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| This ] has been alleged by some practitioners of ] to possess ], ], and ] properties. Indeed, it has been recommended by some ]s for the treatment of ], ], throat infections, and ]. An early proponent was Dr. ] (1919–1996). | This ] has been alleged by some practitioners of ] to possess ], ], and ] properties. Indeed, it has been recommended by some ]s for the treatment of ], ], throat infections, and ]. An early proponent was Dr. ] (1919–1996). | ||
| Anectotal claims for an antimicrobial effect are supported by a small scientific literature which apparently demonstrate an antimicrobial effect in '']'' assays such as the ] , , . However, there is strong evidence that the anti-microbial activity associated with grapefruit seed extract is attributable to the contamination or adulteration of commercial GSE preparations with synthetic antimicrobials or preservatives. Independent studies have shown that commercial preparations contain the compound ], which is a synthetic antimicrobial commonly used in disinfectants and cleaning products, the related compound ], the antibiotic ], or the preservative ] , , . Some samples were shown to contain up to 22% benzalkonium chloride by weight, despite the known ] and ] of the compound at higher doses . These chemicals were not present in grapefruit seed extracts prepared in the laboratory, and GSE preparations without the contaminants were found to |
Anectotal claims for an antimicrobial effect are supported by a small scientific literature which apparently demonstrate an antimicrobial effect in '']'' assays such as the ] , , . However, there is strong evidence that the anti-microbial activity associated with grapefruit seed extract is attributable to the contamination or adulteration of commercial GSE preparations with synthetic antimicrobials or preservatives. Independent studies have shown that commercial preparations contain the compound ], which is a synthetic antimicrobial commonly used in disinfectants and cleaning products, the related compound ], the antibiotic ], or the preservative ] , , . Some samples were shown to contain up to 22% benzalkonium chloride by weight, despite the known ] and ] of the compound at higher doses . These chemicals were not present in grapefruit seed extracts prepared in the laboratory, and GSE preparations without the contaminants were found to possess no significant antimicrobial effect . | ||
| A study that examined the antiviral properties of GSE found that GSE had no efficacy as a disinfectant for ] and ] | A study that examined the antiviral properties of GSE found that GSE had no efficacy as a disinfectant for ] and ] | ||
Revision as of 10:03, 1 April 2006
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as citricidal is a liquid derived from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. This extract has been alleged by some practitioners of alternative medicine to possess antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-fungal properties. Indeed, it has been recommended by some nutritionists for the treatment of candidiasis, earache, throat infections, and diarrhea. An early proponent was Dr. Jacob Harich (1919–1996).
Anectotal claims for an antimicrobial effect are supported by a small scientific literature which apparently demonstrate an antimicrobial effect in in vitro assays such as the agar diffusion test , , . However, there is strong evidence that the anti-microbial activity associated with grapefruit seed extract is attributable to the contamination or adulteration of commercial GSE preparations with synthetic antimicrobials or preservatives. Independent studies have shown that commercial preparations contain the compound benzalkonium chloride, which is a synthetic antimicrobial commonly used in disinfectants and cleaning products, the related compound benzethonium chloride, the antibiotic triclosan, or the preservative methyl paraben , , . Some samples were shown to contain up to 22% benzalkonium chloride by weight, despite the known allergenicity and toxicity of the compound at higher doses . These chemicals were not present in grapefruit seed extracts prepared in the laboratory, and GSE preparations without the contaminants were found to possess no significant antimicrobial effect .
A study that examined the antiviral properties of GSE found that GSE had no efficacy as a disinfectant for feline calicivirus and feline parvovirus
At this time, the efficacy of GSE as an antimicrobial is regarded as unestablished.
References
- Sharamon, S., Baginski, B.J. The Healing Power of Grapefruit Seed. Lotus Press, Wisconsin. 1996. ISBN 0914955276
- Sachs, A. The Authoritative Guide to Grapefruit Seed Extract : Stay Healthy Naturally: A Natural Alternative for Treating Colds, Infections, Herpes, Candida and Many Other Ailments. LifeRhythm, Medocino, California, 1997. ISBN 0940795175
- Sakamoto, S., Sato, K., Maitani, T., Yamada, T. Analysis of components in natural food additive “grapefruit seed extract” by HPLC and LC/MS. Bull. Natl. Inst. Health Sci. 1996, 114:38–42.
- von Woedtke, T., Schlüter, B., Pflegel, P., Lindequist, U.; Jülich, W.-D. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie 1999 54:452–456.
- Takeoka, G., Dao, L., Wong, R.Y., Lundin, R., Mahoney N. Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 49(7):3316–20
- Takeoka, G.R., Dao, L.T., Wong, R.Y., Harden L.A. Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 53(19):7630–6
- Eleraky, N.Z., Potgieter, L.N., Kennedy, M.A. Virucidal efficacy of four new disinfectants. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2002 38(3):231–4
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