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| At the end of the September Campaign, Poland was divided between ], ], ] and ]. | At the end of the September Campaign, Poland was divided between ], ], ] and ]. | ||
| About 65,000 of the Polish troops were killed, several hundred thousands were captured by the Germans or Soviets. A number of the Polish troops withdrew to neutral ] and ], from where most escaped to France or Britain. | About 65,000 of the Polish troops were killed, several hundred thousands were captured by the Germans or Soviets. A number of the Polish troops withdrew to neutral ] and ], from where most escaped to France or Great Britain. | ||
| The invasion of ] led to ] and ] declaring war on Germany, on ]. | The invasion of ] led to ] and ] declaring war on Germany, on ]. | ||
Revision as of 16:55, 27 June 2004
The Polish September Campaign refer to the conquest of Poland by German and Soviet armies, with help of a small contigent of Slovak forces, in September 1939. The campaign is known in Polish also as the Defense War of 1939. This military operation marks the start of World War II in Europe.
After staging a number of false provocations (Operation Himmler), on September 1, 1939, 04:45 local time, the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein began taking the Polish enclave Westerplatte in Gdansk by the Baltic Sea under fire. Soon, German troops attacked Poland alongside its Western, Southern and Northern borders, while German aircraft started raids on Polish cities. Despite some Polish successes in minor border battles, the German technical and numerical superiority made the Polish armies withdraw towards Warsaw and Lwów. The largest battle during this campaign took place near the Bzura river west of Warsaw from September 9 to September 18 - it was the Polish attempt at a counterattack, that failed after an initial success. Warsaw, under heavy aerial bombardment from the first hours of the war, was first attacked on September 9, then got under siege from September 13 until its capitulation on September 28.
From September 17, 1939, the Red Army occupied the Eastern regions of Poland which had not yet been involved in military operations. The fortress Modlin north of Warsaw, capitulated on September 29.
Until October 2 lasted a defence of the Hel peninsula on the Baltic Sea. The capitulation of the town of Kock (near Lublin) on October 6, after the 4-day battle, marked the end of the September Campaign.
The September Campaign was codenamed Fall Weiß ("Case White") by the German Wehrmacht. Polish historians call it Wojna obronna 1939 ("Defense War of 1939"). Tanks and aircraft (particularly fighters and ground attack aircraft like the famous Junkers Ju 87 Stuka) played a major role in the fighting. Bomber aircraft also attacked whole cities (Warsaw, for instance) causing huge losses amongst the civilian population.
At the end of the September Campaign, Poland was divided between Nazi Germany, Soviet Union, Lithuania and Slovakia.
About 65,000 of the Polish troops were killed, several hundred thousands were captured by the Germans or Soviets. A number of the Polish troops withdrew to neutral Romania and Hungary, from where most escaped to France or Great Britain.
The invasion of Poland led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany, on September 3.
There are some common myths about the Polish Campaign. Although Poland had 11 Cavalry Brigades, the Polish cavalry never charged on German tanks. Secondly, the Polish airforce, though obsolete, was not destroyed on airfields, and remained active in the first two weeks of the campaign, causing some harm to the Germans. Skilled Polish pilots who escaped to United Kingdom after the German occupation, were of great help during the Battle of Britain.
United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, but did not come to their ally's help (see Poland's betrayal by the Western Allies). Poland, fulfiling her alliance with them, had not surrendered in 1939 - there was Polish Government-in-Exile and underground civil authorities, legal successors to pre-1939 government and the Poles continued to be an extremely restive population under Nazi rule.
See also
- Oder-Neisse line
- General Government
- British military history of World War II
- Polish contribution to World War II
- Fall Weiss