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In ], '''plant intelligence''' is the ability of ]s to sense the environment and adjust their ], ] and ] accordingly.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005}}</ref> In ], '''plant intelligence''' is the ability of ]s to sense the environment and adjust their ], ] and ] accordingly.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005}}</ref>


==Adaptive behavior==
] is an ] describing abilities such as the capacities for ], ], ], ]ing, ], learning from past experiences, ]ning, and ]. Studies indicate plants are capable of ] and ].

==Problem solving==
Plants adapt their behaviour in a variety of ways: Plants adapt their behaviour in a variety of ways:
* Active foraging for light and nutrients. They do this by changing their architecture{{vague|date=June 2012}}, physiology and phenotype.<ref name="dekroon95">De Kroon, H. and Hutchings, M.J. (1995) . J. Ecol. 83, 143–152</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1023/A:1019640813676}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60215-9}}</ref> * Active foraging for light and nutrients. They do this by changing their architecture{{vague|date=June 2012}}, physiology and phenotype.<ref name="dekroon95">De Kroon, H. and Hutchings, M.J. (1995) . J. Ecol. 83, 143–152</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1023/A:1019640813676}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60215-9}}</ref>
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* Ability to detect soil volume and adapt growth accordingly independently of ] availability.<ref>{{cite doi|10.2307/1938905}}</ref><ref>{{cite jstor|2389968}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60032-X}}</ref> * Ability to detect soil volume and adapt growth accordingly independently of ] availability.<ref>{{cite doi|10.2307/1938905}}</ref><ref>{{cite jstor|2389968}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60032-X}}</ref>
* ]. * ].

==Mechanisms==
{{Main|Signal transduction|Plant neurobiology|Plant hormone|}}
In plants, the mechanism responsible for adaptation is ].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scheel |first1=Dierk |last2=Wasternack |first2=C. |title=Plant signal transduction |year=2002 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-963879-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120202.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|12194182}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|10200239}}</ref> Plants do not have a brain or ], but reactions within signalling pathways may provide a biochemical basis for learning and memory.<ref>{{cite pmid|9888852}}</ref> Controversially, the brain is used as a metaphor in plant intelligence to provide an integrated view of signalling,<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009}}</ref> (see ]).

Plant cells can be electrically excitable and can display rapid electrical responses (]s) to environmental stimuli. These action potentials can influence processes such as ]-based cytoplasmic streaming, ], wound responses, respiration, ] and flowering.<ref>Wagner E, Lehner L, Normann J, Veit J, Albrechtova J (2006). Hydroelectrochemical integration of the higher plant—basis for electrogenic flower induction. pp 369–389 In: Balusˇka F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D (eds) Communication in plants: neuronal aspects of plant life. Springer, Berlin.</ref><ref>Fromm J, Lautner S. (2007). Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 30(3):249-57. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x}} PMID 17263772</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|19129416}}</ref><ref>{{cite jstor|4353850}}</ref>

==Plant adaptation vs plant intelligence==
It has been argued that although plants are capable of adaptation, it should not be called intelligence. ''"A bacterium can monitor its environment and instigate developmental processes appropriate to the prevailing circumstances, but is that intelligence? Such simple adaptation behaviour might be bacterial intelligence but is clearly not animal intelligence."''<ref name="firn2004">{{cite pmid|15023701}}</ref>
However, plant intelligence fits with the definition of intelligence proposed by ] in a book he wrote about evolution where he described it as "adaptively variable behaviour during the lifetime of the individual".<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17523535.700-not-just-a-pretty-face.html</ref>

It is also argued that a plant cannot have goals because operational control of the plant's organs is devolved.<ref name="firn2004"/>

==History==
] studied the movement of plants and in 1880 published a book ]. In the book he concludes:
<blockquote>
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the ] thus endowed acts like the brain of one of the lower animals; the brain being situated within the anterior end of the body, receiving impressions from the sense-organs, and directing the several movements.
</blockquote>

==See also==
*]
*]
*]
* '']''


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 23:55, 3 September 2012

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Plant perception (physiology). (Discuss) Proposed since September 2012.
Vine tendril. Note how the plant reaches for and purposely wraps around the galvanised wire provided for the purpose. This is a very tough twig and appears to have no other purpose than support for the plant. Nothing else grows from it. It must reach out softly, then wrap around and then dry and toughen. See more at thigmotropism.

In botany, plant intelligence is the ability of plants to sense the environment and adjust their morphology, physiology and phenotype accordingly.

Adaptive behavior

Plants adapt their behaviour in a variety of ways:

  • Active foraging for light and nutrients. They do this by changing their architecture, physiology and phenotype.
  • Leaves and branches are positioned and oriented in response to light source.
  • Ability to detect soil volume and adapt growth accordingly independently of nutrient availability.
  • Adaptively defend against herbivores.

References

  1. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005 instead.
  2. ^ De Kroon, H. and Hutchings, M.J. (1995) Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: the foraging concept reconsidered. J. Ecol. 83, 143–152
  3. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1023/A:1019640813676, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1023/A:1019640813676 instead.
  4. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60215-9, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60215-9 instead.
  5. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1126/science.199.4331.888, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1126/science.199.4331.888 instead.
  6. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.2307/1938905, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.2307/1938905 instead.
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  8. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60032-X, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60032-X instead.
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