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'''Joanne "Jo" Rowling''', ] (born ] ]<ref>, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>) is an ] fiction writer who writes under the ] of '''J. K. Rowling'''<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ].</ref>. ] Rowling became famous as ] of the '']'' ] series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 300 million copies worldwide<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In ], '']'' magazine estimated her fortune at ]576 million (just over ]1 billion), making her the first person ever to become a $US billionaire by writing books<ref>Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref>. '''Joanne "Jo" Rowling''', ] (born ] ]{{ref|Lexicon-muggle-y}}) is an ] fiction writer who writes under the ] of '''J. K. Rowling'''{{ref|Lexicon-books}}. ] Rowling became famous as ] of the '']'' ] series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 300 million copies worldwide{{ref|Contemporary}}. In ], '']'' magazine estimated her fortune at ]576 million (just over ]1 billion), making her the first person ever to become a $US billionaire by writing books{{ref|Watson}}.


==Early life== ==Early life==
Joanne Rowling was born in ], ] on ], ]<ref>, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Rowling was born while her parents were living on the outskirts of ]<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. There is some confusion as to exactly where; Rowling has said she was born in ], whereas her birth certificate apparently claims she was born in the Cottage Hospital at ] <ref>, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Her sister Di was born when Rowling was almost two <ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. The family moved to ], ] when Rowling was four, and then to ], near ], ] at the age of nine<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. She attended secondary school at Wyedean Comprehensive. In December 1990, Rowling's mother succumbed to a decade-long battle with ]<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Joanne Rowling was born in ], ] on ], ]{{ref|Lexicon-muggle-y}}. Rowling was born while her parents were living on the outskirts of ]{{ref|Rowling-bio}}. There is some confusion as to exactly where; Rowling has said she was born in ], whereas her birth certificate apparently claims she was born in the Cottage Hospital at ] {{ref|Lexicon-muggle-y}}. Her sister Di was born when Rowling was almost two {{ref|Rowling-bio}}. The family moved to ], ] when Rowling was four, and then to ], near ], ] at the age of nine{{ref|Rowling-bio}}. She attended secondary school at Wyedean Comprehensive. In December 1990, Rowling's mother succumbed to a decade-long battle with ]{{ref|Rowling-bio}}.


After studying ] and ] at the ], with a year of study in ], she moved to ] to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for ]. During this period she had the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry while she was on a four-hour, delayed train trip between ] and ]<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. When she had reached her destination, she began writing immediately <ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. After studying ] and ] at the ], with a year of study in ], she moved to ] to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for ]. During this period she had the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry while she was on a four-hour, delayed train trip between ] and ]{{ref|Rowling-bio}}. When she had reached her destination, she began writing immediately {{ref|Rowling-bio}}.


Rowling then moved to ] to teach English as a foreign language. While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on ] ]<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. They had one child, Jessica, before divorcing in 1993<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Their daughter was named after Rowling's heroine, ]<ref>Weeks, Linton. . ''The Washington Post'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref>. Rowling then moved to ] to teach English as a foreign language. While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on ] ]{{ref|About-jkr}}. They had one child, Jessica, before divorcing in 1993{{ref|Rowling-bio}}. Their daughter was named after Rowling's heroine, ]{{ref|Weeks}}.


In December, 1994, she and her daughter moved to be near her sister in ]<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel, doing some of the work in local Edinburgh cafes whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref><ref>. BBC Christmas Special, ] ]. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. . Accessed ] ].</ref>. There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés in order to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, ''"I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat, in Edinburgh, in mid-winter; it had heating"''<ref>. BBC Christmas Special, ] ]. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. . Accessed ] ].</ref>. In December, 1994, she and her daughter moved to be near her sister in ]{{ref|Rowling-bio}}. Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel, doing some of the work in local Edinburgh cafes whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep{{ref|Rowling-bio}}{{ref|HPandme}}. There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés in order to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, ''"I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat, in Edinburgh, in mid-winter; it had heating"''{{ref|HPandme}}.


==Harry Potter== ==Harry Potter==
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===Harry Potter books=== ===Harry Potter books===
In ], Rowling completed her manuscript for '']'' on an old manual typewriter<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. After several rejections, a year later she was finally given the greenlight by the editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher Bloomsbury<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. She then received a grant from the ] to enable her to continue writing<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc, who paid Rowling more than $100,000. Rowling has said she "nearly died" when she heard the news<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In June, 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher's Stone'' and five months later it won its first award, a ]. In February, the novel won the prestigious ] for Children's Book of the Year, and, later the Children's Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher's Stone'' in the States under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', a change Rowling now claims she regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time. <ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref><ref>. March 2001. Accessed ] ].</ref>. In ], Rowling completed her manuscript for '']'' on an old manual typewriter{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}. After several rejections, a year later she was finally given the greenlight by the editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher Bloomsbury{{ref|Barnes-bio}}. She then received a grant from the ] to enable her to continue writing{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}. The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc, who paid Rowling more than $100,000. Rowling has said she "nearly died" when she heard the news{{ref|Veritaserum-book1}}. In June, 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher's Stone'' and five months later it won its first award, a ]. In February, the novel won the prestigious ] for Children's Book of the Year, and, later the Children's Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher's Stone'' in the States under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', a change Rowling now claims she regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time. {{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}{{ref|darkmark-BBC}}.


In December 1999, the third ''Harry Potter'' novel, ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,''won the Smarties Prize, in the process making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January, 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it narrowly lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of '']''<ref>Gibbons, Fiachra. . , ] ], accessed ] ].</ref>. That June, Rowling received an ] from the Queen<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In December 1999, the third ''Harry Potter'' novel, ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,''won the Smarties Prize, in the process making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}. She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January, 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it narrowly lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of '']''{{ref|Gibbons}}. That June, Rowling received an ] from the Queen{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}.


To date, six of the seven volumes of the ''Harry Potter'' series, one for each of Harry's school years, have already been published and all have broken sales records. Upon its publication, the fourth novel, ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'' was the fastest-selling book in history<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. To date, six of the seven volumes of the ''Harry Potter'' series, one for each of Harry's school years, have already been published and all have broken sales records. Upon its publication, the fourth novel, ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'' was the fastest-selling book in history{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}.


Rowling is currently writing the seventh and ] of the series. Its name is currently unknown.<ref>. . Accessed ], ].</ref> Rowling is currently writing the seventh and ] of the series. Its name is currently unknown.{{ref|Book-Seven-Title}}


===Harry Potter films=== ===Harry Potter films===
In October, ], ] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. A film version of '']'' was released on ], ] and '']'' on ], ]<ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Both were directed by ]<ref>{{imdb title|id=0241527|title=Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone}}</ref><ref>{{imdb title|id=0295297|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}}</ref>. The ], ] film version of '']'' was directed by ]<ref>{{imdb title|id=0304141|title=Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban}}</ref><ref>, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. The fourth film, '']'', was directed by yet another new director, ]. In October, ], ] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}. A film version of '']'' was released on ], ] and '']'' on ], ]{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}. Both were directed by ]{{ref|film1-imdb}}{{ref|film2-imdb}}. The ], ] film version of '']'' was directed by ]{{ref|film3-imdb}}{{ref|Lexicon-timeline-books}}. The fourth film, '']'', was directed by yet another new director, ].


All four films were scripted by ]; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts do not contradict future books in the series. She says she has told him more about the later books than anybody else, but not everything<ref>Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref>. She has also said that she has told ] and ] certain secrets about their characters that have not yet been revealed<ref>. ''cBBC Newsround'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. All four films were scripted by ]; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts do not contradict future books in the series. She says she has told him more about the later books than anybody else, but not everything{{ref|Mzimba}}. She has also said that she has told ] and ] certain secrets about their characters that have not yet been revealed{{ref|JKR-fans}}.


A film of ] is now in production, under British television director ], and new screenwriter ], projected for release in the summer of 2007<ref>{{imdb title|id=0330373|title=Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire}}</ref><ref>{{imdb title|id=0373889|title=Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}}</ref>. A film of ] is now in production, under British television director ], and new screenwriter ], projected for release in the summer of 2007{{ref|film4-imdb}}{{ref|film5-imdb}}.


==After Harry Potter== ==After Harry Potter==


Harry Potter has made Rowling a well known and a very successful author, but after Rowling finishes the final Harry Potter book, she plans to continue writing, possibly using a pen name.<ref> Radio 4, ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Harry Potter has made Rowling a well known and a very successful author, but after Rowling finishes the final Harry Potter book, she plans to continue writing, possibly using a pen name.{{ref|Fry}}


Rowling recently revealed that she has completed a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than Harry Potter readers<ref>. ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref>. Rowling recently revealed that she has completed a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than Harry Potter readers{{ref|rediff}}.


==Her name== ==Her name==
Rowling's full name is Joanne Rowling, not, as is often assumed, "Joanne Kathleen Rowling." Before publishing her first volume, ] feared that the target group of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. They requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K from her grandmother's name Kathleen, as the second initial of her pseudonym. The name Kathleen has never been part of her legal name<ref>. March 2001. Accessed ] ].</ref>. She calls herself "Jo" and claims, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry"<ref>Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Her ] is pronounced like "rolling" (IPA: /rəʊ.lɪŋ/)<ref>. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Rowling's full name is Joanne Rowling, not, as is often assumed, "Joanne Kathleen Rowling." Before publishing her first volume, ] feared that the target group of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. They requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K from her grandmother's name Kathleen, as the second initial of her pseudonym. The name Kathleen has never been part of her legal name{{ref|darkmark-BBC}}. She calls herself "Jo" and claims, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry"{{ref|CBC-1}}. Her ] is pronounced like "rolling" (IPA: /rəʊ.lɪŋ/){{ref|Not}}.


==Current life and family== ==Current life and family==
In ], Rowling purchased a luxurious ] mansion, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the ] in ], Scotland<ref>, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Rowling also owns a Georgian style house in London, on a street where, according to ''The Guardian'', the average price of a house is £4.27 million ($11 million), possibly including an underground swimming pool and 24-hour security <ref>Collinson, Patrick. . '''', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In ], Rowling purchased a luxurious ] mansion, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the ] in ], Scotland{{ref|Lexicon-muggle-k}}. Rowling also owns a Georgian style house in London, on a street where, according to ''The Guardian'', the average price of a house is £4.27 million ($11 million), possibly including an underground swimming pool and 24-hour security {{ref|Collinson}}.


On ] ], Rowling married Dr. Neil Murray, an ], in a private ceremony at her home in the ] village of ] <ref>, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Their son David was born shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', and Rowling took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy <ref>. . ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref>. Rowling's youngest child, Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, was born in January of 2005 <ref>. . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. On ] ], Rowling married Dr. Neil Murray, an ], in a private ceremony at her home in the ] village of ] {{ref|Lexicon-muggle-k}}. Their son David was born shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', and Rowling took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy {{ref|jkr-os-progress}}. Rowling's youngest child, Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, was born in January of 2005 {{ref|jkr-os-gives}}.


==Charity== ==Charity==
All proceeds from the sales of '']'' and '']'' go to the UK ] charity<ref>, ''''. Accessed ], ]. </ref>. All proceeds from the sales of '']'' and '']'' go to the UK ] charity{{ref|Lexicon-qa}}.


Rowling has contributed money and support to many other charitable causes, especially research and treatment of ], from which her mother died in ]. This death heavily affected her writing, according to Rowling<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref><ref>Greig, Geordie. . ''Tatler Magazine'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Rowling has contributed money and support to many other charitable causes, especially research and treatment of ], from which her mother died in ]. This death heavily affected her writing, according to Rowling{{ref|jkr-os-ms}}{{ref|Greig}}.


In January 2006, Rowling went to ] to raise funds for the Children's High Level Group, an organization devoted to enforcing the human rights of children, particularly in eastern Europe. <ref>. . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref> In January 2006, Rowling went to ] to raise funds for the Children's High Level Group, an organization devoted to enforcing the human rights of children, particularly in eastern Europe. {{ref|jkr-os-Launch}}


==Television== ==Television==
]''.]] ]''.]]
Rowling made a guest appearance as herself on the American cartoon show '']'', in a special British-themed episode entitled "]". Producer ] asked Rowling to pen an episode of the upcoming season of ]; though Rowling was "amused by the suggestion, but simply have the time" <ref>Davies, Russell T. . ''Doctor Who Magazine'', Issue 343. ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In a July 2005 interview with the ] and ] websites' managers, Rowling revealed that she is a great admirer of ]'s work on the American TV show '']''<ref>Anelli, Melissa. . , 19 July 2005. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Rowling made a guest appearance as herself on the American cartoon show '']'', in a special British-themed episode entitled "]". Producer ] asked Rowling to pen an episode of the upcoming season of ]; though Rowling was "amused by the suggestion, but simply have the time" {{Ref|Davies}}. In a July 2005 interview with the ] and ] websites' managers, Rowling revealed that she is a great admirer of ]'s work on the American TV show '']''{{ref|Anelli}}.
<br style="clear:both"> <br style="clear:both">


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===Nancy Stouffer=== ===Nancy Stouffer===
In the late ] ], an author of children's books published in the ], began to charge publicly that Rowling's books were based on her books, including ''The Legend of Rah and the Muggles'' and ''Larry Potter and His Best Friend Lilly''. Stouffer sued Rowling and ] in U.S. District Court, also naming ] as a party. Rowling, Scholastic and Warner Bros. sued Stouffer in New York, asking the court to judge that there was no infringement of Stouffer's ]s or ]<ref>. . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Rowling and her co-litigants argued that much of the evidence that Stouffer presented was fraudulent, and asked for sanctions and attorneys' fees as punishment{{uncited}}. In September 2002 the court found in Rowling's favour, stating that Stouffer had lied to the court and falsified and forged documents to support her case. Stouffer was fined US$50,000 and ordered to pay part (but not all) of the plaintiffs' costs<ref>Reuters. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In ] it was reported that Stouffer's appeal against the judgement had been rejected. The appeals court agreed that Stouffer's claims were properly dismissed because "no reasonable juror could find a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the two parties' works"<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Stouffer was also ordered to pay the costs of the appeal<ref>. . Accessed ] ]. </ref>. A report of the judgement (requires subscription) can be found at . The 2002 judgement can be found . In the late ] ], an author of children's books published in the ], began to charge publicly that Rowling's books were based on her books, including ''The Legend of Rah and the Muggles'' and ''Larry Potter and His Best Friend Lilly''. Stouffer sued Rowling and ] in U.S. District Court, also naming ] as a party. Rowling, Scholastic and Warner Bros. sued Stouffer in New York, asking the court to judge that there was no infringement of Stouffer's ]s or ]{{Ref|BBC-harry}}. Rowling and her co-litigants argued that much of the evidence that Stouffer presented was fraudulent, and asked for sanctions and attorneys' fees as punishment{{uncited}}. In September 2002 the court found in Rowling's favour, stating that Stouffer had lied to the court and falsified and forged documents to support her case. Stouffer was fined US$50,000 and ordered to pay part (but not all) of the plaintiffs' costs{{ref|Reuters-court}}. In ] it was reported that Stouffer's appeal against the judgement had been rejected. The appeals court agreed that Stouffer's claims were properly dismissed because "no reasonable juror could find a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the two parties' works"{{ref|HPANA-nancy}}. Stouffer was also ordered to pay the costs of the appeal{{ref|HPANA-nancy}}. A report of the judgement (requires subscription) can be found at . The 2002 judgement can be found .


===''New York Daily News''=== ===''New York Daily News''===
On ] ] Rowling and her publisher Scholastic announced that they would sue the '']'' for $100 million because the ] had printed information on her work ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' before the book's official release date. The novel was due for release on Saturday ], but the newspaper published a plot summary and short quotes on the previous Wednesday. An accompanying image even revealed two pages from the book with legible text. However, the story was complicated further when it was revealed that the paper had purchased the book from a health store whose owner received the novels ] and decided to place them in the window. The man claimed he was unaware he was supposed to wait until that Saturday.<ref>. Accessed ] ].</ref> On ] ] Rowling and her publisher Scholastic announced that they would sue the '']'' for $100 million because the ] had printed information on her work ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' before the book's official release date. The novel was due for release on Saturday ], but the newspaper published a plot summary and short quotes on the previous Wednesday. An accompanying image even revealed two pages from the book with legible text. However, the story was complicated further when it was revealed that the paper had purchased the book from a health store whose owner received the novels ] and decided to place them in the window. The man claimed he was unaware he was supposed to wait until that Saturday.{{ref|Rowling-v-NYDN}}


===''The Bashu Publishing House, Chengdu''=== ===''The Bashu Publishing House, Chengdu''===
In 2003, unauthorised ]-language "sequels" to the ] series, such as '']'', appeared for sale in the ]. These books, written by ]s, contain characters from the works of other authors, including ] from ]'s '']'', and the title character from ]'s '']''. Rowling's lawyers successfully took legal action against the publishers, who were forced to pay damages<ref>August, Oliver and Malvern, Jack. . ''The Times of London'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. In 2003, unauthorised ]-language "sequels" to the ] series, such as '']'', appeared for sale in the ]. These books, written by ]s, contain characters from the works of other authors, including ] from ]'s '']'', and the title character from ]'s '']''. Rowling's lawyers successfully took legal action against the publishers, who were forced to pay damages{{ref|August}}.


===Eksmo Publishers=== ===Eksmo Publishers===
Also in 2003, courts in the ] prevented the distribution of a ] translation of ''Tanya Grotter and the Magical Double Bass'', the first of ]' popular ] series about a female apprentice wizard, ]. Rowling and her publishers sued, arguing that the Grotter books violate ] law. Yemets and his original ]-based publishers, ], argued unsuccessfully that the books constitute a parody, permitted under copyright<ref>. , ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </ref>. Also in 2003, courts in the ] prevented the distribution of a ] translation of ''Tanya Grotter and the Magical Double Bass'', the first of ]' popular ] series about a female apprentice wizard, ]. Rowling and her publishers sued, arguing that the Grotter books violate ] law. Yemets and his original ]-based publishers, ], argued unsuccessfully that the books constitute a parody, permitted under copyright{{ref|Rowling-grotter}}.


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
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==References== ==References==
#{{note|About-jkr}} . . Accessed ] ].
<div style="font-size: 90%">
#{{note|Anelli}} Anelli, Melissa. . , 19 July 2005. Accessed ] ].
<references />
#{{note|August}} August, Oliver and Malvern, Jack. . ''The Times of London'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].
</div>
#{{note|Barnes-bio}} . . Accessed ] ].
⚫ <!-- No longer referenced: <!--#{{note|film6-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0417741|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}}--><!--not actually cited at the moment, but there just in case-->
#{{note|BBC-harry}} . . ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|CBC-1}} Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. . ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Collinson}} Collinson, Patrick. . '''', ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Contemporary}} . . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Davies}} Davies, Russell T. . ''Doctor Who Magazine'', Issue 343. ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Gibbons}} Gibbons, Fiachra. . , ] ], accessed ] ].
#{{note|Greig}} Greig, Geordie. . ''Tatler Magazine'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|HPandme}} . BBC Christmas Special, ] ]. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|film1-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0241527|title=Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone}}
#{{note|film2-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0295297|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}}
#{{note|film3-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0304141|title=Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban}}
#{{note|film4-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0330373|title=Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire}}
#{{note|film5-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0373889|title=Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}}
⚫ <!--#{{note|film6-imdb}} {{imdb title|id=0417741|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}}--><!--not actually cited at the moment, but there just in case-->
#{{note|HPANA-nancy}} . . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Fry}} Radio 4, ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|darkmark-BBC}} . March 2001. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|JKR-fans}} . ''cBBC Newsround'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|rediff}} . ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Rowling-bio}} . . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|jkr-os-gives}} . . ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|jkr-os-Launch}} . . ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|jkr-os-ms}} . . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|jkr-os-progress}} . . ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Book-Seven-Title}} . . Accessed ], ].
#{{note|Lexicon-books}} , ''''. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Lexicon-timeline-books}} , ''''. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Lexicon-muggle-k}} , '' - ''. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Lexicon-muggle-y}} , '' - ''. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Lexicon-qa}} , ''''. Accessed ], ].
#{{note|Mzimba}} Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Not}} . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Reuters-court}} Reuters. . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Rowling-grotter}} . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Rowling-v-NYDN}} . Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Veritaserum-book1}} , ''''. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Watson}} Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].
#{{note|Weeks}} Weeks, Linton. . ''The Washington Post'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].


==External links== ==External links==

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J. K. Rowling

Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE (born 31 July 1965) is an English fiction writer who writes under the pen name of J. K. Rowling. (see below) Rowling became famous as author of the Harry Potter fantasy series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 300 million copies worldwide. In February 2004, Forbes magazine estimated her fortune at £576 million (just over US$1 billion), making her the first person ever to become a $US billionaire by writing books.

Early life

Joanne Rowling was born in South Gloucestershire, England on 31 July, 1965. Rowling was born while her parents were living on the outskirts of Bristol. There is some confusion as to exactly where; Rowling has said she was born in Chipping Sodbury, whereas her birth certificate apparently claims she was born in the Cottage Hospital at Yate . Her sister Di was born when Rowling was almost two . The family moved to Winterbourne, Bristol when Rowling was four, and then to Tutshill, near Chepstow, Wales at the age of nine. She attended secondary school at Wyedean Comprehensive. In December 1990, Rowling's mother succumbed to a decade-long battle with multiple sclerosis.

After studying French and Classics at the University of Exeter, with a year of study in Paris, she moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International. During this period she had the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry while she was on a four-hour, delayed train trip between Manchester and London. When she had reached her destination, she began writing immediately .

Rowling then moved to Portugal to teach English as a foreign language. While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on 16 October 1992. They had one child, Jessica, before divorcing in 1993. Their daughter was named after Rowling's heroine, Jessica Mitford.

In December, 1994, she and her daughter moved to be near her sister in Edinburgh. Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel, doing some of the work in local Edinburgh cafes whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep. There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés in order to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, "I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat, in Edinburgh, in mid-winter; it had heating".

Harry Potter

File:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.jpg
The first Harry Potter novel
Main article: Harry Potter

Harry Potter books

In 1995, Rowling completed her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone on an old manual typewriter. After several rejections, a year later she was finally given the greenlight by the editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher Bloomsbury. She then received a grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing. The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc, who paid Rowling more than $100,000. Rowling has said she "nearly died" when she heard the news. In June, 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone and five months later it won its first award, a Nestle Smarties Gold Award. In February, the novel won the prestigious British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, and, later the Children's Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the States under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, a change Rowling now claims she regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time. .

In December 1999, the third Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,won the Smarties Prize, in the process making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running. She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January, 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it narrowly lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. That June, Rowling received an OBE from the Queen.

To date, six of the seven volumes of the Harry Potter series, one for each of Harry's school years, have already been published and all have broken sales records. Upon its publication, the fourth novel, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was the fastest-selling book in history.

Rowling is currently writing the seventh and final book of the series. Its name is currently unknown.

Harry Potter films

In October, 1998, Warner Brothers purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on November 16, 2001 and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on November 15, 2002. Both were directed by Chris Columbus. The June 4, 2004 film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by yet another new director, Mike Newell.

All four films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts do not contradict future books in the series. She says she has told him more about the later books than anybody else, but not everything. She has also said that she has told Alan Rickman and Robbie Coltrane certain secrets about their characters that have not yet been revealed.

A film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is now in production, under British television director David Yates, and new screenwriter Michael Goldenberg, projected for release in the summer of 2007.

After Harry Potter

Harry Potter has made Rowling a well known and a very successful author, but after Rowling finishes the final Harry Potter book, she plans to continue writing, possibly using a pen name.

Rowling recently revealed that she has completed a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than Harry Potter readers.

Her name

Rowling's full name is Joanne Rowling, not, as is often assumed, "Joanne Kathleen Rowling." Before publishing her first volume, Bloomsbury feared that the target group of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. They requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K from her grandmother's name Kathleen, as the second initial of her pseudonym. The name Kathleen has never been part of her legal name. She calls herself "Jo" and claims, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry". Her surname is pronounced like "rolling" (IPA: /rəʊ.lɪŋ/).

Current life and family

In 2001, Rowling purchased a luxurious 19th-century mansion, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay in Perthshire, Scotland. Rowling also owns a Georgian style house in London, on a street where, according to The Guardian, the average price of a house is £4.27 million ($11 million), possibly including an underground swimming pool and 24-hour security .

On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Dr. Neil Murray, an anaesthetist, in a private ceremony at her home in the Perthshire village of Aberfeldy . Their son David was born shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and Rowling took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy . Rowling's youngest child, Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, was born in January of 2005 .

Charity

All proceeds from the sales of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages go to the UK Comic Relief charity.

Rowling has contributed money and support to many other charitable causes, especially research and treatment of multiple sclerosis, from which her mother died in 1990. This death heavily affected her writing, according to Rowling.

In January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to raise funds for the Children's High Level Group, an organization devoted to enforcing the human rights of children, particularly in eastern Europe.

Television

Rowling on The Simpsons.

Rowling made a guest appearance as herself on the American cartoon show The Simpsons, in a special British-themed episode entitled "The Regina Monologues". Producer Russell T. Davies asked Rowling to pen an episode of the upcoming season of Doctor Who; though Rowling was "amused by the suggestion, but simply have the time" . In a July 2005 interview with the MuggleNet and Leaky Cauldron websites' managers, Rowling revealed that she is a great admirer of Aaron Sorkin's work on the American TV show The West Wing.

Lawsuits

Rowling has been involved in several lawsuits over the Harry Potter series.

Nancy Stouffer

In the late 1990s Nancy Stouffer, an author of children's books published in the 1980s, began to charge publicly that Rowling's books were based on her books, including The Legend of Rah and the Muggles and Larry Potter and His Best Friend Lilly. Stouffer sued Rowling and Scholastic, Inc. in U.S. District Court, also naming Time Warner as a party. Rowling, Scholastic and Warner Bros. sued Stouffer in New York, asking the court to judge that there was no infringement of Stouffer's trademarks or copyright. Rowling and her co-litigants argued that much of the evidence that Stouffer presented was fraudulent, and asked for sanctions and attorneys' fees as punishment. In September 2002 the court found in Rowling's favour, stating that Stouffer had lied to the court and falsified and forged documents to support her case. Stouffer was fined US$50,000 and ordered to pay part (but not all) of the plaintiffs' costs. In January 2004 it was reported that Stouffer's appeal against the judgement had been rejected. The appeals court agreed that Stouffer's claims were properly dismissed because "no reasonable juror could find a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the two parties' works". Stouffer was also ordered to pay the costs of the appeal. A report of the judgement (requires subscription) can be found at Entertainment Law Digest. The 2002 judgement can be found here.

New York Daily News

On 19 June 2003 Rowling and her publisher Scholastic announced that they would sue the New York Daily News for $100 million because the newspaper had printed information on her work Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix before the book's official release date. The novel was due for release on Saturday 21 June, but the newspaper published a plot summary and short quotes on the previous Wednesday. An accompanying image even revealed two pages from the book with legible text. However, the story was complicated further when it was revealed that the paper had purchased the book from a health store whose owner received the novels wholesale and decided to place them in the window. The man claimed he was unaware he was supposed to wait until that Saturday.

The Bashu Publishing House, Chengdu

In 2003, unauthorised Chinese-language "sequels" to the Harry Potter series, such as Harry Potter and Leopard-Walk-Up-to-Dragon, appeared for sale in the People's Republic of China. These books, written by ghostwriters, contain characters from the works of other authors, including Gandalf from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, and the title character from L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Rowling's lawyers successfully took legal action against the publishers, who were forced to pay damages.

Eksmo Publishers

Also in 2003, courts in the Netherlands prevented the distribution of a Dutch translation of Tanya Grotter and the Magical Double Bass, the first of Dmitry Yemets' popular Russian series about a female apprentice wizard, Tanya Grotter. Rowling and her publishers sued, arguing that the Grotter books violate copyright law. Yemets and his original Moscow-based publishers, Eksmo, argued unsuccessfully that the books constitute a parody, permitted under copyright.

Bibliography

(Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages are short booklets purporting to be facsimiles of books mentioned in the novels. Though written under pseudonyms, she has never hidden the fact that she is the author.)

References

  1. About.com. "J.K. Rowling and Neil Murray". Accessed 29 March 2006.
  2. Anelli, Melissa. "TLC Report: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince launch weekend, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 15 - July 17, 2005: Part Two". The Leaky Cauldron, 19 July 2005. Accessed 22 March 2006.
  3. August, Oliver and Malvern, Jack. "Harry Potter Wins an Easy Battle Against Chinese Pirates". The Times of London, 02 November 2002. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  4. BarnesandNoble.com. "Meet the Writers: J. K. Rowling". Accessed 25 March 2006.
  5. BBC News. "Harry Potter books 'plagiarised'". 17 March 2000. Accessed 25 March 2006.
  6. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "J.K. Rowling: CBC Interview #1". 26 October 2000. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  7. Collinson, Patrick. "Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, or Tony for £7,250". Guardian Unlimited, 26 April 2005. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  8. ContemporaryWriters.com. "J. K. Rowling". Accessed 23 March 2006.
  9. Davies, Russell T. "J.K. Rowling asked to write an epsiode of Doctor Who". Doctor Who Magazine, Issue 343. 30 April 2004. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  10. Gibbons, Fiachra. "Beowulf slays the wizard". Guardian Unlimited, 26 January 2000, accessed 19 March 2006.
  11. Greig, Geordie. "There would be so much to tell her...". Tatler Magazine, 10 January 2006. Accessed 22 March 2006.
  12. "Harry Potter and Me". BBC Christmas Special, 28 December 2001. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. Quick Quotes Quill.org. Accessed 17 March 2006.
  13. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone at IMDb
  14. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets at IMDb
  15. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at IMDb
  16. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at IMDb
  17. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix at IMDb
  18. The Harry Potter Automatic News Aggregator. "Nancy Stouffer ruling upheld". Accessed 25 March 2006.
  19. "J.K. Rowling and Stephen Fry interview" Radio 4, 10 December 2005. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  20. J.K. Rowling: BBC Online Chat. March 2001. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  21. "J.K. Rowling: 'Fans will be happy'". cBBC Newsround, 02 November 2001. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  22. J.K. Rowling on Finishing Harry Potter. 11 January 2006. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  23. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. "J. K. Rowling's biography". Accessed 17 March 2006.
  24. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. "JKR gives Birth to Baby Girl". 25 January 2005. Accessed 22 March 2006.
  25. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. "Launch of the Children's High Level Group". 25 January 2006. Accessed 22 March 2006.
  26. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. "MS Society Scotland". Accessed 22 March 2006.
  27. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. "Progress on Book Six". 15 March 2004. Accessed 22 March 2006.
  28. J.K. Rowling's Official Site. What is the seventh book going to be called?. Accessed 22 March, 2006.
  29. The Harry Potter Lexicon, The Harry Potter books. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  30. The Harry Potter Lexicon, A History of the Books. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  31. The Harry Potter Lexicon, The Muggle Encyclopedia - K. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  32. The Harry Potter Lexicon, The Muggle Encyclopedia - Y. Accessed 17 March 2006.
  33. The Harry Potter Lexicon, Quidditch through the Ages. Accessed 19 March, 2006.
  34. Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. "Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling". Quick Quotes Quill.org, February 2003. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  35. "The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J. K. Rowling". Accessed 21 March 2006.
  36. Reuters. "Court throws out 'Muggles' claims against Rowling". Accessed 25 March 2006.
  37. "Rowling seeks 'Grotter' ban". BBC News, 13 March 2003. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  38. Rowling v. New York Daily News. Accessed 21 March 2006.
  39. Veritaserum.com, Sorcerer's Stone Book Information. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  40. Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. "J.K. Rowling And The Billion-Dollar Empire". Forbes.com, 26 February 2004. Accessed 19 March 2006.
  41. Weeks, Linton. "Charmed, I'm Sure". The Washington Post, 20 October 1999. Accessed 21 March 2006.

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