| Revision as of 00:39, 9 August 2011 view source86.104.49.110 (talk) →الحرية← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:41, 9 August 2011 view source 86.104.49.110 (talk) →PresidencyNext edit → | ||
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| == Presidency == | == Presidency == | ||
| بدأت ثورتنا السورية و لن تنتهي إلا بالنصر بإذن الله فمن عاش في قلب المظاهرات يعرف تماماً أن البركان قد ثار و لا يمكن أن يخمد قبل أن يتحقق مراده. لفد خرج مئات الألاف و الملايين في الشارع رغم كل الأساليب الإجرامية المسلطة عليهم و لكنهم حملوا ارواحهم على أكفهم ليصنعوا مستقبلاً مشرقاً لأبنائهم | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| In his domestic policy, he has been criticized for a disregard for human rights, economic lapses, and corruption.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} In his foreign policy, Al-Assad is an outspoken critic of the ] and ].<ref name="haaretz.com"></ref> The ] remains in control of the parliament, and is constitutionally the "leading party" of the state. Until he became president, Bashar al-Assad was not greatly involved in politics; his only public role was head of the Syrian Computer Society, which introduced the Internet to Syria in 2001. Al-Assad was confirmed as president by an ] in 2000. He was expected to take a more liberal approach than his father. In an interview he stated that he saw democracy in Syria as 'a tool to a better life' but then argued that it would take time for democracy to come about and that it could not be rushed.<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE2o7Hg2ITQ |title=Syrian President speaks about democracy in Syria |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> Politically and economically, Syrian life has changed only slightly since 2000. Immediately after he took office a reform movement made cautious advances during the ], which led al-Assad to shut down ] and release hundreds of political prisoners. However, security crackdowns commenced again within the year.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/02/201129103121562395.html</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |first=Farid N. |last=Ghadry |title=Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath |date=Winter 2005 |publisher=The Middle East Quarterly }}</ref> | |||
| === Economy === | |||
| ] 2006]] | |||
| {{See also|Economy of Syria}} | |||
| Economic liberalization in Syria has been limited with industry still heavily state-controlled. However some changes have occurred including the introduction of private banking and the encouragement of foreign involvement, most notably in the oil sector. The need for a diversification of the economy has been pressed for by some<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1stjordan.net/actuuk/archivesuk/resultat.php?id=1152&debut=0 |title=Syria's economy requires broader reforms to reach and sustain higher growth |language={{fr icon}} |publisher=1stjordan.net |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> as it has been predicted that Syria will change from exporting to having to import oil by 2015. The reliance upon oil is reflected by manufacturing exports representing only 3.1 per cent of Syria’s GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meepas.com/Syriaeconomicsnapshot.htm |title=meepas Syria country profile–Economic snapshot |publisher=Meepas.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> These issues are especially relevant as Syria’s population is predicted to more than double to over 34 million by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/Countries/Syria.aspx |title=Syria - Population Reference Bureau |publisher=Prb.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> There have been mild economic sanctions (the Syria Accountability Act) applied by the United States which further complicate the situation. Of major importance are the negotiations for a free trade association agreement with the European Union. | |||
| {{Politics of Syria}} | |||
| === Human rights === | |||
| {{See also|Human rights in Syria}} | |||
| A 2007 law required ] to record all the comments users post on chat forums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad,37213.html |title=Bashar Al-Assad, President, Syria |publisher=Reporters Without Borders }}</ref> Websites such as ] Arabic, ] and ] were ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/11792330 |title=Red lines that cannot be crossed - The authorities don’t want you to read or see too much |date=2008-07-24 |publisher=The Economist}}</ref><ref>, Jennifer Preston, ''], 9 February 2011</ref><ref>, ]</ref> | |||
| Human Rights groups, such as ] and ], have detailed how Bashar's regime and secret police routinely torture, imprison, and kill political opponents, and those who speak out against the regime.<ref>], July 16, 2010</ref><ref>, ], 8 April 2011</ref> | |||
| Since 2006 it expanded the use of travel bans against dissidents, a practice that is illegal under international law. Syria is the worst offender among Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/17155868 |title=How Syria controls its dissidents - Banning travel |date=2010-09-30 |publisher=The Economist }}</ref> | |||
| In an interview with ] in 2007<ref name="youtube.com"/> he stated: "We don't have such political prisoners," yet the ''New York Times'' reported the arrest of 30 political prisoners in Syria in December 2007.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14syria.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=Challenged, Syria Extends Crackdown on Dissent | first=Thanassis | last=Cambanis | date=14 December 2007 | accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
| '']'' magazine analyzed his position in the wake of the 2011 protests:<ref name="The Sturdy House That Assad Built">{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67561/michael-broening/the-sturdy-house-that-assad-built |title=The Sturdy House That Assad Built |date= 2011-03-07 |author=Michael Bröning |publisher=The Foreign Policy }}</ref> | |||
| {{quote|During its decades of rule, moreover, the Assad family developed a strong political safety net by firmly integrating the military into the regime. In 1970, Hafez al-Assad, Bashar’s father, seized power after rising through the ranks of the Syrian armed forces, during which time he established a network of loyal Alawites by installing them in key posts. In fact, the military, ruling elite, and ruthless secret police are so intertwined that it is now impossible to separate the Assad regime from the security establishment. Bashar al-Assad’s threat to use force against protesters would be more plausible than Tunisia’s or Egypt’s were. So, unlike in Tunisia and Egypt, where a professionally trained military tended to play an independent role, the regime and its loyal forces have been able to deter all but the most resolute and fearless oppositional activists. In this respect, the situation in Syria is to a certain degree comparable to ]’s strong Sunni minority rule in Iraq.}} | |||
| === Foreign relations === | |||
| ] and Bashar al Assad]] | |||
| ] ] whilst on a visit to ] in August 2008.]] | |||
| Assad's first official foreign trip was to meet ] in France, who had warm relations with him. The Middle Eastern Quarterly noted that "As in the case of Iraq, there are lingering questions of Syrian payments to French politicians. Many French politicians join associations and charitable boards both for financial and political gain. The board of the L'Association d'Amitié France-Syrie (France-Syria Friendship Association) boasts among its members former prime minister Raymond Barre, former secretary of state Claude Cheysson, and 2007 presidential hopeful Nicolas Sarkozy".<ref name="thechiracdoctrine">{{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/772/the-chirac-doctrine |title=The Chirac Doctrine |publisher=Middle East Quarterly |date=Fall 2005}}</ref> | |||
| The ], ], the ], ], and ] accuse Assad of logistically supporting militant groups aimed at Israel and any opposing member to his government. These include most political parties other than ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7021986.stm | work=BBC News | title=Assad sets conference conditions | date=1 October 2007 | accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> According to ], Assad claimed the United States could benefit from the Syrian experience in fighting organizations like the ] at the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=syria&ID=SP33202 |title=Assad claims United States could benefit from syrian counterterrorism techniques |publisher=Memri.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> | |||
| Assad opposed the ] despite a long-standing animosity between the Syrian and ]i governments. Assad used Syria's seat in one of rotating positions on the ] to try to prevent the invasion of Iraq.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3661134.stm | work=BBC News | title=Iraq war illegal, says Annan | date=16 September 2004 | accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> Following the Iraq invasion by coalition forces, Assad was accused of supporting the Iraqi insurgency. A US general accused him of providing funding, logistics, and training to Iraqi and foreign Muslims to launch attacks against U.S. and coalition forces in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|author=Post Store |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5886-2004Dec16.html |title=General: Iraqi Insurgents Directed From Syria |publisher=washingtonpost.com |date=2004-12-17 |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> | |||
| The February 2005 assassination of former Lebanese ] ] and the accusation of Syrian involvement and support for anti-Israeli groups, helped precipitate a crisis in relations with the ]. Assad was criticized for Syria's presence in Lebanon which ended in 2005, and the US put Syria under sanctions partly because of this. At Pope ]'s funeral in 2005, Assad shook hands with the Israeli president ]. | |||
| In the Arab world, Assad mended relations with the ] but relations with many Arab states, in particular ], have been deteriorating. This is in part due to Assad's continued intervention in Lebanon and his alliance with Iran. Around the time of the 2008 ] war, Assad made an official visit to ]. In an interview with the Russian TV channel ], he asserted that one cannot separate the events in the ] from the US presence in Iraq, which he condemned as a direct threat to security." | |||
| After the 2005 ] of ] Prime Minister ], many media outlets accused Syria of being involved.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} as Hariri was anti-Syrian. However, Assad argued that Syria's gradual withdrawal of troops from Lebanon, beginning in 2000, was precipitated as a result of the event and ended on may 2005.<ref name=Rose>{{cite video|people=]|date=2006-03-27|title=]|medium=TV-Series|location=United States|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| In 2011, Assad told the ] that he considered himself "anti-Israel" and "anti-West", and that because of these policies he was not in danger of being overthrown.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> | |||
| ==== Involvement in Lebanon ==== | |||
| Despite gaining re-election in 2007, al-Assad’s position was considered by some to have been weakened by the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon following the "]" in 2005. There has also been pressure from the US concerning claims that Syria is linked to terrorist networks, exacerbated by Syrian condemnation of the assassination of Imad Mughniyeh, Hezbollah military leader, in Damascus in 2008. Interior Minister Bassam Abdul-Majeed stated that, "Syria, which condemns this cowardly terrorist act, expresses condolences to the martyr family and to the Lebanese people.”<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7242383.stm | work=BBC News | title=Bomb kills top Hezbollah leader | date=13 February 2008 | accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ==== Arab-Israeli conflict ==== | |||
| ] | |||
| In a speech about the ] in August 2006, Bashar al-Assad said that Hezbollah had "hoisted the banner of victory," hailing its actions as a "successful resistance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict/lebanon_war_3992.jsp |title=Lebanon: the war after the war |publisher=openDemocracy |date=2006-10-11 |accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> He claimed that Arab resistance was growing stronger, and warned Israel that "your warplanes, rockets, and your atomic bomb will not protect you in the future." He called Israel an enemy with whom no peace could be achieved as long as they and their allies (especially the U.S.) support the practice of ]. In the same speech, he also called Arab leaders that have criticized Hezbollah "half-men." | |||
| In April 2008, Assad told a ]i newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with ] as a go-between. This was confirmed in May 2008, by a spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister ]. As well as a peace treaty, the future of the ] is being discussed. Assad was quoted in '']'' as telling the Qatari paper: | |||
| :''. . . there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office. The US was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, told the paper, but added that the ] "does not have the vision or will for the peace process. It does not have anything."''<ref>{{cite news | first = Peter| last = Walker| coauthors = News Agencies|title = Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/may/21/israelandthepalestinians.syria | publisher = The Guardian | date = 2008-05-21| accessdate = 2008-05-21| quote = Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator... | location=London}}</ref> | |||
| According to ], Bashar al Assad called ] an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence.", comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father ]. He then claimed Hamas would disappear if peace was brought to the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|title=Assad: Iran won't attack Israel with nukes|author=Roee Nahmias|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992202,00.html|newspaper=ynetnews.com|date=Roee Nahmias|accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad seems to suggest backing for Hamas negotiable, leaked cables say|author=Meris Lutz|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/02/world/la-fg-wikileaks-syria-20101202|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=December 2, 2010|accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| Assad has indicated that the peace treaty that he envisions would not be the same kind of peace treaty Israel has with Egypt where there is a legal border crossing and open trade. In a 2006 interview with ], Assad said “There is a big difference between talking about a peace treaty and peace. A peace treaty is like a permanent ceasefire. There’s no war, maybe you have an embassy, but you actually won’t have trade, you won’t have normal relations because people will not be sympathetic to this relation as long as they are sympathetic with the Palestinians: half a million who live in Syria and half a million in Lebanon and another few millions in other Arab countries.”<ref>{{cite news|title=March 27th, 2006 Interview|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/484|accessdate=February 5, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| During the visit of Pope ] to Syria in 2001, Bashar al-Assad requested an apology to Muslims for the medieval ] and criticized Israeli treatment of Palestinians. Comparing their suffering to that believed to have been endured by ] in Palestine, Assad claimed that the Jews "tried to kill the principles of all religions with the same mentality in which they betrayed Jesus Christ and the same way they tried to betray and kill the Prophet Muhammad."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pope, in Damascus, Reaches Out for Unity With Mosque Visit|url=http://www.economist.com/node/617242|accessdate=1 June 2011|newspaper=]|date=10 May 2001|quote=The pope’s pilgrimage in the steps of St Paul was widely seen as a success, even if it did not elicit an apology to the Muslim world for the medieval crusades. Syria’s president, Bashar Assad, basked in international praise for his religious tolerance. But, notably, this tolerance was not extended to Judaism. Welcoming John Paul, Mr Assad compared the suffering of the Palestinians to that of Jesus Christ. The Jews, he said, “tried to kill the principles of all religions with the same mentality in which they betrayed Jesus Christ and the same way they tried to betray and kill the Prophet Muhammad.” The pope was taken on a detour to the town of Quneitra, flattened by the Israelis in their partial withdrawal from the Golan Heights, and called upon to bless the president’s vision of a Christian-Islamic alliance to vanquish the common threat of colonising Jews.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Polish experience shaped Pope's Jewish relations|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/polish_experience.html|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=]|month=April|year=2005|quote=The decision to beatify Pius IX, the pope who kidnapped a Jewish child in Bologna and who put Rome's Jews back in their ghetto, was one question mark. John Paul's silence in 2001 when Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad said Jews had killed Christ and tried to kill Mohammad was another.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pope appeals for Mideast peace|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/05/05/pope.syria/index.html|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=]|date=5 May 2001|location=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 107th Congress, First Session|year=2001|publisher=]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC|accessdate=7 May 2011|page=7912|month=May}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ADL Urges World and Religious Leaders to Denounce Syrian President's Anti-Jewish Diatribe Delivered in Presence of the Pope|url=http://www.adl.org/presrele/islme_62/3825_62.asp|work=]|accessdate=7 May 2011|location=]|date=6 May 2001}}</ref> Responding to claims that his comment was antisemitic, Assad said that whereas Judaism is a racially heterogeneous religion, the Syrian people are the core of the Semitic race and therefore are opposed to the term '']''. When offered to retract his comment implying that the Jews were responsible for Jesus' suffering, Assad replied, "As always, these are historical facts that we cannot deny," and stressed that his remarks were not anti-Jewish.<ref>{{cite news|title='Scharon plant den Krieg'|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/0,1518,144003,00.html|accessdate=23 June 2011|newspaper=]|date=9 July 2001|language=German|trans_title='Sharon is planning the war'|quote=Was soll denn das? Wir Araber sind doch selbst Semiten, als Nachfahren von Sem, einem der drei Söhne Noahs. Kein Mensch sollte gegen irgendeine Rasse eingestellt sein, gegen die Menschheit oder Teile von ihr. Wir in Syrien lehnen den Begriff Antisemitismus ab, weil dieser Begriff diskriminierend ist. Semiten sind eine Rasse, wir gehören nicht nur zu dieser Rasse, sondern sind ihr Kern. Das Judentum dagegen ist eine Religion, die allen Rassen zuzuordnen ist.}}</ref> On the other hand, in February 2011 Bashar backed an initiative to fund the restoration of 10 synagogues in Syria, which had a Jewish community numbering 30,000 in 1947 but has only 200 Jews today.<ref>{{cite news|last=Derhally|first=Massoud A.|title=Jews in Damascus Restore Synagogues as Syria Tries to Foster Secular Image|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-06/damascus-jews-restore-synagogues-as-syria-seeks-secular-image.html|accessdate=8 May 2011|newspaper=]|date=7 February 2011|quote=The project, which began in December, will be completed this month as part of a plan to restore 10 synagogues with the backing of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and funding from Syrian Jews.}}</ref> | |||
| == 2011 uprising == | == 2011 uprising == | ||
Revision as of 00:41, 9 August 2011
| Bashar al-Assad بشار الأسد | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President of Syria | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 17 July 2000 | |
| Prime Minister | Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar |
| Vice President | Farouk al-Sharaa Najah al-Attar |
| Preceded by | Abdul Halim Khaddam (Acting) |
| Leader of the Ba'ath Party | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 10 June 2000 | |
| Preceded by | Hafez al-kerr |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-09-11) 11 September 1965 (age 59) Damascus, Syria |
| Political party | Ba'ath Party |
| Spouse | Asma al-Akhras |
| Alma mater | Damascus University |
| Profession | Ophthalmologist |
| Website | The President |
Bashar al-Assad (Template:Lang-ar, Baššār al-ʾAsad; born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Ba'ath Party. He became president in 2000 after the death of his father Hafez al-Assad, who had ruled Syria for 29 years.
الحرية للشعب السوري
Presidency
بدأت ثورتنا السورية و لن تنتهي إلا بالنصر بإذن الله فمن عاش في قلب المظاهرات يعرف تماماً أن البركان قد ثار و لا يمكن أن يخمد قبل أن يتحقق مراده. لفد خرج مئات الألاف و الملايين في الشارع رغم كل الأساليب الإجرامية المسلطة عليهم و لكنهم حملوا ارواحهم على أكفهم ليصنعوا مستقبلاً مشرقاً لأبنائهم
2011 uprising
Main article: 2011 Syrian uprisingProtests in Syria started on 26 January and were influenced by other protests in the region. Protesters have been calling for political reforms and the reinstatement of civil rights, as well as an end to the state of emergency which has been in place since 1963. One attempt at a "day of rage" was set for 4-5 February, though it ended up uneventful. Protests on 18-19 March were the largest to take place in Syria for decades and Syrian authorities have responded with violence against its protesting citizens.
On 18 May 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama signed an Executive order putting into effect sanctions against Bashar Assad in an effort to pressure his regime "to end its use of violence against its people and begin transitioning to a democratic system that protects the rights of the Syrian people." The sanctions effectively freeze any of the Syrian President's assets either in the United States proper or within U.S. jurisdiction. On May 23, 2011 EU Foreign ministers agreed at a meeting in Brussels to add Mr Assad and nine other officials to a list affected by travel bans and asset freezes. On May 24, 2011 Canada imposed sanctions on Syrian leaders, one of which is Assad.
On 20 June 2011, in a speech lasting nearly an hour, in response to the demands of protesters and foreign pressure, al-Assad promised a "national dialogue" involving movement toward reform, new pariliamentary elections, and greater freedoms. He also urged refugees to return home from Turkey, while assuring them amnesty and blaming all unrest on a small number of "saboteurs".
See also
References
- Syria's president, Bashar al-Assad, belongs to the minority Alawite group. About three-quarters of the population are Sunni. The Guardian, retrieved 8 August 2011
- Modern Syria:From Ottoman rule to pivotal role in the middle east: By Moshe Ma'oz page 43
- "Q&A: Syrian activist Suhair Atassi". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "'Day of rage' protest urged in Syria - World news - Mideast/N. Africa - msnbc.com". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ""Day of Rage" planned for Syria; protests scheduled for Feb 4-5 - aysor.am - Hot news from Armenia". aysor.am. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- 18 May 2011. "Administration Takes Additional Steps to Hold the Government of Syria Accountable for Violent Repression Against the Syrian People". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
Today, President Obama signed an Executive Order (E.O.) imposing sanctions against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and six other senior officials of the Government of Syria in an effort to increase pressure on the Government of Syria to end its use of violence against its people and begin transitioning to a democratic system that protects the rights of the Syrian people.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (18 May 2011). "U.S. imposes sanctions on Syria's Assad". Reuters. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
The U.S. move, announced by the Treasury Department, freezes any of the Syrian officials' assets that are in the United States or otherwise fall within U.S. jurisdiction and generally bars U.S. individuals and companies from dealing with them.
- "Syria: EU imposes sanctions on President Assad". BBC News. 23 May 2011.
- "Canada imposes sanctions on Syrian leaders". BBC News. 24 May 2011.
- Speech of H.E. President Bashar al-Assad at DAMASCUS University on the sitaution in Syria, translated transcript, Sana, 20 June 2011
Further reading
- Bashar Al-Assad (Major World Leaders) by Susan Muaddi Darraj, (June 2005, Chelsea House Publications) ISBN 0-7910-8262-8 for young adults
- Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change by Volker Perthes, (2004, Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-856750-2 (Adelphi Papers #366)
- Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision (Research Memorandum) by Yossi Baidatz, (2001, Washington Institute for Near East Policy) ISBN B0006RVLNM
- Syria: Revolution From Above by Raymond Hinnebusch (Routledge; 1st edition, August 2002) ISBN 0-415-28568-2
- Bashar al-Assad and John F. Kennedy, Forward Magazine (Syria) Article Author :Scott C. Davis (2008-05-18). "Bashar al-Assad and John F. Kennedy | Forward Magazine". Fw-magazine.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - Assad: We too were not very happy with Annapolis, Forward Magazine (Syria) "Assad: We too were not very happy with Annapolis | Forward Magazine". Fw-magazine.com. 1967-06-04. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- Seven years of Bashar al-Assad’s rule 2000-2007, Forward Magazine (Syria)
External links
- Official website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Bashar al-Assad on Charlie Rose
- Bashar al-Assad at IMDb
- Template:Worldcat id
- Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Template:Economisttopic
- Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at Ha'aretz
- Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Template:Nndb
- Profile at the LookLex Encyclopedia
- Unofficial website
- Unofficial website with CV, Speeches, Pictures and Mideast Just Peace
- Articles
- Syria’s Proxy Forces in Iraq, Al-Hayat (London), 12 April 2003 at Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
- Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad BBC News, 10 March 2005
- Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble, William Harris, Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2005
- Assad on the Brink, David Hirst, The Nation, 21 November 2005
- Syria's Leaders, Esther Pan, Council on Foreign Relations, 10 March 2006
- Connecting the dots in Lebanon, Omar Raad, Ya Libnan Volunteer, 2 December 2006
- The Assad Dynasty in Syria: From Father to Son, Kristin Helberg, Deutsche Welle, 2009 at qantara.de
- Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, The Wall Street Journal, 31 January 2011
- Profile: Bashar al-Assad, Al Jazeera English, 25 March 2011
| Party political offices | ||
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| Preceded byHafez al-Assad | Leader of the Ba'ath Party 2000–present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded byAbdul Halim Khaddam Acting |
President of Syria 2000–present |
Incumbent |
| Presidents of Syria (list) | |
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| Syrian Federation (1922–1924) |  |
| State of Syria (1925–1930) | |
| First Syrian Republic (1930–1950) | .svg) |
| Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) | |
| United Arab Republic (1958–1961) | ,_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg) |
| Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963) | |
| Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) | |
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