| Revision as of 20:00, 15 March 2006 view sourceSamuel Blanning (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users21,108 editsm Reverted edits by 68.124.143.162 to last version by 67.23.59.38← Previous edit | Revision as of 20:35, 15 March 2006 view source 205.154.159.1 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
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| Dogs are the bestest animals. | |||
| {{dablink|This article is about the domestic Dog; for other senses of the word "Dog", see ].}} | |||
| {{Taxobox | |||
| | color = pink | |||
| | name = Domestic Dog | |||
| | status = {{StatusDomesticated}} | |||
| | image = YellowLabradorLooking wb.jpg | |||
| | image_width = 250px | |||
| | image_caption = ''']'''<br>a breed of domestic dog | |||
| | regnum = ]ia | |||
| | phylum = ] | |||
| | subphylum = ] | |||
| | classis = ]ia | |||
| | ordo = ] | |||
| | familia = ] | |||
| | genus = '']'' | |||
| | species = '']'' | |||
| | subspecies = '''''C. l. familiaris''''' | |||
| | trinomial = ''Canis lupus familiaris'' | |||
| | trinomial_authority = (], 1758) | |||
| }} | |||
| 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| |||
| The '''dog''' is a ] in the order ]. Dogs were first ] from ] at least 15,000 years ago , but perhaps as early as 150,000 years ago based upon recent genetic fossil and ] evidence{{ref|vila}} though there is doubt about the accuracy of this mitochondrial DNA evidence{{fact}}. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. For example, heights at the ] range from just a few inches (such as the ]) to roughly three feet (such as the ]), and colors range from white to black, with reds, grays (usually called ''blue''), and browns occurring in a tremendous variation of patterns. | |||
| Dogs, like humans, are highly ]s and this similarity in their overall behavioral pattern accounts for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. Dogs fill a variety of roles in ] and are often trained as ]s. For dogs that do not have traditional jobs, a wide range of ] provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural skills. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as ]. Dogs have lived with and worked with humans in so many roles that their loyalty has earned them the ] "man's best friend." Conversely, some cultures consider dogs to be ]. In other cultures, some dogs are used as ]. | |||
| ==Terminology== | |||
| ''Dog'', in common usage, refers to the domestic pet dog, ''Canis lupus familiaris'' (originally classified as ''Canis familiaris'' by ] in 1758, but reclassified as a subspecies of the ], ''Canis lupus'', by the ] and the ] in 1993). The word is sometimes used to refer collectively to any ] belonging to the family ] (as in "the dog family"), such as ], ]es, and ]s. The constellations ] and ] are of dogs. | |||
| * ''Dog'' is also a term used by breeders to specifically denote a ] domestic dog. | |||
| * '']'' is a ] dog. | |||
| * ''Pack'' is used to denote a group of dogs. | |||
| * ''Puppy'' is a baby dog. | |||
| * ''Pooch'', ''Poochie'', ''Pup'', ''Puppy'', ''Doggy'', ''Doggie'' are all informal and affectionate terms for a dog often used by children. | |||
| * ''Canine'', in common usage, is a synonym for dog or an adjective meaning dog; for example, in the common expression "canine companion". | |||
| Many additional terms are used for dogs that are not purebred; see ]. | |||
| ==Physical characteristics== | |||
| {{main|Dog anatomy}} | |||
| ] and ].]] | |||
| Although selective breeding has changed the appearance of many breeds, all dogs retain basic traits from their distant ancestors. Like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, a ] system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Compared to the bone structure of the human foot, dogs technically walk on their toes. | |||
| ==Intelligence== | |||
| Among dog lovers, dogs are generally valued for their intelligence. ] evidence suggests that dogs have a reasonably high intelligence. For a detailed discussion on what dog intelligence is, see ]. | |||
| ==Diet== | |||
| ] is enjoying a bone.]] | |||
| {{see also|Dog health}} | |||
| Presently, there is an academic discussion as to whether domestic dogs are ] or ]. | |||
| The classification in the Order ] does not necessarily mean that a dog's diet must be restricted to ]. Unlike an obligate carnivore, such as a ], a dog is not dependent on meat protein in order to fulfill its dietary requirements. Dogs are able to healthily digest a variety of foods including ]s and ], and in fact can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Wild canines not only eat available plants to obtain key ], but may also obtain nutrients from vegetable matter from the stomach contents of their ] prey. Domestic dogs can survive healthily on a reasonable and carefully designed ] diet, particularly if ] and ] products are included. Some sources suggest that a dog fed on a strict vegetarian diet may develop ] since it lacks L-carnitine.{{an|Nelson}} | |||
| In the wild, these diets are typically pursued in the absence of available meat. It has also been noted that extremely stressful conditions, such as the ] race and scientific studies of similar conditions, suggest that high-protein diets including meat help prevent damage to muscle tissue. This research is also true of other mammals. | |||
| Dogs sometimes eat grass, a harmless activity. Explanations abound, but rationales such as that it neutralizes acid are just guesses. Eating grass might make the dog vomit, so one explanation is that dogs eat grass to remove unwanted content from their stomachs. | |||
| ===Treats=== | |||
| Many dogs consider anything given to them directly by hand to be a treat, even the food they are accustomed to at meal time. Such dogs might consider anything dropped by humans, including small but indigestible objects (such as marbles, coins, rings, etc.), to be treats as well, which could be dangerous to the dogs when ingested. | |||
| For a discussion on one use of treats in training, see ]. | |||
| ===Dangerous substances=== | |||
| Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans are dangerous to dogs, including ] (]), ]s, ]s and ]s, ]s, and ]. Some human medications, such as ]/paracetamol (Tylenol), are highly toxic to dogs. (Human medications should not be given to a dog as a substitute for their regular medication.) ]s pose much the same temptation and hazard to dogs as to humans. | |||
| Dogs may also find some poisons attractive, including ], snail bait, insect bait, and rodent poisons. | |||
| ==Reproduction== | |||
| ] on almost anything.]] | |||
| Among professional breeders, dogs are only allowed to mate for a specific purpose. Sometimes dogs are bred to create puppies to sell, or sometimes to carry on an award-winning purebred line. Breeders who do this are usually experienced in this process. Dog breeders have access to records which allow them to accurately guess which characteristics will "breed true" in a particular dog. Dog breeders also have accurate information on the complexities of the reproductive process for the breed of dog that they are accustomed to handling. Dog owners may accidentally allow their pets to breed without regard to bloodlines. | |||
| ===Fertility=== | |||
| As with most domesticated species, one of the first and strongest effects seen from selective breeding is selection for cooperation with the breeding process as directed by humans. In domestic dogs, one of the behaviours that is noted is the abolition of the pair bond seen in wild canines. The ability of female domestic dog to come into ] at any time of the year and usually twice a year is also valued. The amount of time between cycles varies greatly among different dogs, but a particular dog's cycle tends to be consistent through her life. This is also called ''in season'' or ''in heat''. Conversely, undomesticated canine species experience estrus once a year, typically in late winter. | |||
| ===Menarche=== | |||
| Most female dogs come into season for the first time between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Like most mammals, the age that a bitch first comes into season is mostly a function of her current body weight as a proportion of her body weight when fully mature. The different rates of maturation are responsible for the ], not the chronological age. | |||
| ===Pregnancy and litters=== | |||
| ] nursing litter of puppies.]] | |||
| A general rule of thumb is that a mammal will produce half as many offspring as the number of teats on the mother. This rule is altered in domesticated animals since larger litters are often favoured for economic reasons. Dogs bear their litters roughly 9 weeks after ]. An average litter consists of about six '''puppies''', though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Since a mother can only provide nutrients and care to a limited number of offspring, humans must assist in the care and feeding when the litter exceeds approximately eight puppies. Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own. For example, the ] often requires ] and almost always requires ] for giving birth. | |||
| ===Spaying and neutering=== | |||
| Spaying or neutering refers to the removal of the male ]s or the female ] and ], in order to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive. | |||
| Dog experts advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies. Unwanted puppies are abandoned, eaten, or sometimes disposed of in a careless fashion. It is also common for stray adult dogs placed in animal shelters to be euthanized due to lack of resources. | |||
| ] can also help prevent hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer and prostate cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, and some object to this angle as the sterilization in itself could be carried out without the excision of organs. | |||
| Contrary to myth, it is not required for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before neutering; these myths are responsible for numerous unnecessary health problems and unwanted puppies. Female dogs spayed before thier first heat have a vastly lower incidence of many forms of cancer than dogs which are spayed after their first heat or pregnancy. A female dog can become pregnant on her first heat cycle (which can take place as early as six months), and should be kept away from intact male dogs, including littermates, over the age of 4 months. Many veterinarians recommend that owners neuter/spay their pets around the age of 5 months. | |||
| Animal control and the ASPCA urge you to help reduce the number of unnecessary deaths of thousands of unwanted animals by having your pets spayed or neutered. | |||
| ==Physical Attributes== | |||
| ] | |||
| Modern ]s show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Within the range of extremes, dogs generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the ]. Dogs are ]s and ]s, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. | |||
| ===Sight=== | |||
| Dogs were thought to be ]s and thus, by human standards, ].<sup>], ]</sup> New research is now being explored that suggests that dogs may actually see some colour, but not to the extent that humans do. It has also been suggested that dogs see in varieties of purple/violet and yellow shades. Because the lenses of dogs' eyes are flatter than humans', they cannot see as much detail; on the other hand, their eyes are more sensitive to light and motion than humans' eyes. Some breeds, particularly the best ]s, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 100° to 120° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with their eyes set forward have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.<sup>], ]</sup> | |||
| ===Hearing=== | |||
| ]/] cross pricks and angles her ears to find the source of a sound.]] | |||
| Dogs detect sounds as low as the 16 to 20 ] frequency range (compared to 20 to 70 Hz for humans) and as high as 70,000 to 100,000 Hz (compared to 20,000 Hz for humans)<sup>]</sup>, and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Eighteen or more muscles can tilt, rotate and raise or lower a dog's ear. Additionally, a dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, as well as hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans are able to. Those with more natural ear shapes, like those of wild canids like the fox, generally hear better than those with the floppier ears of many domesticated species. | |||
| ===Scenting=== | |||
| ], are predators suited to chasing after, leaping at, and killing prey.]] | |||
| Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket ] (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a ] for humans). Some breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. What information a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not perfectly understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that dogs can distinguish two different types of scents when trailing, an air scent from some person or thing that has recently passed by, as well as a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after some thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking dogs that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and the dog must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time. | |||
| ===Direction and spatial sense=== | |||
| It has been observed that a lost dog can often find its way home, sometimes traveling over long distances. | |||
| ===Weather detection=== | |||
| Dogs also have the ability to sense inclement weather (mainly ]) many miles away. This is due to their keen ability to detect fluctuations in ] and can explain a dog's anxiety before and during a storm. The evolutionary ability of sensing weather can be traced back to when wolves used it to move the pack into proper shelter before a dangerous storm. | |||
| ==Dog health== | |||
| {{main|Dog health}} | |||
| {{further|]}} | |||
| Dogs are susceptible to various diseases, ailments, and poisons, some of which affect humans in the same way, others of which are unique to dogs. | |||
| ===Diseases=== | |||
| Diseases commonly associated with dogs include ] (hydrophobia), ], ], and ], although there are many others. | |||
| ===Parasites=== | |||
| Common external parasites are various species of ]s, ]s, and ]. Internal parasites include ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]. | |||
| ===Common physical disorders=== | |||
| Some breeds of dogs are also prone to certain genetic ailments, such as ], ]s, ], ], or ]. Dogs are also susceptible to the same ailments that humans are, including ], ], ], and ]. ] and ] is a dangerous problem in some large-chested breeds. | |||
| ===Lifespan=== | |||
| {{main|Dog years}} | |||
| The typical lifespan of dogs varies considerably by breed. For example, many giant dog breeds average only 7 or 8 years, while some small terrier breeds might live as long as 20 years. The average lifespan for mixed-breed and midsize dogs is about 13 to 14 years. The longest-lived dog with reliable documentation died at 29 in 1939. | |||
| ==Behavior== | |||
| ] | |||
| All dogs have a tremendous capacity to learn complex social behavior and to interpret varied body language and sounds, and, like many predators, can react to and learn from novel situations. The requirements of coordinating complex social behavior requires that canines have the ability to sense and deliver a wide variety of cues via body language, more so than for even humans, who can use language for the same purpose. Physiologically, this correlates with such features as a large number of nerves innervating the facial muscles of dogs, allowing subtle control of a wide variety of facial expressions; in contrast to ], for instance, who have many fewer nerves governing their facial muscles, resulting in a smaller repertoire or "vocabulary" of expressions. This ability to read and deliver nonverbal cues makes dogs expert at reading human beings, as well, often even more so than other humans are, who rely on language. Most dog owners have a large collection of stories about their dogs recognizing individuals by their footsteps outside the door, and so on. | |||
| <!-- Add mention of genetic uniqueness of dogs to comprehend human social cues --> | |||
| ===Interactions between Dogs and Humans=== | |||
| {{main|Dog society}} | |||
| The relationship between dogs and humans is rooted in history and dogs coexist with humans in a variety of ways. Dogs thrive in small social groups or ] which, from their viewpoint, can include humans. Dog society can be thought of as dog packs characterized by a companionate hierarchy, in which each individual has a rank, and in which there is intense loyalty within the group. Dogs thrive in human society because their relationships with humans mimic their natural social patterns. The dog is always aware of its rank relative to other individuals in the group. An assertive dog may consider itself the alpha animal, considering its human master to be subordinate. | |||
| ===Dogs as working partners=== | |||
| Many breeds of dogs are commonly used as ]. There are ], ]s, ]s, and ]s. Dogs have served as ] for the ], as ]s, and have flown into ]. Most modern working dogs are put in positions that capitalize on their sensory or strength and endurance advantages over normal humans. Dogs are also used for searching for or rescuing people and animals, such as in avalanches, at disaster sites, and for missing people or pets. | |||
| ===Dogs as hunting and sporting partners=== | |||
| Many people compete with their dogs in a variety of ], including ], ], and many others. This often strengthens the bond between human and dog, since they must trust one another in a variety of environments and must learn how the other works and thinks. | |||
| Dogs have been used as hunting companions since prehistory; hunting and guarding are probably the oldest uses for dogs.<!--reference: Fogle; not sure how to add an appropriate foonote to existing reference --> Today, ]s are still widely used in many capacities, for finding, tracking, chasing, retrieving, or killing game, and dozens of breeds have been specialized to do certain types of hunting tasks very well. For example, scent hounds excel at following a trail using their noses; retrievers excel at bringing back birds that a hunter has shot; and there are many other specialties. | |||
| ===Dogs as pets=== | |||
| ] cross. Some say ] make the best pets.]] | |||
| Relationships between humans and dogs are often characterized by strong emotional bonds. Consequently, dogs are popular as ]s and companions, independent of any ] considerations. Many dog owners consider having unconditional acceptance from a friend who is always happy to see them to be quite utilitarian, particularly if the dog also leads them to regular exercise. Empirically, dogs are quite dependent on human companionship and may suffer poor health in their absence. Many dogs are reported to have ] if their owner is away for an extended period of time. | |||
| Some research demonstrates that dogs are able to convey a depth of emotion not seen to the same extent in any other animal; this is purportedly due to their closely-knit development with modern man, and the survival-benefits of such communication as dogs became more dependent on humans for sustenance. | |||
| Nevertheless, it is often unwise to ] the responses of dogs. Despite understandably positive interpretations by dog owners, it is questionable whether these animals are truly capable of feeling emotions on a human level. More research is needed to determine the ], and the motivations behind their responses to their masters. | |||
| ===Attacks on humans and livestock=== | |||
| {{main|Dog attack}} | |||
| Humans have a tendency to ] animals, particularly pets such as dogs, which are generally portrayed as being "man's best friend". Animals are often given attributes such as "loyal", "cute", and "guardian", but these all have the potential to lure people into a false sense of security. | |||
| After thousands of years of domestication and selective breeding for dogs whose aggression towards humans often goes no further than a ferocious bark that strongly indicates dislike of a human behavior, most dogs are unlikely to attack people. However, their sharp teeth and claws can inflict injury in an attack; a large dog can knock a human down. Provocation can range from something as seemingly innocuous as a toddler pulling a dog's tail, in which case the dog might nip to discourage the behavior, to something completely inobvious to humans, such as an odor or a movement that sets a dog off, to blatant human aggression or violence towards a dog, causing it to defend itself. There are hundreds of shades of provocation that may or may not lead to an attack upon a human. Canine aggression upon humans is ordinarily not tolerated, but any human aggression against an animal having formidable means of self-defense is foolhardy in the extreme. | |||
| With formidable skills and weapons as hunters as well as large and unfussy appetites, dogs often menace livestock and wildlife. In most jurisdictions, dogs are killed for killing other creatures, so dogs should be prevented from any encounter with livestock or wildlife that might lead to a predatory response. The same creatures that ], ]s, and ]es attack as prey, especially sheep and poultry, are similarly attractive prey to dogs. | |||
| ===Abandoned dogs=== | |||
| Wild dogs are shot by farmers in an effort to protect ]. Bodies are sometimes tied to fences as warning to other dogs, especially in rural ] and ]. Abandoned domestic dogs who become ] are particularly dangerous; they lack the survival skills of wild canines, as well as the genetic and learned fear of the humans' world. Feral dogs often form predatory packs that attack livestock and occasionally also prove dangerous to humans. | |||
| In the UK, it is illegal to kill dogs, even if they are on your private land; you are required to contact your local ] Force, ], or the local branch of the ], who will arrange its collection. | |||
| ==Ancestry and history of domestication== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] indicate that the domestic dog (''Canis lupus familiaris'') descends from one or more populations of wild wolves (''Canis lupus''). As reflected in the ], dogs are a subspecies of wolf and are thus still able to interbreed. | |||
| The relationship between man and canine has deep roots. ] remains have been found in association with ] remains dating from 400,000 years ago. Converging archaeological and genetic evidence indicate a time of ] in the late ] close to the ]/] boundary, between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. ] bone morphologies and genetic analysis of current and ancient dog and wolf populations have not yet been able to conclusively determine whether all dogs descend from a single domestication event, or whether dogs were domesticated independently in more than one location. Domesticated dogs may have interbred with local populations of wild wolves on several occasions (so-called introgression). | |||
| The earliest dog fossils, two crania from Russia and a mandible from Germany, date from 13,000 to 17,000 years ago. Their likely ancestor is the large northern ] wolf, ''Canis lupus lupus''. Remains of smaller dogs from ] (]) cave deposits in the Middle East, dated to around 12,000 years ago, have been interpreted as descendants of a lighter Southwest Asian wolf, ''Canis lupus arabs''. ] and skeletal remains indicate that by 14,000 years ago, dogs were present from North Africa across Eurasia to North America. Dog burials at the ] cemetery of ] in Denmark suggest that in ancient Europe dogs were valued companions. | |||
| Genetic analyses have so far yielded divergent results. Vilà, Savolainen, and colleagues (1997) concluded that dogs split off from wolves between 75,000 and 135,000 years ago, while a subsequent analysis by Savolainen et al. (2002) indicated a "common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations" between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago in East Asia. Verginelli et al. (2005), however, suggest both sets of dates must be reevaluated in light of recent findings showing that poorly calibrated molecular clocks have systematically overestimated the age of geologically recent events. On balance, and in agreement with the archaeological evidence, 15,000 years ago is the most likely time for the wolf-dog divergence. | |||
| Verginelli examined ancient ] evidence from five prehistoric Italian ] carbon-dated to between 15,000 and 3,000 years old, 341 wolves from several populations worldwide, and 547 purebred dogs. Their results indicate multiple independent origins of dogs and/or of frequent interbreeding between early proto-dogs and wolves throughout a vast geographic range. The detailed history remains unexplored and until further evidence is available, the following section on wolf ancestors must be considered purely speculative. | |||
| ===Wolf ancestors=== | |||
| Although all wolves belong to the species '']'', there are (or were) many subspecies that had developed a distinctive appearance, social structure, and other traits. For example, the ] and the ] possess different distinctive colouration, hunting and social structures. | |||
| The ] is thought to have contributed to the development of more breeds of dogs than other subspecies. Many of today's wild dogs, such as the ], the ] and ]s, are descended from this wolf. | |||
| The ] is also thought to have bred with descendants of the European wolf to create the ]s and eventually leading to the development of such diverse breeds as the ], the ], and the ]. The ] is an example of an ancient breed. | |||
| The ], in turn, may have contributed many of its attributes to the ] dog types, most ]s, and many of today's ]s. The ] is probably ancestor to the ] and toy ]s, although it is also probable that descendants of the Chinese and European wolves encountered each other over the millennia, contributing to many of the oriental ] breeds. | |||
| The ] is a direct ancestor to most, if not all, of the North American northern ] types. This interbreeding still occurs with dogs living in the ] region, where the attributes of the wolf that enable survival in a hostile environment are valued by humans. Additionally, unintentional crossbreeding occurs simply because dogs and wolves live in the same environment. The general ] which is required to define dogs and wolves as separate species is purely a result of lack of opportunity, stemming from a general mutual unfamiliarity, suspicion, mistrust, and fear. | |||
| The ] characteristic that distinguish a wolf from a dog are tenuous. Wolves typically have a "brush tail" and erect ears. While some dog breeds possess one of these characteristics, they rarely possess both. | |||
| ===Speed of domestication=== | |||
| Current research indicates that domestication, or the attributes of a domesticated animal, than previously believed. Domestication of a wild dog may occur within one or two human generations with deliberate ]. It is also now generally believed that initial domestication was through mutual desire. Wild canines who scavenged around human habitations received more food than their more skittish or fearful counterparts. Canines who attacked people or their children were likely killed or driven away, while those more friendly animals survived. Canines would have been beneficial by chasing away other ] or ]. With their sharp senses, they would also be valuable as an alarm against marauding predators. The relationship is theorized to have developed in this way. | |||
| ===Dogs as food=== | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| In a number of countries around the world, apart from being kept as pets, certain breeds of ]s are ]ed as a source of meat and specifically raised on farms for that purpose. In countries where dogs are particularly popular as household pets, the use of dogs as a source of food is often considered a taboo and abhorrent cultural practice. | |||
| ==Dog breeds== | |||
| There are numerous ], ] being recognized by various ]s worldwide. As all dog breeds have been derived from mixed-breed dog populations, the term "purebred" has meaning only with respect to a certain number of generations. Many dogs, especially outside the United States and Western Europe, belong to no recognized breed. | |||
| A few basic ] have evolved gradually during the domesticated dog's relationship with man over the last 10,000 or more years, but most modern breeds are of relatively recent derivation. Many of these are the product of a deliberate process of ]. Because of this, some breeds are highly specialized, and there is extraordinary morphological diversity across different breeds. Despite these differences, dogs are able to distinguish dogs from other kinds of animal. | |||
| The definition of a dog breed is a matter of some controversy. Depending on the size of the original founding population, closed gene pool breeds can have problems with inbreeding, specifically due to founder effect. Dog breeders are increasingly aware of the importance of population genetics and of maintaining diverse gene pools. Health testing and new DNA tests can help avoid problems, by providing a replacement for natural selection. Without selection, inbreeding and closed gene pools can increase the risk of severe health or behavioural problems. Some organizations define a breed more loosely, such that an individual may be considered of one breed as long as 75% of its parentage is of that breed. These considerations affect both pets and the show dogs entered in ]. Even prize-winning ] dogs sometimes possess crippling ] due to founder effect or ].<!--Pages 57 to 72, Chapter Four, "Hereditary Problems in Purebred Dogs",''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Larry Shook, Ballantine, 1995, mass market paperback, 130 pages, ISBN 0345384393--> These problems are not limited to ] dogs and can affect mixed-breed populations. <!--Larry Shook, the author of ''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Pages 13 to 34, Chapter Two, "Breeders Can Hazardous to Health",''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Larry Shook, Ballantine, 1995, mass market paperback, 130 pages, ISBN 0345384393--> The behavior and appearance of a dog of a particular breed can be predicted fairly accurately, while mixed-breed dogs show a broader range of innovative appearance and behavior. | |||
| In February 2004, the Canine Studies Institute in ], arranged recognized breeds of dogs into ten categories. | |||
| ]s or ]s are dogs that do not belong to specific breeds, being mixtures of two or more in variant percentages. Mixed breeds, or dogs with no purebred ancestry, are not inherently "better" or "worse" than purebred dogs as companions, ]s, ]s, or competitors in ]. Sometimes mixed-breed dogs are deliberately bred, for example, the Cockapoo, a mixture of Cocker Spaniel and Miniature ]. Such deliberate crosses may display ] and other desirable traits, but can also lack one or more of the desired traits of their parents, such as temperament or a particular color or coat. However, without genetic testing of the parents, the crosses can sometimes end up inheriting genetic defects that occur in both parental breeds. Deliberately crossing two or more breeds is also a manner of establishing new breeds. | |||
| ===Neoteny in the rapid evolution of diverse dog breeds=== | |||
| This rapid evolution of dogs from wolves is an example of ] or ]. As with many species, the young wolves are more social and less ] than adults; therefore, the selection for these characteristics, whether deliberate or inadvertent, is more likely to result in a simple retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood than to generate a complex of independent new changes in behavior. This is true of many domesticated animals, including human beings themselves, who have many characteristics similar to young ]. This paedomorphic selection naturally results in a retention of juvenile physical characteristics as well. Compared to wolves, many adult dog breeds retain such juvenile characteristics as soft fuzzy fur, round torsos, large heads and eyes, ears that hang down rather than stand erect, etc.; characteristics which are shared by most juvenile ]s, and therefore generally elicit some degree of protective and nurturing behavior cross-species from most adult mammals, including humans, who term such characteristics "cute" or "appealing". | |||
| The example of canine neoteny goes even further, in that the various breeds are differently neotenized according to the type of behavior that was selected. | |||
| * ]s retain the most juvenile characteristics: they stay close to home with their foster "litter" (which might include a flock of ]), rather than going out hunting, they have almost no predatory behavior (which would be disastrous in the vicinity of such a natural prey stimulus as sheep), they respond to perceived threats with a lot of vocalization and attempts to alert and engage the dominant individuals in their "pack" (''i.e.'' humans) whenever possible, engaging in actual combat only as a last resort. In addition, they retain very juvenile physical characteristics such as round bodies and heads, soft coats, ears that hang down, and so on, which do not elicit fear responses from the sheep in the way that an appearance similar to that of an adult wolf would. (Compare to the physical appearance of the ], a sheep ] dog, whose physical configuration is closer to that of an adult wild canine and who therefore has a greater capacity to frighten sheep into a desired pattern of movement, along with the more adult aggressive temperament to do so). | |||
| * ] breeds used in hunting—that is, ], ]s, ]s, and ]s—have an intermediate degree of paedomorphism; they are at the point where they share in the pack's hunting behavior, but are still in a junior role, not participating in the actual attack. They identify potential prey and freeze into immobility, for instance, but refrain from then stalking the prey as an adult predator would do next; this results in the "pointing" behavior for which such dogs are bred. Similarly, they seize dead or wounded prey and bring it back to the "pack", even though they did not attack it themselves, that is, "retrieving" behavior. Their physical characteristics are closer to that of the mature wild canine than the sheepdog breeds, but they typically do not have erect ears, etc. | |||
| * ]s maintain an intermediate body type and behavior pattern that causes them to actually pursue prey by tracking their scent, but tend to refrain from actual individual attacks in favor of vocally summoning the pack leaders (in this case, humans) to do the job. This contrasts with ]s, who pursue and attack perceived prey on sight, and who maintain the mature canine body type with erect ears, lean bodies, and adult coats. | |||
| * ]s similarly have adult aggressive behavior, famously coupled with a lack of juvenile submission, and display correspondingly adult physical features such as erect ears, although many breeds have also been selected for size and sometimes ] to enable them to pursue prey in their burrows. | |||
| * The least paedomorphic behavior pattern may be that of the ], bred in ] to hunt alongside humans almost on a peer basis; this breed is often described as highly independent, neither needing nor appreciating a great deal of human attention or nurturing, often described as "catlike" in its behavior. It too has the body plan of an adult canine predator. | |||
| Of course, dogs in general possess a significant ability to modify their behavior according to experience, including adapting to the behavior of their "pack leaders"—again, humans. This allows them to be trained to behave in a way that is not specifically the most natural to their breed; nevertheless, the accumulated experience of thousands of years shows that some combinations of nature and nurture are quite daunting, for instance, training ]s to guard flocks of sheep. | |||
| ===Popular Dog Breeds=== | |||
| The Labrador Retriever has been America's most popular breed of dog since 1991. Golden Retrievers are america's 2nd most popular breed, and Yorkshire Terriers and German Shepherds are the 3rd and 4th most popular breeds. Other breeds, such as the Papillon, are getting more and more popular each year. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References and further reading== | |||
| * Abrantes, Roger (1999). ''Dogs Home Alone''. Wakan Tanka, 46 pages. ISBN 0966048423 (paperback). | |||
| * <sup>1</sup>A&E Television Networks (1998). ''Big Dogs, Little Dogs: The companion volume to the A&E special presentation'', A Lookout Book, GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-353-9 (hardcover). | |||
| * <sup>2</sup>Alderton, David (1984). ''The Dog'', Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0. | |||
| * Brewer, Douglas J. (2002) ''Dogs in Antiquity: Anubis to Cerberus: The Origins of the Domestic Dog'', Aris & Phillips ISBN 0856687049 | |||
| *Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). ''The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds''. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-75258-276-3. | |||
| * Donaldson, Jean (1997). ''The Culture Clash''. James & Kenneth Publishers. ISBN 1888047054 (paperback). | |||
| *Fogle, Bruce, DVM (2000). ''The New Encyclopedia of the Dog''. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130-7. | |||
| * Milani, Myrna M. (1986). ''The Body Language and Emotion of Dogs: A practical guide to the Physical and Behavioral Displays Owners and Dogs Exchange and How to Use Them to Create a Lasting Bond'', William Morrow, 283 pages. ISBN 0688128416 (trade paperback). | |||
| * Pfaffenberger, Clare (1971). ''New Knowledge of Dog Behavior''. Wiley, ISBN 0876057040 (hardcover); Dogwise Publications, 2001, 208 pages, ISBN 1929242042 (paperback). | |||
| * Savolainen, P. et al. (2002). Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs. ''Science'' '''298'''. 5598: 1610–1613. | |||
| * Shook, Larry (1995). "Breeders Can Hazardous to Health",''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Chapter Two, pp. 13–34. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0345384393 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1558211403 (hardcover; this is much cheaper should you buy). | |||
| * Shook, Larry (1995). ''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Chapter Four, "Hereditary Problems in Purebred Dogs", pp. 57–72. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0345384393 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1558211403 (hardcover; this is much cheaper should you buy). | |||
| * Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (1993). ''The Hidden Life of Dogs'' (hardcover), A Peter Davison Book, Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395669588. | |||
| * Verginelli, F. et al. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-East European Wolves. ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' '''22''': 2541–2551. | |||
| * {{note|vila}}Vilà, C. et al. (1997). ''Science'' '''276''':1687–1689. (Also | |||
| ) | |||
| *{{anb|Nelson}} ''Small animal internal medicine'', RW Nelson, Couto page 107 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sisterlinks|Dog}} | |||
| {{Wikispecies}} | |||
| ;General info | |||
| * Many articles and photos about dogs | |||
| * Online, free to read and search, 1910 book about dog breeds. | |||
| * Child's book on different dogs online, free to read. | |||
| ;Genetics and origins | |||
| *Lindblad-Toh, K., et. al. ''Nature'' 438:803-819, December 2005. | |||
| * | |||
| * - ] | |||
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| ;Training and behavior | |||
| * | |||
| ;Breed listings from major ]s | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Fédération Cynologique Internationale - FCI | |||
| * International breed standards | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Breed lists for many breeds and types not recognized by the AKC--and for many that are (U.S.) | |||
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Revision as of 20:35, 15 March 2006
Dogs are the bestest animals.
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