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Water polo is a team water sport, which can be best described as a combination of swimming, football (soccer), basketball, ice hockey, rugby and wrestling. A team consists of six field players and one goalkeeper. The goal of the game resembles that of football/soccer—to score as many goals as possible, each goal being worth one point.

A perfect water polo athlete can be best described as having the over-arm accuracy of a baseball pitcher, the vertical of a volleyball player, the toughness of a hockey player, the endurance of a cross-country skier and the strategy of a chess player. Of course, to find a player of this ability is difficult.

Basic skills needed for a water polo player

• Swimming: Water polo is a team water sport, so swimming is a necessary skill. Field players must swim end to end of a 30 meter pool non-stop many times during a game. The freestyle stroke used in water polo differs from the usual swimming style in that water polo players swim with the head out of water at all times to observe the field.

• Ball handling skills: As all field players are only allowed to touch the ball with one hand at a time, they must develop the ability to catch and throw the ball with either hand. Experienced water polo players can catch and release a pass or shot with a single motion.

• Treading water: The most common form of water treading is referred to in the United States as the "egg-beater", named because the circular movement of the legs resembles the motion of an egg-beater. The advantage of the egg-beater is that it allows the player to maintain a constant position to the water level (as opposed to the scissor kick, which results in the player bobbing up and down.) Also, by kicking faster for a brief period the player can get high out of the water (as high as their suit—below their waistline) for a block, pass, or shot.

Some of the best ever include Spain's Manuel Estiarte who played in a record six Olympics and led in scoring for four of them. Another major figure in the sport was Tamas Farago, who led Hungary to Olympic Medals in 1972, 1976 and 1980.

In the United States, water polo players tend to have prestigious academic backgrounds as well. A number of players, including former USA team captain Wolf Wigo, who retired after Athens 2004, Jacqueline Frank DeLuca, bronze medal Olympic goalie, and international phenom Tony Azevado attended Stanford University. The sport's most notable balancing act to date includes Omar Amr, who played on the US National Team while attending Harvard Medical School and recovering from a near career ending knee injury in 2001.

Overview

Note: Rules below reflect the latest FINA Water Polo Rules 2005-2009

Seven players from each team (six field players and a goalkeeper) are allowed in the playing area of the pool during game play. Visiting team field players wear numbered white caps, and home team field players wear dark caps; both goalies wear quartered red caps, numbered "1". Both teams may substitute players. During game play, players enter and exit in front of their team bench; when play is stopped, they may enter or exit anywhere.

The game is divided into four periods; the length depends on the level of play:

The game clock is stopped when the ball is not 'in play' e.g. between a foul being committed and the free throw being taken and between a goal being scored and the restart. This causes the average quarter to last around 12 minutes 'real time'. A team may not have possession of the ball for longer than 30 seconds without shooting for the goal or an opponent being ejected. After this time, possession passes to the other team. However if a team shoots the ball within the allotted 30 seconds, and regains control of the ball, the shot clock is reset to 30 seconds. Each team may call three 2-minute timeouts in the four periods of regulation play, and one timeout if the game goes into overtime. During game play, only the team in possession of the ball may call a timeout.

Dimensions of the water polo pool are not fixed and can vary between 20 x 10 and 30 x 20 meters. Minimum water depth must be least 1.8 meters (6 feet), but this is often waived for age group or high school games if such a facility is unavailable. The goals are 3 meters wide and 90 centimetres high. Water polo balls are generally yellow and of varying size and weight for juniors, women and men. The middle of the pool (analogous to the 50 yard line in football) is designated by a white line. In the past, the pool was divided by 7 and 4 meter lines (distance out from the goal line). This has been merged into one 5 meter line since the 2005-2006 season. Along the side of the pool, the center area between the 5 meter lines is marked by a green line. The "five meters" line is where penalties are shot and it is designated by a yellow line. The "two meters" line is designated with a red line and no player of the attacking team can be inside this line without the ball.

One player on each team is designated the goalkeeper, assigned to deflect or catch any shots at goal. The goalkeeper is the only player who can touch the ball with both hands at any time, and, in a shallow pool, the only player allowed to stand on the bottom.

Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming while pushing the ball in front of them. Players are not permitted to push the ball underwater when being tackled, or push or hold an opposition player unless that player is holding the ball. Fouls are very common, and result in a free throw during which the player cannot shoot at the goal unless beyond the "5 meter" line. Water polo players need remarkable stamina due to the considerable amount of holding and pushing that occurs during the game, some allowed and some unseen or ignored by the referees (usually underwater). Water polo is one of the most physically demanding of all sports; action is continuous, and players commonly swim 3 kilometers or more during four periods of play.

Water polo is a game requiring excellent eye-hand coordination. The ability to handle and pass the ball flawlessly separates the good teams from the great teams. A pass thrown to a field position player is preferably a "dry pass" (meaning the ball doesn't touch the water) and allows for optimal speed when passing from player to player with fluid motion between catching and throwing. A "wet pass" is a deliberate pass into the water, just out of reach of the offensive player nearest the goal (the "hole set") and his defender. The hole-set can then lunge towards the ball and out of the water to make a shot or pass. This is a very effective offensive strategy if a team has a strong hole-set.

Scoring in water polo can be quite unique compared to other sports. For example, a "skip" shot is fired intentionally at the water with considerable force so it will bounce back up. The ball usually hits the water within a metre of the net, where the goalie cannot anticipate and block the shot. Another shot, called a "lob" is thrown with a large vertical arc. Often these shots are more difficult to stop than a faster shot, as they are usually thrown across a net at such an angle the goalie must not only shift position from one side of the net to the other quickly, but also at the same time propel out of the water more than for other shots. Pump faking is effective when using any kind of shot. The player gets in the position to shoot but stops halfway through his motion, causing the defending goalkeeper to commit too early to block the subsequent shot.

The referees' whistle for a foul is heard much more in water polo than in other sports. A defender will often foul the player with the ball as a tactic to disrupt the opponent's ball movement. Play continues uninterrupted in most cases, but the attacker must now pass the ball instead of advancing or taking a shot. However, as in ice hockey, a player caught committing a major foul (ejection or a kickout), is sent to the corner for 20 seconds, but may return sooner if a goal is scored or his team regains possession. If the foul is a unsportsmanlike act, however, the player is ejected for the remainder of the game with substitution by another teammate. During a man up situation resulting from an ejection foul, the attacking team can expect to score, by adopting a 4-2 or 3-3 formation and passing around to move the goalkeeper out of position. A player that has been ejected three times must sit out the whole match with substitution.

Positions

There are six field player positions and a goalkeeper on each team. Unlike most common team sports, there is no positional play; players often will play several positions throughout the game as situations demand.

Offense

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Defense

Defensive positions are often the same, but just switched from offense to defense. Defense can be played man-to-man or zone. The opposing center forward (hole set) is often double-teamed because of his position closest to the goal.

Goalie

The goalkeeper is the only player given several privileges above that of the other players, but only if he is within the five meter area in front of his goal:

• The ability to touch the ball with two hands.
• The ability to strike the ball with a clenched fist.
• The ability to touch the bottom of the pool. (pool depth permitting)

The goalkeeper also has one limitation that other players do not have: he cannot cross the half-distance line.

Offense strategy

Starting play

At the start of each period, teams line up on their own goal line. At the referee's whistle, both teams swim to midpoint of the field, where the referee drops the ball. The first team to recover the ball becomes the attacker until a goal is scored or the defenders recover the ball. After a goal is scored, the teams line up anywhere within their halves of play, but usually along the midpoint of the pool. Play resumes when the team not scoring the goal puts the ball in play by passing it to a teammate.

Advancing the ball

When the offense takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal. Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming while pushing the ball in front of them ("dribbling"). If an attacker uses his arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defense will take possession of the ball. If an attacker advances inside the 2-meter line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-meter area, he is ruled off-side and the ball is turned over to the defense. This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool.

Setting the ball

The key to the offense is to accurately pass (or "set") the ball into the center forward or hole set, positioned directly in front of the goal (the hole). The hole set attempts to take possession of the ball, to shoot at the goal, or to draw a foul from his defender. A minor foul is called if his defender (called the "hole D") attempts to impede movement or knock the ball away from the hole set before he has possession. The referee indicates the foul with one short whistle blow and points one hand to the spot of the foul and the other hand in the direction of the attacking team, who retain possession. The hole set then has three seconds to make a free pass to one of the other players. The defensive team cannot pressure the hole set directly after the foul and the hole set cannot shoot a goal once the foul has been awarded. If the hole set attempts a goal without the free throw, the goal is not counted and the defense takes possession of the ball. As soon as the hole set has a free pass, the other attacking players attempt to swim or drive away from their defenders towards the goal. The players at the flat position will attempt to set a screen for the driver. If a driver gets free from a defender, the player calls for the pass from the hole set and attempts a shot at the goal.

Man up (6 on 5)

If a defender interferes with a free throw, holds or sinks an attacker without the ball, the defensive player is kicked out of the game for twenty seconds (exclusion or major foul). The attacking team positions 4 players on the 2 meter line, and 2 players on 5 meter line, passing the ball around until an open player attempts a shot. The 5 defending players try to pressure the attackers, block shots and prevent a goal being scored for the 20 seconds while they are a player down. The defensive player is allowed to return immediately if the offense scores or if the defense recovers the ball before the twenty seconds expires.

Five meter penalty

If a defender commits a foul within the five meter area that prevents a likely goal, the attacking team is awarded a penalty throw or shot. An attacking player lines up on the five meter line in front of the opposing goal. No other player may be in front of him or within 2 meters of his position. The defending goalkeeper must be between the goal posts. The referee signals with a whistle and by lowering his arm, and the player taking the penalty shot must immediately throw the ball with an uninterrupted motion toward the goal. Penalty shots are often successful, but the goalkeeper who blocks a "five meter" can expect a chorus of cheers from the stands.

Scoring

A shot is successful if the ball completely passes between the goal posts and underneath the crossbar. If a shot bounces off a goal post back into the field of play, the ball is rebounded by the players and the shot clock is reset. If the shot goes outside the goal and on to the deck (outside the field of play) then the ball is automatically recovered by the defense. If the goalie, however, is the last to touch the ball before it goes on to the deck then the offense receives the ball at the two meter line for a free throw much like a corner kick in soccer. The defense sometimes "counterattacks" when the goalie blocks a shot, gains control of the ball, and makes a long pass to a teammate at the opposite end of the pool. If a player stays on his offensive end of the pool when the rest of his team is defending, he is said to be cherry-picking.

Overtime

If the score is tied at the end of regulation play, two overtime periods of three minutes each are played. If the tie is not broken after two overtime periods, a penalty shootout will determine the winner. Five players and a goalkeeper are chosen by the coaches of each team. Players shoot from the 5 meter line alternately at either end of the pool in turn until all five have taken a shot. If the score is still tied, the same players shoot alternately until one team misses and the other scores. Overtime periods are common in tournament play due to the high level of skill of these superior teams; Team USA defeated Hungary in the 2004 Women's Water Polo World League Super Final when US goalie Jackie Frank made 2 stops on penalty shots.

Defense strategy

On defense, the players work to regain possession of the ball and prevent a goal. The defense attempts to knock away or steal the ball from the offense or commit a foul in order to stop an offensive player from taking a goal shot. The defender attempts to stay between the attacker and the goal, a position known as inside water.

Fouls

If an offensive player, such as the hole set (center forward), has possession of the ball in front of the goal, the defensive player tries to steal the ball or keep the center from shooting or passing. If the defender cannot, he may intentionally commit a foul. The hole set then has a free throw but must pass the ball off to another offensive player, rather than making a shot at the goal. Defensive perimeter players may also intentionally cause a minor foul and then move toward the goal, away from their attacker, who must take a free throw. This technique, called 'sloughing', allows the defense an opportunity to double-team the hole set and possibly steal the inbound pass. The referee may refrain from declaring a foul caused by a defensive player, if in his judgment this would give the advantage to the defending team. This is known as the Advantage Rule.

Minor fouls (ordinary fouls) occur when a player impedes or otherwise prevents the free movement of an opponent who is not holding the ball, including swimming on the opponent’s shoulders, back or legs. The most common is when a player reachs over the shoulder of an opponent and to knock the ball away. A defensive player cannot legally reach over the opponent until the opponent has taken possession of the ball. Offensive players may be called for a foul by pushing off a defender to provide space for a pass or shot. The referee indicates the foul with one short whistle blow and points one hand to the spot of the foul and the other hand in the direction of the attacking team, who retain possession. The attacker has three seconds to make a free pass to another offensive player. If the foul has been committed outside the 5-meter line, the offensive player may also attempt a direct shot on goal, but the shot must be a clean one. If the offensive player fakes a shot and then shoots the ball, it is considered a turnover.

Major fouls (exclusion fouls) are committed when the defensive player pulls the offensive player away from the ball before the offensive player has had a chance to take possession of the ball. This includes dunking (sinking in FINA rules), intentional splashing, pulling back, or otherwise preventing the offensive player from preserving his advantage. A referee signals a major foul by two short whistle bursts and indicates that the player must leave the field of play and move to the penalty area for twenty seconds. The player must move to the penalty area without impacting the natural game play. If the player does not leave the field of play, the player will be kicked out for the remaining time of the game with substitution. The remaining five defenders, to cover the six attackers on a man up situation, usually set up in a zone defense in front of their goal. The attacking team can expect to score, by adopting a 4-2 or 3-3 formation, and moving the goalkeeper out of position. A player that has been ejected three times must sit out the whole match with substitution, much like the six personal fouls in basketball.

A misconduct foul is a unsportsmanlike act. For unacceptable language, violent or persistent fouls, or disrespect, a player is ejected for the remainder of the game with substitution after 20 seconds have elapsed. This type of foul is often called a roll because the referee signals the foul by rolling his hands around one another. If a player commits a violent foul with intention to harm, the player is ejected from the game without substitution. The opponents are awarded a penalty shot, and the ejected player's team plays one man down for the next four minutes of game time. This type of foul is called a brutality and is signaled by the referee by crossing the arms in the form of an X.

A penalty shot is awarded when a major foul is committed inside the 5-meter line and the offensive player had an opportunity to score, or a goal was prevented by the foul. This usually means that the offensive player is in front of and facing the goal. The penalty shot is attempted from 5 meters. Any defenders flanking the player taking the shot must be no closer than 2 meters. The goalkeeper must be on the goal line.

Ball handling skills

Passing

There are two basic passes in waterpolo: the "dry" pass and the "wet" pass. When passing to a field position player, a dry pass (meaning the ball doesn't touch the water) is thrown a few inches above the head of the catching player and to the left or right side depending on the receiver's dominant hand. The dry pass allows for optimal speed when passing from player to player, who do not have to pick the ball up out of the water to throw. A fluid motion between catching and throwing is the goal. An expert thrower's hand creates back spin, making the ball easier to catch.

The wet pass is a deliberate pass into the water. This is usually done when making a pass into the hole set. To make a successful wet pass, the ball lands just out of reach of the offensive player and defensive team. The hole set can then lunge towards the ball and out of the water to make a shot or pass. This is a very effective offensive strategy if a team has a strong hole set.

Shooting

Shots usually succeed when the goalie is out of position. At long range from the goal, shots at goal are easy for goalkeepers to stop, but closer ones are very difficult. Close-range shots tend to be harder to come by (since players close to the goalpost are usually under very great pressure), but in these situations usually a soft tap-in is enough to beat the goalkeeper. Close-range shots may come from the centre-forward in open play, utilizing either quick backhand-shots, swing-shots or other creative shooting positions.

There a three basic outside water shooting techniques. The first is a straight forward power shot. Top level water polo players can generate ball speeds between 50-80 km/h (30-50 mph). The player propels his body out of the water and uses his momentum to shoot the ball into the net. Though very powerful, this shot requires the precise targeting. If the shot is off the mark, the ball will either be blocked by the goalie or rebound off the goal post. Another shooting technique is the skip shot. Instead of shooting directly into the net, the player throws the ball at an angle directly into the water. If done properly and with enough force, the ball will skip off the water and into the goal. The skip shot usually takes the goalie by surprise. If not done correctly, the ball will just stay in the water, resulting in an embarrassing steal. The lob shot is high arching shot intended to pass over the goalie's hands and under the crossbar. It is most effective taken from an angle on either side of the goal post; this provides a large area behind the goalie into which the lob can drop on its downward arc.

Outside water shots require a player to cease swimming, and usually occur outside the 2 meter zone. A player who has inside water and has a defender on his tail may not want to pause and let his defender catch up to him. In these situations, which can often result from driving after a foul has been committed on the hole set or during a close fast break counter attack, players may perform an inside water shot. The pop shot is executed by scooping the ball with the non-dominant hand, "loading" the ball to the dominant hand, and "popping" the ball forward. The pop shot is timed with the player's swimming stroke, and should flow comfortably from the dribble. Another inside water shots include the similar screw shot, which can likewise be executed directly from the stroke. While beginner players will have difficulty integrating these shots into their stroke, resulting in weaker shots as compared to outside water shots, experienced players can execute forceful inside water shots, even ones capable of skipping under or over the goalkeeper. Another type of inside water shot is called the spring shot. To make a spring shot you must push the ball into the water and suddenly release the ball. Beware, if you press on the ball too hard and make the ball submerge in the water, it will be a foul.

Pump faking is effective when using an outside water shot. The player gets in the position to shoot and but stops halfway through. This puts the defense on edge and partially immobilizes the goalie by wasting his blocking lunge. This can be repeated until the player decides to release the ball. A good pump fake takes a great amount of hand strength to palm the ball while it is moving at the same speed as the actual shot.

History

Origin of the game

Although modern water polo was invented in the late nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson, the game resembles an early African rite of passage into manhood played in rivers (often at the end the river was stained red with blood). Evidence suggests similar water-ball games developed independently in flooded rice paddies in western China sometime after 500 BC during the Zhou Dynasty. The modern game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber. Some authors claim that this "water rugby" came to be called "water polo" based on the English pronunciation of the Balti word for ball, pulu. Early play allowed brute strength, wrestling and holding opposing players underwater to recover the ball; the goalie stood outside the playing area and defended the goal by jumping in on any opponent attempting to score by placing the ball on the deck. By the 1880's, the game evolved to include fast-paced team play with a soccer-sized ball that emphasized swimming, passing, and scoring by shooting into a goal net; players could only be tackled when holding the ball and could not be taken under water. Water polo is now played in many countries around the world, notably Hungary and the former Yugoslavia. The present-day game involves teams of seven players (plus up to six substitutes), with a ball similar in size to a soccer ball but constructed of waterproof nylon.

Olympic competition

Men's water polo at the Olympics was the among the first team sports introduced at the 1900 games (along with cricket, rugby, football (soccer), polo (with horses), rowing and tug of war). Women's water polo became an Olympic sport at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games after political protests from the Australian women's team. Such protests were rewarded when Australia won the gold medal match against the United States with a "buzzer-beater" last-minute goal, taken from the half-way line. Deszo Gyarmati of Hungary won water polo medals at five successive Olympic Games (gold 1952, 1956, 1964; silver 1948; bronze 1960), a record that has never been matched.

The most famous water polo match in history is probably the 1956 Summer Olympics semi-final match between Hungary and the Soviet Union. As the athletes left for the games, the 1956 Hungarian revolution began, and a 200,000 strong Soviet army crushed a small uprising of Hungarian insurgents. Many of the Hungarian athletes vowed never to return home, and felt their only means of fighting back was by victory in the pool. The confrontation was the most bloody and violent water polo game in history, in which the pool reputedly turned red from blood. The Hungarians defeated the Soviets 4-0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry Hungarians in the crowd reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zador's eye open. The Hungarians went on to win the Olympic gold medal by defeating Yugoslavia 2-1 in the final. Half of the Hungarian Olympic delegation defected after the games.

International play

Water polo world championships are held every year together with the world swimming championship, under the auspices of FINA. In 2002, FINA organized the sport's first international league, the Water Polo World League, in which the world’s best teams compete against one another in an annual season format with nearly half a million dollar purse.

Internationally, the biggest waterpolo competition in the world is played in the Netherlands. Prince William of England was the captain of his collegiate water polo team at St Andrew's University, Scotland. The annual Varsity Match between Oxford and Cambridge Universities is the sport's longest running rivalry, first played in 1891.

US colleges and clubs

Today water polo is gaining popularity in the United States. Though the majority of domestic club teams are based in California, Florida, Illinois, and in Texas, New England and Missouri preparatory high schools and Ivy League universities now field teams. Club teams from Washington, Oregon, Utah, and Michigan were entered at the 2005 USWP Junior Olympics.

In the 2005 Men's NCAA Finals, the USC Trojans defeated the Stanford Cardinal 3-2. The 2005 NCAA Women's champions are the UCLA Bruins, also defeating Stanford 3-2. In 1999, the Peter J. Cutino Award was established by the San Francisco Olympic Club, and is presented annually to the top American male and female collegiate water polo player. Stanford's Tony Azevedo and Natalie Golda of UCLA won the 2005 Cutino awards.

Leading International Water Polo Teams

FINA World Championship, July 2005 (Montreal, Canada)

Men

1. Serbia and Montenegro (current World and European Champions)
2. Hungary
3. Greece
4. Croatia

Women

1. Hungary
2. USA
3. Canada

2005 FINA Water Polo World League standings

Women

1. Greece (Gold)
2. Russia (Silver)
3. Australia (Bronze)
4. Hungary
5. Canada
6. USA
7. Netherlands
8. Italy

Men

1. Serbia & Montenegro (Gold)
2. Hungary (Silver)
3. Germany (Bronze)
4. Croatia
5. Greece
6. Russia

External links

FINA

• FINA Official Website
• FINA Water Polo World League
• FINA Water Polo Rules

National Water Polo Federations

• Australian Water Polo
• Water Polo Canada
• Croatian Water Polo Federation
• Hellenic Undersecretariat of State for Sports / Water Polo
• Hungarian Water Polo Federation
• New Zealand Water Polo
• Water Polo Federation of Serbia and Montenegro
• Turkish Water Polo Federation
• USA Water Polo
• NCAA Water Polo (US)
• US Collegiate Water Polo Association

Water Polo Information

• Water Polo World
• Water Polo On Topic
• Coaching Information on Water Polo
• A Spectator's Guide to Water Polo

Water polo clubs

Europe

Ireland

• Dublin University Swimming & Water Polo Club, Dublin, Ireland

Greece

• Olympiacos Water Polo Club, Athens, Greece

The Netherlands

• EZ&PC Polar Bears, Ede, The Netherlands
• HZC De Robben, Hilversum, The Netherlands
• SVH Waterpolo, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
• Swimming / Waterpolo Club Hieronymus, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
• ZPB Waterpolo club Barendrecht, The Netherlands
• Swol 1894, Zwolle, The Netherlands

Poland

• Uczniowski Klub Pilki Wodnej UKPW 44, Warsaw, Poland

Portugal

• Clube de Propaganda da Natacao, Ermesinde, Portugal

Serbia & Montenegro

• Partizan Water Polo Club (6 times European champion), Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

Turkey

• ODTU (Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi) Sutopu Klubu, Ankara
• Galatasaray Spor Klubu, Istanbul
• ENKA, Istanbul
• Istanbul Yuzme Ihtisas Klubu, Istanbul
• Adalar Su Sporlari Klubu, Istanbul
• Kinaliada Su Sporlari Klubu, Istanbul
• ESTI, Izmir

United Kingdom

• City Of Coventry, UK
• South Derbyshire Water Polo Club, UK
• UK Open Water Tournament

North America

Canada

• DDO Waterpolo, Montreal, Quebec
• Mavericks Water Polo Club, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• Ottawa WaterWalkers Water Polo Club, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
• Pacific Storm Water Polo, British Columbia, Canada
• Toronto Triggerfish Water Polo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• Water Polo Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

USA

Arizona

• Tucson Water Polo

California

• Los Angeles Water Polo Club, Los Angeles, California
• Marin Water Polo Club, Marin County, California
• Monterey Peninsula Water Polo Club, Monterey, California
• San Francisco Tsunami Water Polo, San Francisco, California
• Riverside Aquatics Association, Riverside, California

Florida

• Florida Gators Water Polo, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
• South Florida Water Polo Club

Georgia;

• Dynamo Water Polo Club, Atlanta, Georgia

Illinois;

• Illpolo
• Midwest Water Polo

Texas;

• Austin Water Polo Club, Austin, Texas
• Dallas Water Polo Club, Dallas, Texas
• Houston Water Polo, Houston, Texas

Pacific

• North Sport Water Polo Club, Auckland, New Zealand

• Water sports
• Water polo
• Olympic sports
• Team sports
• Ball games