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| name = Monarchidae | name = Monarchidae
| image = Zoiseau la vierge1.JPG | image = Zoiseau la vierge1.JPG
⚫ | image_caption = ]<br />''Terpsiphone bourbonnensis''
| image_width = 240px
⚫ | image_caption = ]<br/>''Terpsiphone bourbonnensis''
| regnum = ]ia | regnum = ]ia
| phylum = ] | phylum = ]
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The '''Monarch Flycatchers''' ('''Monarchidae''') comprise a family of ] ]s which includes boatbills, shrikebills, paradise-flycatchers, and ]s. The '''Monarch Flycatchers''' ('''Monarchidae''') comprise a family of ] ]s which includes boatbills, shrikebills, paradise-flycatchers, and ]s.


Monarchids are small ] songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book | editor = Forshaw, Joseph | author = Garnett, Stephen | year = 1991 | title = Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds | publisher = Merehurst Press | location = London | pages = 200–201 | isbn = 1-85391-186-0 }}</ref> Monarchids are small ] songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book | editor-last = Forshaw | editor-first = Joseph | last = Garnett | first = Stephen | year = 1991 | title = Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds | publisher = Merehurst Press | location = London | pages = 200–201 | isbn = 1-85391-186-0 }}</ref>


==Morphology and description== ==Morphology and description==
The monarch flycatchers are a diverse family of ] birds that are generally arboreal (with the exception of the ]). They are mostly slim birds and possess broad ]s. The bills of some species are quite large; the boatbills of the genus '']'' are very broad and flat, and the heavy-set bills of the ]s are used to probe dead wood and leaves.<ref name = "shrikebill">{{cite journal | title = The Pacific shrikebills (''Clytorhynchus'') and the case for species status for the form ''sanctaecrucis'' | journal = Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club | year = 2006 | first = Guy | last = Duston | coauthors = | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 299–308 | id = |url= http://www.melanesiangeo.org/resources/BBOC%20shrikebills%5B1%5D.pdf| format = PDF | accessdate = }}</ref> The ] of the family ranges from sombre, like the almost monochrome ], to spectacular, like the ]. The tails are generally long and spectacularly so in the paradise-flycatchers in the genus '']''. ] in plumage can be subtle, as in the ], where the female is identical to the male except for a slight buff on the throat; striking, as in the ] where the male almost entirely white and the female entirely black; or non-existent, as in the ]. In some species, for example the ], the males have two or more colour morphs.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in Madagascar paradise flycatchers ''Terpsiphone mutata'' | journal = Journal of Avian Biology | year = 2003 | first = Raoul | last = Mulder | coauthors = Robert Ramiarison and Rayonné E. Emahalala | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–348|doi= 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.02888.x|url= | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> The monarch flycatchers are a diverse family of ] birds that are generally arboreal (with the exception of the ]). They are mostly slim birds and possess broad ]s. The bills of some species are quite large; the boatbills of the genus '']'' are very broad and flat, and the heavy-set bills of the ]s are used to probe dead wood and leaves.<ref name = "shrikebill">{{cite journal | title = The Pacific shrikebills (''Clytorhynchus'') and the case for species status for the form ''sanctaecrucis'' | journal = Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club | year = 2006 | first = Guy | last = Duston | coauthors = | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 299–308 | id = |url= http://www.melanesiangeo.org/resources/BBOC%20shrikebills%5B1%5D.pdf| format = PDF | accessdate = }}</ref> The ] of the family ranges from sombre, like the almost monochrome ], to spectacular, like the ]. The tails are generally long and spectacularly so in the paradise-flycatchers in the genus '']''. ] in plumage can be subtle, as in the ], where the female is identical to the male except for a slight buff on the throat; striking, as in the ] where the male almost entirely white and the female entirely black; or non-existent, as in the ]. In some species, for example the ], the males have two or more colour morphs.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in Madagascar paradise flycatchers ''Terpsiphone mutata'' | journal = Journal of Avian Biology | year = 2003 | first = Raoul | last = Mulder | coauthors = Robert Ramiarison and Rayonné E. Emahalala | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–348 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.02888.x | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref>


==Distribution, habitat and movements== == Distribution, habitat and movements ==


] is fully migratory, breeding in southern Australia and migrating to northern Australia and New Guinea.]] ] is fully migratory, breeding in southern Australia and migrating to northern Australia and New Guinea.]]
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While the majority of monarch-flycatchers are resident, a few species are partially ] and one, the ], is fully migratory, although the ] is almost entirely migratory. The ] is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics, and the ] makes a series of poorly understood intra-African migratory movements. While the majority of monarch-flycatchers are resident, a few species are partially ] and one, the ], is fully migratory, although the ] is almost entirely migratory. The ] is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics, and the ] makes a series of poorly understood intra-African migratory movements.


==Breeding== == Breeding ==
] on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree.]] ] on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree.]]
The monarch-flycatchers are generally ], with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season (as in the African Paradise-flycatcher) to life (the ]). Only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. They are generally ], defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. Nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species, for example ]s nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive ].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Marchant | first = S | year = 1983 | title = Suggested nesting association between Leaden Flycatchers and Noisy Friarbirds | journal = Emu | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–122 | doi = 10.1071/MU9830119 }}</ref> The nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. In all species the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork or twig. In some species the nests can be highly conspicuous. The monarch-flycatchers are generally ], with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season (as in the African Paradise-flycatcher) to life (the ]). Only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. They are generally ], defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. Nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species, for example ]s nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive ].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Marchant | first = S | year = 1983 | title = Suggested nesting association between Leaden Flycatchers and Noisy Friarbirds | journal = Emu | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–122 | doi = 10.1071/MU9830119 }}</ref> The nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. In all species the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork or twig. In some species the nests can be highly conspicuous.


==Systematics== == Systematics ==
Many of the approximately 140 ] making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. The ], for example, was assigned to the same family as the ], since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. The ] were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere (they have a similar diet and behaviour), and so on. Many of the approximately 140 ] making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. The ], for example, was assigned to the same family as the ], since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. The ] were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere (they have a similar diet and behaviour), and so on.


With the new insights generated by the ] studies of ] and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor: the same crow-like ancestor that gave rise to the ].<ref>] & ] (1990): ''Phylogeny and classification of birds''. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.</ref> On that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the ], along with the ]s,<ref name="CB94">{{cite book | title = The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories | author = Christidis L, Boles WE | year = 1994 | publisher = RAOU | location = Melbourne | isbn = }}</ref> although Christidis and Boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as Monarchidae.<ref name="CB08">{{cite book | title = Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds | author = Christidis L, Boles WE | year = 2008 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | location = Canberra | isbn = 9780643065116 | page = 174 }}</ref> With the new insights generated by the ] studies of ] and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor: the same crow-like ancestor that gave rise to the ].<ref>] & ] (1990): ''Phylogeny and classification of birds''. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.</ref> On that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the ], along with the ]s,<ref name="CB94">{{cite book | title = The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories | last = Christidis | first = L. | last2 = Boles | first2 = W. E. | year = 1994 | publisher = RAOU | location = Melbourne | isbn = }}</ref> although Christidis and Boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as Monarchidae.<ref name="CB08">{{cite book | title = Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds | last = Christidis | first = L. | last2 = Boles | first2 = W. E. | year = 2008 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | location = Canberra | isbn = 9780643065116 | page = 174 }}</ref>


More recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of Corvida has proven paraphyletic. The narrower 'Core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders.<ref>{{cite book | author = Cracraft J, Barker FK, Braun M, Harshman J, Dyke GJ, Feinstein J, Stanley S, Cibois A, Schikler P, Beresford P, García-Moreno J, Sorenson MD, Yuri T, Mindell DP | editor = Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ | title = Assembling the tree of life | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford Univ. Press | location = New York | isbn = 0195172345 | pages = 468–89 |chapter=Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life }}</ref> More recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of Corvida has proven paraphyletic. The narrower 'Core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders.<ref>{{cite book | author = Cracraft J, Barker FK, Braun M, Harshman J, Dyke GJ, Feinstein J, Stanley S, Cibois A, Schikler P, Beresford P, García-Moreno J, Sorenson MD, Yuri T, Mindell DP | editor = Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ | title = Assembling the tree of life | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford Univ. Press | location = New York | isbn = 0195172345 | pages = 468–89 | chapter = Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life }}</ref>


The Monarchs are small to medium-sized insectivorous ]s, many of which hunt by ]. The Monarchs are small to medium-sized insectivorous ]s, many of which hunt by ].


==Taxonomic list of Monarchidae== == Taxonomic list of Monarchidae ==
Based on del Hoyo et al. (2006) Based on ]
* '''Genus '']''''' (4 species) * '''Genus '']''''' (4 species)
* '''Genus '']''''' – Cerulean Paradise-flycatcher * '''Genus '']''''' – Cerulean Paradise-flycatcher
Line 138: Line 137:
* '''Genus '']''''' Magpie-larks (2 species) * '''Genus '']''''' Magpie-larks (2 species)


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{reflist}}
* {{cite book
⚫ * '''Del Hoyo''', J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 849655306X.
| editor-last = del Hoyo
| editor-first = J.
| editor2-last = Elliott
| editor2-first = A.
| editor3-last = Christie
| editor3-first = D.
| year = 2006
⚫ | title = ], Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers
| publisher = Lynx Edicions
| location = Barcelona
| isbn = 84-96553-06-X
| ref = harv
}}


==External links== == External links ==
{{commons category|Monarchidae}} {{commons category|Monarchidae}}
* on the Internet Bird Collection * on the Internet Bird Collection

Revision as of 10:17, 31 May 2011

Monarchidae
Mascarene Paradise-flycatcher
Terpsiphone bourbonnensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Family: Monarchidae
Bonaparte, 1854
Genera

See text

The Monarch Flycatchers (Monarchidae) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills, shrikebills, paradise-flycatchers, and magpie-larks.

Monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.

Morphology and description

The monarch flycatchers are a diverse family of passerine birds that are generally arboreal (with the exception of the magpie-larks). They are mostly slim birds and possess broad bills. The bills of some species are quite large; the boatbills of the genus Machaerirhynchus are very broad and flat, and the heavy-set bills of the shrikebills are used to probe dead wood and leaves. The plumage of the family ranges from sombre, like the almost monochrome Black Monarch, to spectacular, like the Golden Monarch. The tails are generally long and spectacularly so in the paradise-flycatchers in the genus Terpsiphone. Sexual dimorphism in plumage can be subtle, as in the Paperbark Flycatcher, where the female is identical to the male except for a slight buff on the throat; striking, as in the Chuuk Monarch where the male almost entirely white and the female entirely black; or non-existent, as in the Tahiti Monarch. In some species, for example the Madagascar Paradise-flycatcher, the males have two or more colour morphs.

Distribution, habitat and movements

The Satin Flycatcher is fully migratory, breeding in southern Australia and migrating to northern Australia and New Guinea.

The monarch flycatchers have a mostly Old World distribution. In the western end of their range they are distributed through sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and the islands of the tropical Indian Ocean. They also occur in South and Southeastern Asia, north to Japan, down to New Guinea and most of Australia. The family has managed to reach many Pacific islands, and several endemic genera occur across Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia as far as Hawaii and the Marquesas.

The paradise-flycatchers of the genus Terpsiphone has the widest distribution of any of the monarch flycatchers, ranging almost all of sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes and Seychelles, South, East and Southeastern Asia as far as Korea, Afghanistan, the Philippines and the Lesser Sundas. The other paradise-flycatcher genus, Trochocercus is restricted to Africa. The other exclusively Asian genus is the Hypothymis monarchs. The remaining genera are predominately found in the Austro-Papuan and Oceania regions. A few monotypic genera are restricted to Pacific island; these include the Silktail (Lamprolia) in Fiji, the Chuuk Monarch (Metabolus) in the Micronesian island of Chuuk, the Hawaiian Elepaio (Chasiempis) and the Buff-bellied Monarch (Neolalage) which is restricted to the islands of Vanuatu. Other Pacific genera are the shrikebills (Clytorhynchus), the Mayrornis monarchs, both of which are found in Melanesia and west Polynesia, and the Pomarea monarchs which are exclusively Polynesian in origin.

The majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats. Species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but, in denser forest, live in the middle and lower levels. Other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves, and the terrestrial Magpie-lark occurs in most Australian habitats except the driest deserts.

While the majority of monarch-flycatchers are resident, a few species are partially migratory and one, the Satin Flycatcher, is fully migratory, although the Japanese Paradise-flycatcher is almost entirely migratory. The Asian Paradise-flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics, and the African Paradise-flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra-African migratory movements.

Breeding

Female Pale-blue Monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree.

The monarch-flycatchers are generally monogamous, with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season (as in the African Paradise-flycatcher) to life (the Elepaio). Only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. They are generally territorial, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. Nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species, for example Leaden Flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive Noisy Friarbird. The nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. In all species the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork or twig. In some species the nests can be highly conspicuous.

Systematics

Many of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. The Magpie-lark, for example, was assigned to the same family as the White-winged Chough, since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. The Australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere (they have a similar diet and behaviour), and so on.

With the new insights generated by the DNA-DNA hybridisation studies of Sibley and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor: the same crow-like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos. On that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the Dicruridae, along with the fantails, although Christidis and Boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as Monarchidae.

More recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of Corvida has proven paraphyletic. The narrower 'Core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders.

The Monarchs are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines, many of which hunt by flycatching.

Taxonomic list of Monarchidae

Based on del Hoyo et al. (2006)

Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi male at Ananthagiri Hills, in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

References

  1. Garnett, Stephen (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  2. Duston, Guy (2006). "The Pacific shrikebills (Clytorhynchus) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club. 126 (4): 299–308. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. Mulder, Raoul (2003). "Ontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in Madagascar paradise flycatchers Terpsiphone mutata". Journal of Avian Biology. 33 (4): 342–348. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.02888.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. Marchant, S (1983). "Suggested nesting association between Leaden Flycatchers and Noisy Friarbirds". Emu. 83 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1071/MU9830119.
  5. Sibley, Charles Gald & Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990): Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
  6. Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Melbourne: RAOU.
  7. Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 9780643065116.
  8. Cracraft J, Barker FK, Braun M, Harshman J, Dyke GJ, Feinstein J, Stanley S, Cibois A, Schikler P, Beresford P, García-Moreno J, Sorenson MD, Yuri T, Mindell DP (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life". In Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ (ed.). Assembling the tree of life. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 468–89. ISBN 0195172345.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

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