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The '''Katyń Forest Massacre''' occurred in the ], in a forest near Gnezdovo village, a short distance from ], during ]. Many Poles had become ] following the invasion and defeat of ] by the ]s and the ] in September ]. The Soviets filtered out any army and police officers and gathered them in three camps: ], ] and ]. In addition, the registration of all army and police officers, including retired and reserved were forced on the areas of ]. The registered persons were subsequently arrested and deported to the same three ] camps. | ||
| Since the conscription system in Poland required every ] graduate to become a reserve officer, the Soviets gathered the most important individuals from the Polish, ]ish and ] ]. | Since the conscription system in Poland required every ] graduate to become a reserve officer, the Soviets gathered the most important individuals from the Polish, ]ish and ] ]. | ||
| On ] of ], all ]s of every confession were removed from the camps and probably murdered separately. These included ], ], ]s, ] and ]s. | On ] of ], all ]s of every confession were removed from the camps and probably murdered separately. These included ], ], ]s, ] and ]s. | ||
Revision as of 14:16, 15 August 2004
The Katyń Forest Massacre occurred in the Soviet Union, in a forest near Gnezdovo village, a short distance from Smolensk, during World War II. Many Poles had become prisoners of war following the invasion and defeat of Poland by the Nazis and the Soviet Union in September 1939. The Soviets filtered out any army and police officers and gathered them in three camps: Kozielsk, Ostaszkowo and Starobielsk. In addition, the registration of all army and police officers, including retired and reserved were forced on the areas of Eastern Poland. The registered persons were subsequently arrested and deported to the same three POW camps. Since the conscription system in Poland required every university graduate to become a reserve officer, the Soviets gathered the most important individuals from the Polish, Jewish and Belorussian intelligentsia. On Christmas Eve of 1939, all priests of every confession were removed from the camps and probably murdered separately. These included Catholics, Orthodox, Jews, Protestants and Greek Catholics.
On March 5, 1940, members of Soviet politburo – Stalin, Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Kalinin, Kliment Voroshilov, and Lavrenty Beria – signed an order of execution of "nationalist and counterrevolutionary" activists kept in camps and prisons of the occupied Western parts of Ukraine and Belarus, according to a note to Stalin prepared by Beria. This eventually resulted in murder of 25,700 of Polish citizens, including 14,700 prisoners of war. The wide definition of the accused put significant numbers of Polish intelligentsia into the death row, in addition to policemen, reservists, and active military officers.
Soviet preparations
As soon as September 19, 1939, the First Rank Commissar of the State Security, Lavrentii Pavlovich Beria (the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs) called the Board of the NKVD of the USSR for Prisoners of War and the Interned (Head: State Security Captain, Peter K. Soprunenko) ordered to set up camps for Polish prisoners. These were: Jukhnovo (rail station of Babynino), Yuzhe (Talitsy), Kozelsk, Kozelshchyna, Oranki, Ostashkov (Stolbnyi Island on Seliger Lake near Ostashkov), Putyvli (rail station of Tetkino), Starobelsk, Vologod (rail station of Zaenikevo) and Gryazovets camps.
In the period from April 3 to May 19 1940 a total of 14,552 prisoners were murdered: 4421 from the Kozielsk camp, 6311 from the Ostashkov camp and 3982 from the Starobielsk camp - in the Katyń Forest, Kalinin (Tver today) and Kharkov. A mere 395 prisoners were saved from the slaughter. They were taken to the Yukhnov camp and then to Gryazovets. Those were the only ones who escaped death.
Technology of the massacre
99% of the rest of the prisoners were subsequently murdered. People from Kozielsk were murdered in the usual mass murder site of Smolensk country, called Katyn forest. People from Starobielsk were murdered in the usual mass murder site of Kharkov country, on the area of the city of Kharkov. Police officers from Ostaszkowo were murdered in the usual mass murder site of Pskow country, called Miednoje. The above-mentioned places already included a number of mass graves, since they were used as execution sites for Soviet citizens for a long time. Poles were transported by train to the station nearest murder site, (for Katyn, station was called Gniazdowo) and from there transported in the trucks with blinded screens to the place of execution. Every individual was separately knotted and taken to the side of the grave, where he was shot individually by a single bullet in the rear part of his head. Daily transport included less than 100 people.
Miednoje
Detailed information on the executions was given during the hearing by Dmitrii S. Tokarev, former head of the Board of the District NKVD in Kalinin.
According to Tokarev the shooting started in the evening and ended at dusk. The first transport on 4 April was 390 strong and the executioners had a hard time doing their duty with so many people during one night. The following transport were not greater than 250 people. Used in the executions were usually the Walther-type pistols supplied from Moscow.
The execution was as follows. In one of the cellar rooms the convict's personal information was checked, then he was handcuffed and led to the condemned cell provided with felt-lined door. Additionally, to deafen down the shot sounds, some kind of loud machines (perhaps fans) were operated throughout the night-time. On dragging the victim into the cell, he was immediately shot dead in the back of the head. The corpse was taken out through the opposite door and laid in one of the five or six waiting trucks, whereupon the next condemned was ordered in. The procedure went on night after night, except for the May Day holiday.
History
In 1943 the Wehrmacht discovered the mass grave of over 4000 Polish officers in the forest near Katyn and accused the Soviets of having massacred them. The Allies were aware that the Nazis had found a mass grave, as the discovery transpired, via radio transmissions intercepted and decrypted by Bletchley Park. The Soviet government denied the German charges and asserted that the Poles, war prisoners, had been captured and executed by invading German units in 1941.
Soviet and American attempts to cover the massacre
In 1944, having retaken the Katyn area, the Soviets exhumed the bodies again. That same year, President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt assigned Captain George Earle, his special emissary to the Balkans, to compile information on Katyn. Earle did so, using contacts in Bulgaria and Romania. Earle too concluded that the Soviet Union was guilty. FDR rejected that conclusion, saying that he was convinced of Nazi Germany's responsibility, and ordered Earle's report suppressed. When Earle formally requested permission to publish his findings, the President gave him a written order to desist. Earle was reassigned and spent the rest of the war in American Samoa.
After World War II, the Polish Communist authorities covered up the matter in concord with Soviet propaganda, deliberately censoring any sources that might shed some light on the Soviet crime. The truth was not publicly known until the fall of communism in 1989.
In 1946, the chief Soviet prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials tried to indict Germany for the Katyn killings, stating that "one of the most important criminal acts for which the major war criminals are responsible was the mass execution of Polish prisoners of war shot in the Katyn forest near Smolensk by the German fascist invaders," but dropped the matter after the United States and the United Kingdom refused to support it and German lawyers mounted an embarrassing defense. Katyn is not mentioned in any of the Nuremberg judgements.
The question of responsibility remained controversial in the West as well as behind the Iron Curtain. For example, in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s, plans for a memorial to the victims bearing the date 1940 (rather 1941) were condemned as provocative in the political climate of the Cold War.
In 1989 Soviet scholars revealed that Joseph Stalin had indeed ordered the massacre, and in 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev admitted that the Narodny Kommisariat Vnutrennikh Del (NKVD) had executed the Poles, confirmed two other burial sites similar to the site at Katyn - Mednoe and Pyatikhatki. In 1992, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian officials released top-secret documents from the sealed package no. 1. Among them was Lavrenty Beria's March 1940 proposal to shoot 25,700 Poles from Kozel'skij, Ostashkovskij and Starobel'skij camps, and from certain prisons of Western Ukraine and Belorussia with the signature of Stalin (among others); excerpt from the Politburo shooting order of March 5 1940; and Aleksandr Shelepin's March 3 1959 note to Nikita Khrushchev, with information about the execution of 21,857 Poles and with the proposal to destroy their personal files.
The investigations that indicted the German state rather than the Soviet state for the killings are sometimes used to impeach the Nuremberg Trials in their entirety, often in support of Holocaust denial, or to question the legitimacy and/or wisdom of using the criminal law to prohibit Holocaust denial. It should be noted that there are some who deny Soviet guilt, call the released documents fakes and try to prove that Poles were shot by Germans in 1941.
See also:
External links
- Original of Katyn order
- Detail account of Soviet actions
- http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html
- Katyn massacre victim list
- http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27886543
- Polish deaths at Soviet hands - website about Katyn forest massacre
- Pictures taken during the 1943 exhumation
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