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Madagascar Fish Eagle
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Falconiformes (or Accipitriformes, q.v.)
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Haliaeetus
Species:	H. vociferoides
Binomial name
Haliaeetus vociferoides Des Murs, 1845
The Distribution of the Madagascar Fish Eagle

The Madagascar Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) or Madagascar Sea-eagle (to distinguish it from the Ichthyophaga fishing-eagles), is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. The range of this eagle is within the Madagascar dry deciduous forests. It is a medium-sized sea-eagle, 70–80 cm (28–32 in) long and with a wingspan of 200 cm (79 in). The body and wings are dark brown, with a pale brown head and a white tail; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs are pale grey. Males weigh 2.2–2.6 kg (4.8–5.7 lbs), while the slightly larger females weigh 2.8–3.5 kg (6.2–7.7 lbs).

Its closest relative is the African Fish Eagle, Haliaeetus vocifer. Together, they form a distinct species pair lineage of sea-eagles, which separated soon after the divergence of the genus; they retain the ancestral dark beak, talon, and eye, but unlike other Haliaeetus species, they always have at least partially white tails, even while juvenile. As in other sea-eagle species pairs, one species (the Madagascar Fish Eagle in this case) has a tan head, while the other has a white one.

This species is endemic to Madagascar, where it survives in low numbers along the west coast. The main threats to its breeding habitat are deforestation, soil erosion and the development of wetland areas for rice-paddies. It is also in direct competition with humans for fish stocks.

Distribution

This species is considered confined to the northwest coast of Madagascar north of Morondava.: The principal locus of population according to the United Nations Environmental Programme is in the Analova region; 20 to 25 breeding pairs were there as of the 1980s. A more recent survey by Garbutt and Hogan report a smaller concentration of at least three breeding pairs in the Anjajavy Forest along the Indian Ocean, where several streams discharge north of Anjajavy Village. Total population estimates from the United Nations and from Grambo place the world population of this species at about 40 breeding pairs; according to Grambo this bird may be one of the rarest birds on Earth. Other surveys between 1991 and 1995 recorded at least 222 adults from 105 sites, with an estimated 98 breeding pairs.

Footnotes

1. IUCN redlist. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIUCN_redlist (help)
2. Etymology: Haliaeetus, New Latin for "sea-eagle". vociferoides, from Latin vocifer, the specific name of the African Fish-eagle + -oides, "likeness of". This is in allusion to the conspicuous yelping calls which, when sitting, are given with the head fully thrown to the back, a peculiarity found among sea-eagles only in this and the African species.
3. ^ del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994.
4. "Madagascar fish-eagle - Haliaeetus vociferoides". ARKive. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
5. "United Nations Environment Programme: Madagascar Fish Eagle". unep-wcmc.org. 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
6. Nick Garbutt, C. Michael Hogan, Hilton Hastings, Wendy Pollecutt, Tahiana Andriaharimalala (2006-05-12). "Anjajavy, the village and the forest". LuminaTechnologies.org. Lumina Technologies. Retrieved 2010-03-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
7. Rebecca L. Grambo, "Eagles" (1.000.000.00bc) Published by Voyageur Press, Inc.

References

• Template:IUCN
• "Madagascar Fish-eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) — BirdLife species factsheet". BirdLife.org. BirdLife International. Retrieved 2011-05-31. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 36 (help)

Cited works

• del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• IUCN Red List critically endangered species
• Eagles
• Haliaeetus
• Birds of prey