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| {{Infobox person | |||
| | name = Sojourner Truth | |||
| | image = Sojourner truth c1870.jpg | |||
| | image_size = | |||
| | caption = An ] from approximately 1870 by Randall Studios | |||
| | born_state = ] | |||
| | birth_date = Isabella Baumfree<br/>c. 1797 | |||
| | death_date = {{death date|1883|11|26|mf=y}} (aged 86) | |||
| | birth_place = ] | |||
| | death_place = ], ] | |||
| | occupation = ], ], ], ] | |||
| | parents = James and Elizabeth Baumfree | |||
| | website = http://www.sojournertruthmemorial.org | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Sojourner Truth''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|s|oʊ|ˈ|dʒ|ɜr|n|ər|_|ˈ|t|r|uː|θ}}; {{circa|1797}} – November 26, 1883) was the self-given name, from 1843 onward, of '''Isabella Baumfree''', an African-American ] and ] activist. Truth was born into ] in ], ], ], but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. Her best-known extemporaneous speech on gender inequalities, "]", was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in ]. During the ], Truth helped recruit black troops for the ]; after the war, she tried unsuccessfully to secure ]s from the ] for former slaves. | |||
| ==Early years== | |||
| ] | |||
| Truth was one of the ten or twelve children born to James and Elizabeth Baumfree.<ref>The "ten or twelve" figure is from the section "Her brothers and sisters" in the ''Narrative'' (p. 10 in the 1998 Penguin Classics edition edited by Nell Irvin Painter); it is also used in Painter's biography, ''Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol'' (Norton, 1996), p. 11; and in Carleton Mabee with Susan Mabee Newhouse's biography, ''Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend'' (New York University Press, 1993), p. 3.</ref> James Baumfree was an African captured from the ] in modern-day ]. Elizabeth Baumfree, also known as Mau-Mau Bett or Betsy to children who knew her,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mani |first=Bonnie G. |title=Women, Power, And Political Change |page=46 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2007 |isbn=0739118900}}</ref> was the daughter of enslaved Africans from the Coast of ].<ref>Michael Warren Williams (1993), p. 1581.</ref> The Baumfree family were enslaved by Colonel Hardenbergh. The Hardenbergh estate was in a hilly area called by the Dutch name ] (just north of present-day ]), in the town of ], ], 95 miles north of ].<ref name="book">{{cite book |last= Whalin |first= W. Terry |coauthors= |title= Sojourner Truth |publisher= Barbour Publishing, Inc.|year= 199ŵ7 |month= |isbn= 978-1-59310-629-4 }}</ref> After the colonel's death, ownership of the family slaves passed to his son, Charles Hardenbergh.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute">{{cite web|url=http://www.sojournertruth.org/History/Biography/NY.htm|title=Amazing Life page|work=Sojourner Truth Institute site |accessdate=December 28, 2006}}</ref> | |||
| After the death of Charles Hardenbergh in 1806, Truth, known as Belle, was sold at an auction. She was about nine years old and was included with a flock of sheep for $100 to John Neely, near ]. Until she was sold, Truth spoke only ].<ref name="WiH">{{cite web|url=http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/trut-soj.htm|title=Sojourner Truth page | |||
| |work=Women in History site |accessdate=December 28, 2006}}</ref> She suffered many hardships at the hands of Neely, whom she later described as cruel and harsh and who once beat her with a bundle of rods. Truth previously said Neely beat her daily. Neely sold her in 1808, for $105, to Martinus Schryver of ], a tavern keeper, who owned her for eighteen months. Schryver sold her in 1810, for $175, to John Dumont of ].<ref name="suny">{{cite web |url=http://www.newpaltz.edu/sojourner_truth/ |title=State University of New York at New Paltz |work=On the trail of Sojourner Truth in Ulster County, New York by Corinne Nyquist Librarian, Sojourner Truth Library |accessdate=March 6, 2008}}</ref> Although this fourth owner was kindly disposed toward her, his wife found numerous ways to harass Truth and make her life more difficult.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| Around 1815, Truth met and fell in love with a slave named Robert from a neighboring farm. Robert's owner (Catlin) forbade the relationship; he did not want his slave to have children with a slave he did not own, because he would not own the children. Robert was savagely beaten and Truth never saw him again. Later, he died from the aforementioned injuries.<ref name="Narrative">{{cite web|url= | |||
| http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html|title=Sojourner Truth page | |||
| |work=Narrative of Sojourner Truth |accessdate=December 28, 2006}}</ref> | |||
| In 1817, Truth was forced by Dumont to marry an older slave named Thomas. She had five children: Diana (1815), fathered by Robert; and Thomas who died shortly after birth; Peter (1821); Elizabeth (1825); and Sophia (ca. 1826), fathered by Thomas.<ref>Nell Irvin Painter, ''Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol'' (Norton, 1996), p. 19.</ref> | |||
| ==Freedom== | |||
| The state of New York began, in 1799, to legislate the abolition of slavery, although the process of emancipating New York slaves was not complete until July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised to grant Truth her freedom a year before the state emancipation, "if she would do well and be faithful." However, he changed his mind, claiming a hand injury had made her less productive. She was infuriated but continued working, spinning 100 pounds of wool, to satisfy her sense of obligation to him. | |||
| Late in 1826, Truth escaped to freedom with her infant daughter, Sophia. She had to leave her other children behind because they were not legally freed in the emancipation order until they had served as bound servants into their twenties.<ref name="WiH"/> She later said: | |||
| {{cquote|I did not run off, for I thought that wicked, but I walked off, believing that to be all right.<ref name="WiH"/>}} | |||
| She found her way to the home of Isaac and Maria Van Wagener, who took her and her baby in. Isaac offered to buy her services for the remainder of the year (until the state's emancipation took effect), which Dumont accepted for $20.<ref name="WiH"/> She lived there until the New York State Emancipation Act was approved a year later. | |||
| Truth learned that her son Peter, then five years old, had been sold illegally by Dumont to an owner in Alabama. With the help of the Van Wageners, she took the issue to court and, after months of legal proceedings, got back her son, who had been abused by his new owner.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> Truth became one of the first black women to go to court against a white man and win the case.<ref></ref> ''See also ]'' | |||
| Truth had a life-changing religious experience during her stay with the Van Wageners, and became a devout ]. In 1829 she moved with her son Peter to ], where she worked as a housekeeper for Elijah Pierson, a Christian Evangelist. In 1832, she met ], also known as Matthias Kingdom or Prophet Matthias, and went to work for him as a housekeeper.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> In a bizarre twist of fate, Elijah Pierson died, and Robert Matthews and Truth were accused of stealing from and poisoning him. Both were acquitted and Robert Matthews moved west.<ref name="WiH"/> | |||
| In 1839, Truth's son Peter took a job on a whaling ship called the ''Zone of Nantucket''. From 1840 to 1841, she received three letters from him, though in his third letter he told her he had sent five. Peter said he also never received any of her letters. When the ship returned to port in 1842, Peter was not on board and Truth never heard from him again.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| =="The Truth Calls Me"== | |||
| On June 1, 1843, Truth changed her name to ''Sojourner Truth'' and told her friends: "The Spirit calls me, and I must go." She became a Methodist, and left to make her way traveling and preaching about the abolition of slavery. In 1844, she joined the Northampton Association of Education and Industry in ]. Founded by abolitionists, the organization supported ] and ] as well as ]. There were 210 members and they lived on {{convert|500|acre|km2}}, raising livestock, running a ], a ], and a silk factory. While there, Truth met ], ], and ]. In 1846, the group disbanded, unable to support itself.<ref name="WiH"/> In 1847, she went to work as a housekeeper for ], the brother-in-law of William Lloyd Garrison. In 1849, she visited John Dumont before he moved west.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| Truth started dictating her memoirs to her friend Olive Gilbert, and in 1850 William Lloyd Garrison privately published her book, ''The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave''.<ref name="WiH"/> That same year, she purchased a home in Northampton for $300, and spoke at the first ] in Worcester, Massachusetts. | |||
| ==="Ain't I a Woman?"=== | |||
| {{Main|Ain't I a Woman?}} | |||
| In 1851, Truth left Northampton to join ], an abolitionist and speaker. In May, she attended the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in ] where she delivered her famous extemporaneous speech on women's rights, later known as "]". The convention was organized by ] and ], who both were present when Truth spoke. Different versions of Truth's words have been recorded, with the first one published a month later by Marius Robinson, a newspaper owner and editor who was in the audience. Robinson's recounting of the speech included no instance of the question "Ain't I a Woman?" Twelve years later in May 1863, Gage published another, very different, version. In it, Truth's speech pattern had characteristics of Southern slaves, and the speech included sentences and phrases that Robinson didn't report. Gage's version of the speech became the historic standard, and is known as "Ain't I a Woman?" because that question was repeated four times.<ref>Craig, Maxine Leeds. ''Ain't I A Beauty Queen: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race'', Oxford University Press USA, 2002, p. 7. ISBN 0-19-515262-X</ref> Truth's own speech pattern was not Southern in nature, as she was born and raised in New York, and spoke only Dutch until she was nine years old.<ref name=Mabee/> | |||
| In contrast to Robinson's report, Gage's 1863 version included Truth saying her 13 children were sold away from her into slavery. Truth is widely believed to have had five children, with one sold away, and was never known to boast more children.<ref name=Mabee>Mabee, Carleton; Susan Mabee Newhouse. ''Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend'', NYU Press, 1995, pp. 67–82. ISBN 0-8147-5525-9</ref> Gage's 1863 recollection of the convention conflicts with her own report directly after the convention: Gage wrote in 1851 that Akron in general and the press in particular were largely friendly to the woman's rights convention, but in 1863 she wrote that the convention leaders were fearful of the "mobbish" opponents.<ref name=Mabee/> Other eyewitness reports of Truth's speech told a calm story, one where all faces were "beaming with joyous gladness" at the session where Truth spoke; that not "one discordant note" interrupted the harmony of the proceedings.<ref name=Mabee/> In contemporary reports, Truth was warmly received by the convention-goers, the majority of whom were long-standing abolitionists, friendly to progressive ideas of race and civil rights.<ref name=Mabee/> In Gage's 1863 version, Truth was met with hisses, with voices calling to prevent her from speaking.<ref>Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan Brownell; Gage, Matilda Joslyn. , covering 1848–1861. Copyright 1881.</ref> | |||
| Over the next decade, Truth spoke before dozens, perhaps hundreds, of audiences. From 1851 to 1853, Truth worked with Marius Robinson, the editor of the Ohio ''Anti-Slavery Bugle'', and traveled around that state speaking. In 1853, she spoke at a ] "mob convention" at the ] in New York City; that year she also met ].<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> In 1856, she traveled to ], ], to speak to a group called the Friends of Human Progress. In 1858, someone interrupted a speech and accused her of being a man; Truth opened her blouse and revealed her breasts.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/><ref name="WiH"/>'' | |||
| ==Other notable speeches== | |||
| '''Mob Convention'''—September 7, 1853: At the convention, young men greeted her with “a perfect storm,” hissing and groaning. In response, Truth said, “You may hiss as much as you please, but women will get their rights anyway. You can’t stop us, neither”.<ref name=Mabee/> Sojourner, like other public speakers, often adapted her speeches to how the audience was responding to her. In her speech, Sojourner speaks out for women’s rights. She incorporates religious references in her speech, particularly the story of ]. She then goes on to say that, just as women in scripture, women today are fighting for their rights. Moreover, Sojourner scolds the crowd for all their hissing and rude behavior, reminding them that God says to “Honor thy father and thy mother.”<ref name=Montgomery/> | |||
| '''American Equal Rights Association'''—May 9–10, 1867: Her speech was addressed to the American Equal Rights Association, and divided into three sessions. Sojourner was received with loud cheers instead of hisses, now that she had a better-formed reputation established. The Call had advertised her name as one of the main convention speakers.<ref name=Montgomery/> | |||
| For the first part of her speech, she spoke mainly about the rights of black women. Sojourner argued that because the push for equal rights had led to black men winning new rights, now was the best time to give black women the rights they deserve too. Throughout her speech she kept stressing that “we should keep things going while things are stirring” and fears that once the fight for colored rights settles down, it would take a long time to warm people back up to the idea of colored women’s having equal rights.<ref name=Montgomery/> | |||
| In the second sessions of Sojourner’s speech, she utilized a story from the Bible to help strengthen her argument for equal rights for women. She ended her argument by accusing men of being self-centered, saying, “man is so selfish that he has got women’s rights and his own too, and yet he won’t give women their rights. He keeps them all to himself.” | |||
| For the final session of Sojourner’s speech, the center of her attention was mainly on women’s right to vote. Sojourner told her audience that she owned her own house, as did other women, and must therefore pay taxes. Nevertheless, they were still unable to vote because they were women. Black women who were slaves were made to do hard manual work, such as building roads. Sojourner argues that if these women were able to perform such tasks, then they should be allowed to vote because surely voting is easier than building roads. | |||
| '''Eighth Anniversary of Negro Freedom'''—New Year’s Day, 1871: On this occasion the Boston papers related that “…seldom is there an occasion of more attraction or greater general interest. Every available space of sitting and standing room was crowded”.<ref name=Montgomery/> She starts off her speech by giving a little background about her own life. Sojourner recounts how her mother told her to pray to God that she may have good masters and mistresses. She goes on to retell how her masters were not good to her, about how she was whipped for not understanding English, and how she would question God why he had not made her masters be good to her. Sojourner admits to the audience that she had once hated white people, but she says once she met her final master, Jesus, she was filled with love for everyone. Once slaves were emancipated, she tells the crowd she knew her prayers had been answered. | |||
| That last part of Sojourner’s speech brings in her main focus. Some freed slaves were living on government aid at that time, paid for by taxpayers. Sojourner announces that this is not any better for those colored people than it is for the members of her audience. She then proposes that black people are given their own land. Because a portion of the South’s population contained rebels that were unhappy with the abolishment of slavery, that region of the United States was not well suited for colored people. She goes on to suggest that colored people be given land out west to build homes and prosper on. | |||
| ==On a mission== | |||
| Truth sold her home in Northampton in 1857 and bought a house in Harmonia, Michigan, just west of Battle Creek.<ref name="WiH"/> According to the 1860 ], her household in Harmonia included her daughter, Elizabeth Banks (age 35), and her grandsons James Caldwell (misspelled as "Colvin"; age 16) and Sammy Banks (age 8).<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| ], which she sold to raise money (see inscription).]] | |||
| <!--] same image but not as CdV --> | |||
| <!-- Image with questionable copyright removed: --> | |||
| During the ], Truth helped recruit black troops for the ]. Her grandson, James Caldwell, enlisted in the ]. In 1864, Truth was employed by the National Freedman's Relief Association in ], where she worked diligently to improve conditions for African-Americans. In October of that year, she met ] ].<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> In 1865, while working at the ] in Washington, Truth rode in the streetcars to help force their ].<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| Truth is credited with writing a song, "]", for the ]; it was said to be composed during the war and sung by her in Detroit and Washington, D.C. It is sung to the tune of "]" or "]".<ref name="DocSouth">{{cite web |url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/truth84/truth84.html |title=Documenting the American South |work=Narrative of Sojourner Truth |accessdate=November 7, 2007}}</ref> Although Truth claimed to have written the words, it has been disputed (see "]"). | |||
| In 1867, Truth moved from Harmonia to Battle Creek. In 1868, she traveled to western New York and visited with ], and continued traveling all over the ]. At a speaking engagement in ], after she had just returned from a very tiring trip, when Truth was called upon to speak she stood up and said, | |||
| {{cquote|Children, I have come here like the rest of you, to hear what I have to say.<ref name="SJBIO">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/9840/sojourn.html|title=Sojourner Truth page|work=Sojourner Truth Biography |accessdate=December 28, 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051222032347/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/9840/sojourn.html|archivedate=2005-12-22}}</ref>}} | |||
| In 1870, Truth tried to secure ]s from the ] to former slaves, a project she pursued for seven years without success. While in Washington, D.C., she had a meeting with President ] in the ]. In 1872, she returned to Battle Creek and tried to vote in the presidential election, but was turned away at the polling place. | |||
| Truth spoke about abolition, women's rights, prison reform, and preached to the Michigan Legislature against capital punishment. Not everyone welcomed her preaching and lectures, but she had many friends and staunch support among many influential people at the time, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]."<ref name="SJBIO"/> | |||
| Several days before Truth died, a reporter came from the ''Grand Rapids Eagle'' to interview her. "Her face was drawn and emaciated and she was apparently suffering great pain. Her eyes were very bright and mind alert although it was difficult for her to talk." <ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> Truth died on November 26, 1883, at her home in Battle Creek, Michigan, and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Battle Creek, beside other family members. | |||
| ==Cultural references== | |||
| * 1862—]'s statue, "The Libyan Sibyl", inspired by Sojourner Truth, won an award at the London World Exhibition.<ref name="WiH"/> | |||
| * 1892—Albion artist Frank Courter is commissioned to paint the meeting between Truth and President ].<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| * 1981—Truth is inducted into the ] in Seneca Falls, New York.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| * 1981—Feminist theorist and author ]<!-- bell hooks real name uses all lower case letters. please do not try to "correct" it. --> titles her ] after Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" speech. | |||
| * 1983—Truth is in the first group of women inducted into the ] in Lansing.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/> | |||
| * 1986—] issued a commemorative ] honoring Sojourner Truth.<ref name="Sojourner TruthInstitute"/><ref>] # 2203, first day of issue on February 4, 1986.</ref> | |||
| * 1997—The ] ] mission's robotic rover was named "Sojourner" after her.<ref>NASA, . Accessed December 4, 2006.</ref> | |||
| * 1998— appears on the web offering "Letters to Mom from Sojourner Truth," in which the Mars Pathfinder Rover at times echoes its namesake. | |||
| * 1999—The Broadway musical '']'' includes ''Sojourner Truth: Ain't I a Woman''. On the 1999 cast recording, it was performed by ]. | |||
| * The leftist group the ] is named after her. | |||
| * The ] commemorates her as a renewer of society on March 10, with ]. | |||
| * 2002—scholar ] lists Sojourner Truth on his list of ].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref> | |||
| * 2004—], located inside the ] in New York City, has a house system (modeled after ]'s), and each house is named after an influential leader. In 2004, they voted to name one of the houses . | |||
| * She is commemorated in a monument of "Michigan Legal Milestones" erected by the ].<ref></ref> | |||
| * She is also commemorated together with ], ] and ] in the ] of the ] on July 20. | |||
| * The Library at the ], in ], is named in her honor. | |||
| * 2009—The first black woman honored with a ] in the US Capitol.<ref>PRNewswire. , Retrieved on April 28, 2009.</ref> The bust was sculpted by noted artist ]. | |||
| ==Books== | |||
| ] | |||
| *''Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave'' (1850). | |||
| **] 1997 edition: ISBN 0-486-29899-X | |||
| **] 1998 edition: ISBN 0-14-043678-2. Introduction & notes by Nell Irvin Painter. | |||
| **] (] format, one chapter per page) | |||
| **] (HTML format, 207 kB, entire book on one page) | |||
| *Alison Piepmeier, ''Out in Public: Configurations of Women's Bodies in Nineteenth-Century America'' ], 2004) ISBN 0-8078-5569-3 | |||
| *Paul E. Johnson and Sean Wilentz, ''The Kingdom of Matthias: A Story of Sex and Salvation in 19th-Century America'' (New York and Oxford: ], 1994) ISBN 0-19-509835-8 | |||
| *Carleton Mabee with Susan Mabee Newhouse, ''Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend'' (New York and London: ], 1993) ISBN 0-8147-5525-9 | |||
| *Nell Irvin Painter, ''Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol'' (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co., 1996) ISBN 0-393-31708-0 | |||
| *Jacqueline Sheehan, ''Truth: A Novel'' (New York: ], 2003) ISBN 0-7432-4444-3 | |||
| *Erlene Stetson and Linda David, ''Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth'' (East Lansing: ], 1994) ISBN 0-87013-337-3 | |||
| *Michael Warren Williams, ''The African American encyclopedia, Volume 6'', Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1993, ISBN 1-85435-551-1 | |||
| *], ''Matthias and his Impostures- or, The Progress of Fanaticism'' (New York, 1835) Internet Archive (pdf format, 16.9 MB, entire book on one pdf) | |||
| *Gilbert Vale, ''Fanaticism - Its Source and Influence Illustrated by the Simple Narrative of Isabella, in the Case of Matthias, Mr. and Mrs. B. Folger, Mr. Pierson, Mr. Mills, Catherine, Isabella, &c. &c.'' (New York, 1835) Google Books (pdf format, 9.9 MB, entire book on one pdf or one page per page)<ref name=Montgomery>{{cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Janey|title=A Comparative Analysis of the Rhetoric of Two Negro Women Orators—Sojourner Truth and Frances E. Watkins Harper|year=1968|publisher=Fort Hays Kansas State College|location=Hays, Kansas|pages=25–103}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *Washington, Margaret (2009). ''Sojourner Truth's America.'' Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03419-0. Paperback, 2011. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *{{gutenberg author| id=Truth+Sojourner | name=Sojourner Truth}} | |||
| * | |||
| * ], Sojourner Truth Library | |||
| * | |||
| <!--* --> | |||
| * form of ] | |||
| * at ] ''Learning to Give'' site | |||
| * Boston: The Author, 1850. | |||
| * Boston: For the Author, 1875. | |||
| * Battle Creek, Mich.: Review and Herald Office, 1884. | |||
| * from American Studies at the University of Virginia | |||
| *{{Find a Grave|1044}} | |||
| * at ]'s '']'' | |||
| * | |||
| <!-- *http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/9840/sojourn.html --> | |||
| <!-- * | |||
| *http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/trut-soj.htm --> | |||
| <!-- * | |||
| *http://www.sojournertruth.org/History/Biography/NY.htm --> | |||
| <!-- *http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html --> | |||
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| <!--*http://www.dar.org/museum/exhibitions.cfm--> | |||
| <!--*http://www.suffragist.com/docs.htm--> | |||
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| {{Underground Railroad}} | |||
| {{Michigan Women's Hall of Fame}} | |||
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| {{Subject bar | |||
| |portal1=African American | |||
| |portal2=Biography | |||
| |portal3=Discrimination | |||
| |portal4=Feminism | |||
| |portal5=Gender studies | |||
| |portal6=Hudson Valley | |||
| |portal7=New York | |||
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| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME=Truth, Sojourner | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Isabella Baumfree (Bomefree) | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=], ], ] | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH=Circa 1797 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH=], ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH=November 26, 1883 | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH=], ] | |||
| }} | |||
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Revision as of 01:57, 7 February 2013
new york city