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| The '''Treaty of Fredrikshamn''' (''Freden i Fredrikshamn'' in ] and ''Haminan rauha'' in ] <!-- in ]? -->) was a ] concluded between ] and ] on ], ]. The treaty concluded the ] and was signed in the present-day ] town of ]. | |||
| khzdrukjn | |||
| According to the treaty Sweden ceded parts of the provinces ] and ] (east of ] and ]), ], and all provinces east thereof. The ceded territories came to constitute the ], to which also the Russian ] conquests of ] including small parts of ] and ] (later to be called '']'') were joined in ] as Province of Viipuri. | |||
| Together with the ] (]), and the Oath of the Sovereign , the Treaty of Fredrikshamn constitutes the cornerstone for the ] Grand Duchy, its own administration and institutions, and thereby a start of the development which would lead to the revival of Finnish culture, to equal position of the ], and ultimately in ] to Finland's ]. | |||
| A reference to ]'s promise to retain old laws and privileges in Finland was included, but the treaty overstepped any formal guarantees of the legal position of Finland's inhabitants. The Russians refused, and the Swedes were not in a position to insist. Similar clauses had been common in peace treaties, but they were also regularly circumvented. At the period of ], 90 years later, the Russian government argued that the treaty wasn't violated and hence no outside party had any right to intervene, the question being solely a matter of the ] who had granted the original promise. | |||
| Also for Sweden, the treaty turned out to be ultimately beneficial. Instead of the ] islands, Sweden came to retain vast areas in the far North, already conquered by the Russians, where later important ] and ] were to constitute the basis for Sweden's rapid ] ]. | |||
| During the negotiations, Swedish representatives had namely endeavoured to escape the loss of the Åland islands, "the fore-posts of Stockholm," as ] rightly described them. The Åland islands were culturally, ethnically and linguistically purely Swedish, but such facts were of no significance at that time. In the course of the ] it would also turn out that the Åland islands were a ] interest, which after the ] led to the ] of the islands according to the ] included in the ]. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * -Finnish, Swedish and Russian version also available | |||
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Revision as of 21:11, 25 April 2006
The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Freden i Fredrikshamn in Swedish and Haminan rauha in Finnish ) was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia on September 17, 1809. The treaty concluded the Finnish War and was signed in the present-day Finnish town of Hamina.
According to the treaty Sweden ceded parts of the provinces Laponia and Västerbotten (east of Torne River and Muonio River), Åland, and all provinces east thereof. The ceded territories came to constitute the Grand Duchy of Finland, to which also the Russian 18th century conquests of Karelia including small parts of Nylandia and Savonia (later to be called Old Finland) were joined in 1812 as Province of Viipuri.
Together with the Porvoo Diet (1809), and the Oath of the Sovereign , the Treaty of Fredrikshamn constitutes the cornerstone for the autonomous Grand Duchy, its own administration and institutions, and thereby a start of the development which would lead to the revival of Finnish culture, to equal position of the Finnish language, and ultimately in 1917 to Finland's independence.
A reference to Tsar Alexander's promise to retain old laws and privileges in Finland was included, but the treaty overstepped any formal guarantees of the legal position of Finland's inhabitants. The Russians refused, and the Swedes were not in a position to insist. Similar clauses had been common in peace treaties, but they were also regularly circumvented. At the period of Russification of Finland, 90 years later, the Russian government argued that the treaty wasn't violated and hence no outside party had any right to intervene, the question being solely a matter of the Tsar who had granted the original promise.
Also for Sweden, the treaty turned out to be ultimately beneficial. Instead of the Åland islands, Sweden came to retain vast areas in the far North, already conquered by the Russians, where later important iron ore and hydropower were to constitute the basis for Sweden's rapid 20th century industrialization.
During the negotiations, Swedish representatives had namely endeavoured to escape the loss of the Åland islands, "the fore-posts of Stockholm," as Napoleon rightly described them. The Åland islands were culturally, ethnically and linguistically purely Swedish, but such facts were of no significance at that time. In the course of the 19th century it would also turn out that the Åland islands were a British interest, which after the Crimean War led to the demilitarization of the islands according to the Åland Convention included in the Treaty of Paris (1856).
External links
- The original text of the peace treaty in French -Finnish, Swedish and Russian version also available