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| ], June 1937]] | |||
| '''Racial segregation''' exists where governments have passed laws either allowing or requiring ]. Both ] and the ] passed laws requring or permitting separation of the ]s in daily life. The practice of segregating the races was called ] for many years in South Africa. In 1896, the ] upheld the right of states to pass discriminatory legislation. Segregation continued until 1954 when the court reversed its earlier decision. Segregaton is characterized by forced separation of the races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Segregation in both South Africa and the U.S. came with prohibitions against ] and against hiring people of the race that is the object of discrimination in any but menial positions. Segregation in hiring practices led to ] between the races. Segregation, however, often allowed close contact in ] situations, such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race. Segregation can involve ] separation of the races, and/or mandatory use of different institutions, such as ]s and hospitals by people of different races. See also: ]. | |||
| ==Overview== | |||
| Although many societies throughout history have practiced racial segregation, it was by no means universal, and some multiracial societies such as the ] were notable for their rejection of racial segregation. Most modern societies do not officially practice racial segregation, and officially frown upon racial discrimination. However, anxieties about racial, religious and cultural differences still find expression in other forms of political and social controversy, either as an official pretext for culturally accepted discrimination, or as a socially acceptable way to discuss cultural, religious and economic friction that results from racial discrimination. For example, ] and religious controversies often mask concerns about the culture or racial composition of the immigrants. Issues of race relations also appear in seemingly race-neutral disputes, over such issues as poverty, healthcare, taxation, religion, enforcement of a particular set of cultural norms, and even fashion. | |||
| Racial segregation differs from racial discrimination in a number of ways. Discrimination ranges from individual actions, to socially enforced discriminatory behavior, to legally mandated differences in status between members of different races. Segregation represents the most extreme option in that it is a legally mandated difference in status; however, it goes even further by mandating separation of the members of differing races and the social systems that serve them | |||
| == Nazi Germany == | |||
| An example of ] laws was the ] enacted by the ] in ] against the large German ]ish community during the ]. The laws prohibited marriages between Jews (deemed as '']en'' - "sub-humans") and German "]s" (deemed the '']'' - "master race"). Many interfaith and intermarried couples committed suicide when these laws came into effect. | |||
| Under the ] of occupied ] in ], the population was divided into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed strips in the cities, public transportation, and assigned | |||
| *], | |||
| *Highlanders (''Goralenvolk'') - an attempt to split the Polish nation by using local collaborators | |||
| *], | |||
| *] (eventually sentenced to extermination as a category). | |||
| *] | |||
| During the ] and ], Jews were forced to wear yellow ribbons or stars of David, and were, along with ] (Gypsies) discriminated against by the racial laws. Jewish doctors and professors were not allowed to teach ] pupils or treat ] patients, respectively. Later during ], Jews, Romas, Poles and Slavs were sent to the ]s, solely on the basis of their race. | |||
| The Jews were also not allowed to use any public transportation, besides the ferry, and would only be able to shop from 3-5 in Jewish stores. After the Night of the Broken Glass, the Jews were fined 1,000,000 marks for damages done by the Nazi troops and SS members. Black People were sometime refered to as niggers. | |||
| == USA== | |||
| ], 1943]] | |||
| After the ] abolished ] in the ], racial discrimination became regulated by the so-called ]s, which mandated strict segregation of the races. Though such laws were instituted shortly after fighting ended in many cases, they only became formalized after the end of ]-enforced ] in the ] and ] during a period known as the ]. This legalized segregation lasted up to the ], primarily through the deep and extensive power of the ]. | |||
| In the post-Civil War South, Democrats used the race issue to solidify their hold on Southern politics, playing on ] resentment of black political power. Democrats were the agents in passing segregation laws, as well as laws disenfranchising blacks (and sometimes poor whites) politically. White and ] would sometimes be required to eat separately and use separate schools, public toilets, park benches, train and restaurant seating, etc. In some locales, in addition to segregated seating, it could be forbidden for stores or restaurants to serve different races under the same roof. | |||
| Segregation was also pervasive in housing. State constitutions (for example, that of ]) had clauses giving local jurisdictions the right to regulate where members of certain races could live. White landowners often included ]s in deeds through which they prevented blacks or ]s from ever purchasing their property from any subsequent owner. In the ] case of '']'', the ] finally ruled that such covenants were unenforceable in a court of law. However, residential segregation patterns had already become established in most American cities, and have often persisted up to the present (see ]). | |||
| "]" laws prohibited people of different races from marrying. As one of many examples of such state laws, ]'s marriage law had an anti-miscegenation component that was passed in ] and repealed in ]. It prohibited marriage between a white and anyone considered a Negro, mulatto (half Negro), quadroon (one-quarter Negro), octoroon (one-eighth Negro), ], or member of the Malay race (presumably a Polynesian or Melanesian). No restrictions were placed on marriages between people that were not "white persons." (Utah Code, 40-1-2, C. L. 17, §2967 as amended by L. 39, C. 50; L. 41, Ch. 35.). | |||
| In ], blacks served in the ] in segregated units, and participated in the liberation of Jewish Survivors at Buchenwald . Black soldiers were often poorly trained and equipped. Still, the 93rd Division, fought alongside the ] (who needed troops, and with their use of ]n, ]. The 369th Infantry (formerly 15th New York National Guard) Regiment distinguished themselves, and were known as the "] Hellfighters". The first black military pilots in the U.S., the Tuskegee Airmen, 99th Fighter Squadron, faced a battle against racism during World War II. | |||
| During ], people of ] descent (whether citizens or not) were ] from the ] and placed in ]s, on the basis of their race; see ]. | |||
| Pressure to end racial segregation in the ] grew among ]s and progressives after the end of World War II. On ], ] ] ] signed ], ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces. | |||
| Institutionalized racial segregation was ended as an official practice by the efforts of such ] ] as ] and ], working during the period from the end of World War II through the passage of the ] and the ] supported by President ]. Many of their efforts were acts of ] aimed at violating the racial segregation rules and laws, such as refusing to give up a seat in the black part of the bus to a white person (Rosa Parks), or holding ]s at all-white ]. | |||
| Not all racial segregation laws have been repealed in the United States, although Supreme Court rulings have rendered them unenforceable. For instance, the ] still mandates that ''Separate schools shall be provided for white and colored children, and no child of either race shall be permitted to attend a school of the other race''. A proposal to repeal this provision was narrowly defeated in ]. However, in a different arena, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in February ] in ''Johnson v. California'' (125 S. Ct. 1141) that the California Department of Corrections' unwritten practice of racially segregating prisoners in its prison reception centers — which California claimed was for inmate safety (gangs in California, as throughout the U.S., usually organize on racial lines)— is to be subject to ], the highest level of constitutional review. Although the high court ] the case back to the lower courts, it is likely that their decision will have the impact of forcing California to alter its practice of segregating by race in its reception centers. | |||
| Despite all of the legal changes of the past half-century, however, the United States remains a segregated society, with housing patterns, school enrollment, church membership, employment opportunities, and even college admissions all reflecting significant ''de facto'' segregation. Supporters of ] argue that the persistence of such disparities reflects either racial discrimination or the persistence of its effects. | |||
| According to the Civil Rights Project at ], the actual desegregation of U.S. public schools peaked in ]; since that time the schools have, in fact, become more segregated. As of 2005, the present proportion of Black students at majority white schools "a level lower than in any year since 1968." <!-- Jonathan Kozol, . '']'', December 19, 2005. p. 26. --> | |||
| == South Africa== | |||
| ] was a system which existed in ] for over forty years, although the term itself had a history going back to the ]. It was formalized in the years following the victory of the ] in the all-white national election of ], increased in dominancy under the rule of Prime Minister ] and remained law until ]. Examples of apartheid policy introduced are the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, ], which made it illegal for marriage between races. Apartheid was abolished following a rapid change in public perception of racial segregation throughout the ], and an economic ] against South Africa which had crippled and threatened to destroy its economy. | |||
| == Rhodesia == | |||
| The British ] of ] (now ]), under ], leader of the white minority government, declared unilateral independence in 1965. For the next 15 years, Rhodesia operated under white minority rule until international sanctions forced Smith to hold multiracial elections, after a brief period of British rule in 1979. | |||
| Laws enforcing segregation had been around before 1965, although many institutions simply ignored them. One highly publicised legal battle occurred in ] involving the opening of a new ] that was to be open to all races, this incident was nicknamed ]. | |||
| == Arab world == | |||
| After municipal elections in ] in 2002 brought ] opposition party ] to power in the capital ], its newly installed mayor, ] called for the introduction of racial segregation with the removal from the city of all non-Bahraini South Asian inhabitants and for the creation of a new township to house them. | |||
| Mr Bader told the English language "It would cost a lot and we would have to find an area to accept them," he said. "A big question is where to build any new accommodation." | |||
| The government rejected the proposals. | |||
| ==Fiji== | |||
| ] in ] in ] removed from power a government that was led by an ], but was supported principally by the ] (ethnic Indian) electorate, which then made up approximately half of the population. A new constitution was promulgated in ], establishing Fiji as a republic, with the offices of ], ], two-thirds of the ], and a clear majority of the ] reserved for ethnic Fijians, despite the fact that ethnic Fijians then comprised less than half the population. Ethnic Fijian ownership of the land (which was worked principally by Indo-Fijians) was also entrenched in the constitution. | |||
| World-wide condemnation of the ] constitution, and a ] of many Indo-Fijian professionals and business owners, caused the Fijian government to revise the ] in ]. Amendments deleted most of the discriminatory provisions, and subsequent elections in ] brought a new government to power, with ] as the country's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister. | |||
| ], with ], supported by sympathetic officers in the Army and police force, seizing power, with the aim of ending Indo-Fijian influence in politics. Democracy, and the moderate ] constitution, were eventually restored, however. | |||
| Current prime minister ] has refused to adhere to the Constitution by not including members of the largely Indo-Fijian ] in the government. | |||
| == Australia == | |||
| While there is no existing ]n government policy that segregates ], their poor socio-economic conditions typically leave them somewhat segregated from the rest of Australian society. This situation has led a number of commentators and civil rights groups to characterize the situation as Apartheid. In fact, Australia's government policies are viewed by some as the original impetus for the Apartheid system in South Africa. | |||
| == Malaysia == | |||
| Malaysia has an ] which distinctly segregates the ]s and other indigeneous peoples of Malaysia from the non-Malays, or ] under the ], giving them special rights and privileges. This includes government-sponsored discounts and requiring even the ] of the economy to preferentially treat bumiputras with economic priveleges and penalising companies who do not have a certain quota of bumiputra in employment. Furthermore, any discussion of abolishing the article is prohibited with the justification that it is ]. This form of state-sponsored racial segregation is claimed as apartheid to opponents of the article. Supporters of the policy maintain that this is ] for the bumiputra who had suffered during the colonial era of the ], using the concept of the ] that Malaysia belongs to the Malays. | |||
| ==Sociological Research Behind ''Brown v. Board''== | |||
| In the Brown v. Board decision, Chief Justice ], writing for a unanimous court, said that "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal... To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone." | |||
| The decision made clear that the justices were influenced in part by studies by ] showing that segregated education had a negative psychological effect upon black school children. Significant doubt was subsequently cast on these studies, especially Clark's "doll study." | |||
| ==White separatism== | |||
| {{main|White separatism}} | |||
| '''White separatism''' is the belief that those who are of ] or Caucasian ] should have separate institutions or even separate societies, territories, governments, and should not cross-breed with those considered to be of non-white races. ] often label themselves as ]s rather than ]s. White separatism is one among many forms of ]. | |||
| == Black separatism == | |||
| {{main|Black separatism}} | |||
| '''Black separatism''' is a separatist political movement that seeks a separate homeland for black people, particularly African-Americans. Parallel to the white separatism, there also exists, particularly in the ], a similarly politically marginal ''black separatist'' movement. Black separatists generally hold that whites are racist oppressors of blacks and that there can be no remedy for black advancement within contemporary white-dominated society. They believe that the only solution for blacks is to break away and to create a separate, segregated black society. The mainstream black separatism is sharply opposed by anti-segregationists and integrationists within the African American community. They generally hold that blacks can and should advance within the larger American society, calling for integration through personal improvement, educational achievement, business involvement, and political action. | |||
| == Latino separatism == | |||
| Some of the political groups among Americans of Mexican descent, in 1960s advocated racial separatism for the ] or the ]. Some of them wanted to create an independent Chicano state in the south-west of ], on the territories that were won by the U.S. from ] after the ] in 1848. Some of these views were reflected in the ] document which inspired Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan, ] and their Plan de Santa Barbara. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ''Compare'' | |||
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| *] and ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L, ''White Power, White Pride!: The White Separatist Movement in the United States'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 384 pages, ISBN 0801865379. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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Revision as of 19:07, 10 March 2006
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