 19th century, Torlaks were aware of the exact border between Torlak and Shopi settlements.
Cultural marginalization and ethnic affiliation
The regional names once used by many people in the Torlakian-speaking region were Torlaci and Šopi. The borders in the region frequently shifted before the Ottoman conquest among Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian rulers. According to some authors during the Ottoman rule, the majority of native Torlakian Slavic population did not have national consciousness in ethnic sense. Therefore, both, Serbs and Bulgarians, considered local Slavs as part of their own people, while local population was also divided between sympathy for Bulgarians and Serbs. Other authors from the epoch, take a different view and maintain that the inhabitants of Torlakian area had begun to develop predominantly Bulgarian national consciousness. The first known literary monument, influenced by Torlakian dialects is the Manuscript from Temska Monastery from 1762, in which its author, the Monk Kiril Zhivkovich from Pirot, considered his language as: "simple Bulgarian". In the 19th century the region was one of the centres of Bulgarian national revival and was included at a whole in the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870-1878). It was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference from 1876 and most of it according to the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878.
With Ottoman influence ever weakening, the increase of nationalist sentiment in the Balkans in late 19th and early 20th century, and the redrawing of national boundaries after the Treaty of Berlin (1878), the Balkan wars and World War I, the traditional Torlakian-speaking region was split several times between Serbia and Bulgaria. After World War II, a Macedonian national affiliation arose in the new Socialist Republic of Macedonia.
See also
References
- Kosta V. Kostić, Prilog etnoistoriji Torlaka, II izdanje, Novi Sad, 1995.
Footnotes
- Istoricheski pregled, Том 40, Броеве 1–3, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoriia (Bŭlgarska akademiia na naukite) Издател Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, 1984, стр. 15.
- Bŭlgarska etnografiia, Автор Nikolaĭ Ivanov Kolev Издател Nauka i izkustvo, 1987, стр. 69.
- Problemi na bŭlgarskoto Vŭzrazhdane, Автор Khristo Gandev, Издател Nauka i izkustvo, 1976, стр. 197.
- Posebna izdanja, Том 400, Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1966, стр. 395.
- Bugarsko-jugoslovenskata kontroverza za Makedonija 1967-1982, Stefan Troebst, Превод Slobodanka Popovska, Institut za nacionalna istorija, 1997, стр. 18.
- Bŭlgarska etnografiia, Nikolaĭ Ivanov Kolev, Izdatelstvo Nauka i izkustvo, 1987, p. 69.
- Istoricheski pregled, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoriia (Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite), 1984, str. 16.
- Felix Philipp Kanitz, (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of Pirot) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because they always feel that they are Bulgarians. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)...And today (in the end of XIX century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia - its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)
- Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978-954-529-367-2.) The author describes the population of Nish sandjak as ethnic Bulgarians, see:
- Василев, В.П. Темският ръкопис – български езиков паметник от 1764 г, Paleobulgarica, IX (1986), кн. 1, с. 49-72
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