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Remote viewing (RV) is a form of clairvoyance by which a viewer is said to use his or her clairvoyant abilities to "view", i.e. gather information on a target consisting of an object, place, person, etc, which is hidden from physical view of the viewer and typically separated from the viewer in space by some distance, and sometimes separated in time (future or past) as well. Remote viewing is distinguished from other forms of clairvoyance in that it follows a specific protocol (or some variant of it) as developed in a US government-sponsored program at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, which was begun in the early 1970s and continued until 1995. The salient aspect common to these protocols is that the viewer is blind to the target in the sense that he is given no (or negligible) information regarding the target being viewed.

Over time the program had a series of names (or perhaps sub-projects which had specific names) of which the most recent and perhaps most well-known was STAR GATE. Since the government-funding of the program was ended in 1995 there has been an increase in publicly available RV services and training offered by several of the principals who were involved over time in the program (as well as by others).

Under the remote viewing family of protocols, the viewer is blind to the target, i.e. is not explicitly told what the target is; rather it is specified in one of several ways. One common method is that the target is described either in writing or by a photograph or by some set of coordinates (e.g. latitude & longitude), the latter of which may be encrypted. The description is then placed in a double-set of opaque envelopes which may be shown to the viewer or its location described to the viewer, but which the viewer is not allowed to touch or open during the viewing session. The viewer then writes down whatever information he can gather about the target, typically including drawings and gestalt impressions as well as visual details (and sometimes auditory or kinesthetic details as well). The viewing session is often administered or facilitated by a second person called the monitor. The output of the viewing session is evaluated by a third person, the analyst or evaluator, who matches or ranks the output against a pool consisting of the actual target with some number of decoy or dummy targets. In research scenarios (experiments) the monitor and analyst are also blind to the target along with the viewer until the evaluation is complete. The viewer is typically given information about the target after the evaluation is complete, especially during training sessions.

In the opinion of most of its proponents, remote viewing is a skill that typically improves with training, and certain variations of the protocol are used during training.

Some variations on the remote viewing protocol have names or adjectives:

• Outbounder Remote Viewing has a person (the outbounder) physically present at the target site acting as a "beacon" to identify the target site. This was one of the earliest protocols used in the SRI program.
• Extended Remote Viewing (ERV) refers to the first protocol used in applications at Fort Meade.
• Coordinate (or Controlled) Remote Viewing (CRV) in which target sites were originally described in terms of geographical coordinates, later generalized to any (non-descriptive) identiying code used to identify a target to the viewer. Originally suggested by Ingo Swann and developed at SRI.
• Technical Remote Viewing (TRV), which is a trademarked term of one company's offered training, basically the same as CRV.
• Associative Remote Viewing (ARV) is a variant which adds a level of indirection, specifically proxy targets are associated to events in order to answer binary (yes/no) questions. Often applied to predicting future events.

Science

Remote viewing was arguably developed under the broad heading of parapsychology. Mainstream science in general tends to ignore the subject (parapsychology in general and remote viewing in particular). Some scientists who deal with it consider it to be a fictitious phenomenon, and dismiss studies into it as pseudoscience at best and frequently allege fraud.

Remote viewing is quite controversial within the realms of science, as the conflicting evaluations of the AIR evaluating team consisting of Jessica Utts (pro) and Ray Hyman (con) demonstrate (see links below). As with all psi phenomena, currently there is no explanatory theory for how RV might operate that is widely accepted, even within parapsychology. Success rates for RV experiments, i.e. the strength of the scientific evidence for RV is apparently not viewed as being as strong as that for some other psi phenomena, such as the ganzfeld experiments.

History

For some time in the 20th century the CIA monitored science programs in the USSR, particularly those related to intelligence and military applications. When they learned that the USSR had serious programs pursuing the development and application of psi abilities, they decided to fund research to evaluate the potential threat from this direction.

As a result, in the early 1970s the US government contracted with the Stanford Research Institute to investigate these questions. Dr. Hal Puthoff, one of the physicists there, who had already established a name for himself in laser physics, worked on the project and, in reviewing information made available to him regarding projects behind the iron curtain, wrote that there seemed to be sufficient evidence to warrant scientific investigation into psi abilities.

Around that time, on the east coast of the US, Ingo Swann had attained some note as the subject of a series of experiments designed and conducted by Dr. Karlis Osis of the American Society for Psychical Research. These had produced positive, reasonably repeatable results in precursors to the remote viewing protocols. In 1972, Swann was put into contact with Hal Puthoff by Cleve Backster (prominent in the field of modern polygraph testing), and they arranged a meeting at SRI. As a result of their meeting, Puthoff hired Swann to work on the program.

Very early on they believed that they had sufficiently convincing evidence of psi phenomenon. The continued funding of the program therefore was not so much concerned with establishing the existence of psi phenomenon as with characterizing it and determining to what extent psi abilities could be controlled or reduced to practice, i.e. whether psi abilities could be developed or trained in individuals and used to gather information remotely on a practical basis.

Projects were carried on in two subdomains of research, with some overlapping of personnel. One subdomain was oriented to and resulted in refinements to the remote viewing protocol. Some led to increases in the efficacy of the protocol and training methods; others addressed the scientific concerns with avoiding invalid experimental design. (Apparently many of the refinements addressed both concerns simultaneously.) The other subdomain was application oriented: the actual gathering of information on real targets that government clients were interested in.

After nearly two decades of activity the program moved from SRI to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1989.

In 1995 the justification for further government funding of the program was put under review by a small panel appointed by the American Institutes for Research (AIR). Conflicting reports were issued by Drs. Jessica Utts (who believed) and Ray Hyman (who didn't), and the decision was made to stop funding the program.

Afterwards, many of the principals who had been involved with the program at various times in the program went into "private practice", offering remote viewing services and trainings as well as publishing more information on the history and current state of the art of RV.

Many organizations today practice RV or offer training in RV. According to some of the self-described RV experts, some of these offerings and activities bear little resemblance to "true" RV protocols and therefore should not be named as such, but there is little to be done about it since the term "remote viewing" is not legally protected.

Applications

Remote viewing was originally developed under a US government-sponsored program, with an eye toward intelligence-gathering applications for the CIA and military clients. Some RV proponents state that they suspect that some US government agencies still make ongoing use of RV activities. RV proponents also claim that a number of foreign states engage in RV activities.

RV proponents also claim that RV has found applications outside the government. It has been applied to marine archeology (see links to reports below), though whether RV was of significance in those operations the reader should determine for himself. RV proponents also claim applications to criminal investigations, and commercial information gathering (not to say industrial espionage), but due to privacy concerns it is unlikely that details would be provided in these cases.

Names of Note

• Lyn Buchanan, viewer.
• Ed Dames, viewer.
• Edwin May, program member since mid-1970s and STAR GATE program director from 1986 until the close of the program.
• Joe McMoneagle, one of the early viewers.
• Hal Puthoff, physicist and original program director.
• Paul Smith, viewer credited with authoring/editing the original CRV training manual.
• Ingo Swann, artist and primary subject (not to say "psychic") and co-developer with Puthoff & company of the original RV protocol(s).
• Russel Targ, physicist and program member.

External Links

Regarding the AIR evaluations:

• Jessica Utts' report "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning"
• Ray Hyman's (counter-)report "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena"
• Jessica Utt's response to Ray Hyman's report "Response to Ray Hyman'S Report of September 11, 1995"
• Ed May's commentary on the AIR report "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary"
• Ray Hyman's related Skeptical Inquirer article "The Evidence for Psychic Functioning: Claims vs. Reality"

General links:

• International Remove Viewing Association
• Cognitive Sciences Laboratory is nominally the private organization that carries on the spirit of the STAR GATE program.
• Skeptic's Dictionary on Remote Viewing

Of historical interest:

• "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing At Stanford Research Institute", by H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D, the program's Founder and first Director (1972 - 1985) presents the early history of the program, including discussion of some of the first, now declassified, results that drove early interest.
• Ingo Swann's Biomind Superpowers Web Pages contains his personal account of events leading up to his involvement with Hal Puthoff and the program at SRI.
• http://www.firedocs.com/remoteviewing is no longer being updated but contains a number of links and documents, including a copy of the controlled remote viewing training manual.

Papers on remote viewing applied to marine archeology:

• "The Caravel Project: The Location, Description, and Reconstruction of Marine Sites Through Remote Viewing, Including Comparison With Aerial Photography, Geologic Coring, and Electronic Remote Sensing" (PDF)
• "The Discovery of An American Brig: Fieldwork Involving Applied Remote Viewing Including a Comparison With Electronic Remote Sensing" (PDF)
• "Preliminary Survey of the Eastern Harbor, Alexandria Egypt, Including a Comparison of Side Scan Sonar and Remote Viewing" (PDF)