| Revision as of 11:22, 26 April 2012 editStAnselm (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers160,595 edits →Claimed examples of Christophanies in the Hebrew Bible: fixed url← Previous edit | Revision as of 11:24, 26 April 2012 edit undoStAnselm (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers160,595 edits added another referenceNext edit → | ||
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| * ] interpreted the figure with whom ] spoke in ] as being Christ himself.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bunge|first=Gabriel|title=The Rublev Trinity|year=2007|publisher=]|page=48|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uAC0E0TswtgC&pg=PA48}}</ref> | * ] interpreted the figure with whom ] spoke in ] as being Christ himself.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bunge|first=Gabriel|title=The Rublev Trinity|year=2007|publisher=]|page=48|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uAC0E0TswtgC&pg=PA48}}</ref> | ||
| * ] identified an example in ] 3:25, when the fourth man in the furnace is described as "like a son of the gods."<ref>The works of Jonathan Edwards 1835 p564 "And the prophet Daniel, in the historical part of his book, gives an account of a very remarkable appearance of Christ in Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, with Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego."</ref> | * ] identified an example in ] 3:25, when the fourth man in the furnace is described as "like a son of the gods."<ref>The works of Jonathan Edwards 1835 p564 "And the prophet Daniel, in the historical part of his book, gives an account of a very remarkable appearance of Christ in Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, with Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego."</ref> | ||
| * A popular understanding of the relationship between Melchizedek and Jesus is that Melchizedek is an Old Testament ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Longman|first=Tremper|author-link=Tremper Longman|title=How To Read Genesis|year=2005|page=172|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SKEJ3kT7S2kC&pg=PA172}}</ref> | |||
| <!--! This was tagged as Original research date=October 2010 so blanked March 2011 waiting on actual sources | <!--! This was tagged as Original research date=October 2010 so blanked March 2011 waiting on actual sources | ||
| PLEASE DO NOT ADD NEW MATERIAL WITHOUT CITATIONS, THANK YOU. | PLEASE DO NOT ADD NEW MATERIAL WITHOUT CITATIONS, THANK YOU. | ||
| *Some Christians believe Jesus came to Earth at various times before the New Testament, including once as ] himself (Gen. 14:18-20, ] 110:4). However, Hebrews 7:3 provides the comparison "like the Son of God" which argues against such an interpretation. | |||
| **The above interpretation to Hebrews 7:3 is in dispute. For example: | |||
| ::Melchizedek was, as the author of Hebrews states: “made like unto the Son of God, abiding a priest continually” (Heb 7:3). This phrase for “made like unto” means a facsimile, a copy or image, to pass off the shape of (like a spirit), (Strong’s #871). In verse 15 of this same chapter, the author of Hebrews writes ”…for that after the similitude of Melchizedek there arises another priest (Christ)”. | |||
| ::The author of Hebrews notes that Melchizedek was “made like unto the Son of God”, yet, in verse 15, the Son of God was seen to be “after the similitude of Melchizedek”. Some claim this as evidence that the person of Melchizedek is in fact an example of Christophany. | |||
| *(The term "Angel of the LORD" is first mentioned in ] 16:7 - ''The angel of the LORD found ] near a spring in the desert'' (]).) | *(The term "Angel of the LORD" is first mentioned in ] 16:7 - ''The angel of the LORD found ] near a spring in the desert'' (]).) | ||
Revision as of 11:24, 26 April 2012
A Christophany is an appearance, or non-physical manifestation, of Christ.
Traditionally the term refers to visions of Christ after his ascension such as the bright light of the Damascus Christophany.
Also, following the example of Justin Martyr who identified the Angel of the Lord with the Logos some appearances of angels in the Hebrew Bible are also identified by some Evangelicals as preincarnate appearances of Christ, using the term "Christophanies" - by comparison with Theophanies - appearances of God.
Use of the term
The etymology is from the Greek noun Christos- "Christ, Anointed", and the Greek ending "phany" from the verb phaneroō, to be revealed or to manifest. This noun is derived by direct comparison with the term theophany (theo-phaneia).
- Academics generally use the term solely in relation to the documented New Testament visions of Christ.
- George Balderston Kidd (1852) popularised the term in relation to the identification of angels in the Old Testament as Christ.
- Since the work of James Borland (1978) usage of the term in conservative Christian publications related to Old Testament appearances of Christ has multiplied exponentially.
- The term was used by Albert Joseph Edmunds (1857–1941) in relation to the revealing of Christ in Christianity and Buddhism.
New Testament
- A New Testament Christophany is Paul's vision of Christ on the road to Damascus, and the subsequent one of Ananias.
- Another New Testament example is John's vision of the Son of Man, recounted in Revelation 1:12-18.
Claimed examples of Christophanies in the Hebrew Bible
Apart from his role in the Creation (John 1:1–5), the appearance of God "walking in the garden" in the story of Adam and Eve in the Book of Genesis (Genesis 3:8) was regarded by most Church Fathers and medieval commentators as an appearance by the Logos, or pre-existent Christ, and in art God was always given the features of Jesus until about 1400.
Some Christian commentators have seen other appearances by the pre-existent Christ in the Hebrew Bible:
- Romanos the Melodist interpreted the figure with whom Abraham spoke in Genesis 18 as being Christ himself.
- Jonathan Edwards identified an example in Daniel 3:25, when the fourth man in the furnace is described as "like a son of the gods."
- A popular understanding of the relationship between Melchizedek and Jesus is that Melchizedek is an Old Testament Christophany.
Visions of Christ after the New Testament
Main article: Visions of Jesus and MaryA vision is not usually described as a Christophany.
- Saint Jerome is believed to have had a precise vision of the Blessed Trinity, as is illustrated by Andrea del Castagno.
- Magdalena de Pazzi was a deep mystic who claimed several christophanies about the Trinity.
- Lúcia dos Santos of Fatima claimed to have seen Jesus in the Trinity in Tuy in 1926.
- Mary Faustina Kowalska claimed to have had recorded her visions of Jesus.
- According to the Book of Mormon, Jesus Christ appeared to a group of people living in the Americas.
References
- Carey C. Newman Paul's glory-christology: tradition and rhetoric p164 1992 "The thesis defended below can be simply stated: the Damascus Christophany is the interpretive "origin" of Paul's ... That is, the vision of the resurrected and exalted Jesus, the Christophany, was the catalyst for the apostle's ...
- in The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge: vol 11,1912 "the practise of the Greek Fathers from Justin Martyr, who identified the "angel of the Lord " with the Logos, furnish excuse for conceiving also the theophanies of the Old Testament as christophanies. "
- Ron Rhodes What Does the Bible Say About...?, 2007, p.125 "I believe that theophanies in the Old Testament were actually preincarnate appearances of Christ. The principal theophany of the Old Testament is the Angel of the Lord (or, more literally, Angel of Yahweh)"
- Christophany - The doctrine of the manifestations of the Son of God under the economy of the Old Testament 1852. Note, though, that the title was added postumously, and the only use of the word in the book itself is a citation of another scholar.
- James A. Borland, Christ in the Old Testament: Old Testament Appearances of Christ in Human Form, Chicago: Moody, 1978; 2nd ed. Fearn: Mentor, 1999; fresh reprint 2010. Borland's original doctoral work carried the main title Christophanies (ThD diss.; Grace Theological Seminary, 1976).
- Albert Joseph Edmunds, Masaharieed Anesaki Buddhist and Christian Gospels 1900? 2009 reprint Page 101 "CHRISTOPHANY: HE WHO SEES THE TRUTH SEES THE LORD. John XIV. 6; 9; 18-21."
- James Hall, A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art, p. 86, 1983, John Murray, London, ISBN 0719539714
- Bunge, Gabriel (2007). The Rublev Trinity. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 48.
- The works of Jonathan Edwards 1835 p564 "And the prophet Daniel, in the historical part of his book, gives an account of a very remarkable appearance of Christ in Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, with Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego."
- Longman, Tremper (2005). How To Read Genesis. p. 172.